The immune system organs in fishes with different feeding behavior and habitats: I. Histological studies on head kidney

Abstract

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate histological and histochemical differences of the head kidney tissue among three fish with different feeding behavior and habitats. Material and Method: As a material, adult fifteen sea basses Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758 and ten zanders Sander lucioperca L., 1758 , and six grass carps Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., 1844 were used. Head kidney tissues were fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin NBF and Bouin’s solution. The tissue sections were stained using triple, Gordon and Sweet’s silver staining, Verhoeff’s stain, PAS reaction and methyl green pyronin staining methods. Results and Conclusion: It was observed that the head kidney is hematopoietic organ of sea bass and zander but hematopoietic tissue and portions of nephrotic tissue, both were found in head kidney of grass carp. In all three fishes, melanomacrophage centers were seen. Even though clusters of endocrine cells were seen in sea bass and zander, they were not present in grass carp. Myeloid cells and macrophages were giving a positive PAS reaction. Moreover mast cells in sea bass and reticular cells in zander were stained with pas reaction. In all three fishes, pyroninophilic plasmablasts and plasma cells were observed in head kidney. At the end of the research, it was seen that the head kidney is hematopoietic and defensive organ. In addition, research result showed that carnivorous fishes have more advanced defensive properties head kidney than herbivores. In this case, it can be affirm that the environment which connected to eating habits more effective on defens mechanism rather than the water’s salinity in head kidney of examined fish.

Keywords

• Dicentrarchus labrax,Sander lucioperca,Ctenopharyngodon idella,head kidney,histology.

Beslenme tipi ve yaşam ortamı farklı olan balıklarda immun sistem organları: I. Ön böbrek üzerinde histolojik çalışmalar

Öz

Özbilgi/Amaç: Sunulan çalışmada, yaşam ortamı ve yeme alışkanlığı farklı olan üç balıkta, ön böbrek dokusunun histolojik ve histokimyasal özelliklerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmada materyal olarak; erişkin 15 adet deniz levreği Dicentrarchus labrax L.,1758 , 10 adet sudak Sander lucioperca L.,1758 ve 6 adet ot sazanı Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., 1844 kullanıldı. Ön böbrek örnekleri % 10’luk tamponlu nötral formalin NBF ve Bouin tespit solusyonunda tespit edildiler. Doku kesitlerine üçlü boyama yöntemi, Gordon ve Sweet’in gümüşleme metodu, Verhoeff boyama metodu, PAS reaksiyonu ve methyl green pyronin boyama yöntemleri uygulandı. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Ön böbreğin deniz levreği ve sudakta hematopoetik özellikte olduğu, ot sazanında ise hemapoetik dokunun glomerular böbrek dokusu ile birarada bulunduğu görüldü. Her üç balıkta da melanomakrofaj merkezleri gözlendi. Deniz levreği ve sudakta endokrin hücre grupları da gözlenirken ot sazanında rastlanmadı. Her üç balıkta da miyeloid hücreler ve makrofajlar PAS pozitif reaksiyon verdiler. Ayrıca deniz levreğinde mast hücreleri, sudakta retikulum hücreleri de PAS pozitivitesi gösterdiler. Her üç balıkta da ön böbrek dokusunda pirorinofilik plazmoblast ve plazma hücreleri tespit edildi. Araştırma sonunda, ön böbrek dokusunun hem hemopoetik özellikte olduğu hem de savunmada rol aldığı görüldü. Karnivor balıkların ön böbreğinin savunma özelliklerinin, herbivor olan türe göre daha gelişmiş olduğu sonucuna varıldı. Bu durumda, incelenen balıklarda, ön böbrekteki savunma mekanizması üzerine, suyun tuzluluğundan ziyade yeme alışkanlığının oluşturduğu ortamın daha etkili olduğu ileri sürülebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dicentrarchus labrax,Sander lucioperca,Ctenopharyngodon idella,ön böbrek,histoloji.

References

1. Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Montalbano G, De Carlos F, Suárez AÁ, Ciriaco E, Germanà A (2012). Morphology of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) tongue. Microscopy Research and Technique, 75, 643-649.
2. Abelli L, Gallo VP, Civinini A, Mastrolia L (1996). Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evidence of adrenal chromaffin cell subtypes in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 102, 113-122.
3. Agbon AO, Adeosun FI, Ikenweiwe NB (2016). Fish Ecology. Alıntılanma adresi: ECOLOGY.pdf
4. Cytology, 53, 287-296.
5. Meseguer J, Lopez-Ruiz A, Esteban MA (1994). Melano-macrophages of the seawater teleosts, sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): morphology, formation and possible function. Cell and Tissue Research, 277, 1-10.
6. Meseguer J, López-Ruiz A, Ayala AG (1995). Reticulo-endothelial stroma of the head-kidney from the seawater teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.): An ultrastructural and cytochemical study. The Anatomical Record, 241, 303-309.
7. Micale V, Perdichizzi F (1990). A quantitative and histochemical study on melano-macrophage centres in the spleen of the teleost fish Diplodus annularis L. Journal of Fish Biology, 37, 191-197.
8. Morovvati H, Alboghobeish N, Noori A, Rasekh A (2006). Seasonal changes of pronephros lymphoid tissue in grass carp (Ctenopharingodon idella): a histometrical and histological study. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 7, 42-49.

9. Nakanishi T, Shibasak Y, Matsuura Y (2015). T Cells in fish. Biology, 4, 640-663.
10. Near TJ, Eytan RI, Dornburg A, Kuhn KL, Moore JA, Davis MP, Smith WL (2012). Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 13698-13703.
11. Noya M, Lamas J (1996). Morphology and histochemistry of a PAS- positive granular cell in the gills of the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L. Journal of Anatomy, 189, 439.
12. Oracki SA, Walker JA, Hibbs ML, Corcoran LM, Tarlinton DM (2010). Plasma cell development and survival. Immunological Reviews, 237, 140-159.
13. Ortuño J, Esteban M, Meseguer J (2002). Effects of four anaesthetics on the innate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 12, 49–59.
14. Özyurt CE, Mavruk S, Kiyağa VB (2012). Effects of predator size and gonad maturation on food preference and feeding intensity of Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 315-322.
15. Padrós F, Crespo S (1996). Ontogeny of the lymphoid organs in the turbot Scophthalmus maximus: a light and electron microscope study. Aquaculture,144, 1-16.
16. Press CM, Dannevig BH, Landsverk T (1994). Immune and enzyme histochemical phenotypes of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells within the spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 4, 79-93.
17. Ringİ E, Sperstad S, Myklebust R, Mayhew TM, Olsen RE (2006a). The effect of dietary inulin on aerobic bacteria associated with hindgut of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Aquaculture Research, 37, 891-897.
18. Roberts RJ (1975). Melanin-containing cells of teleost fish and their relation to disease. The Pathology of Fishes, 399, 399-428.
19. Romano N, Ceccariglia S, Mastrolia L, Mazzini M (2002). Cytology of lymphomyeloid head kidney of Antarctic fishes Trematomus bernacchii (Nototheniidae) and Chionodraco hamatus (Channicthyidae). Tissue and Cell, 34, 63-72.
20. Scapigliati G, Mazzini M, Mastrolia L, Romano N, Abelli L (1995). Production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody against the thymocytes of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)(Teleostea, Percicthydae). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 5, 393-405.
21. Schulenburg H, Kurtz J, Moret Y, Siva-Jothy MT (2009). Introduction. Ecological immunology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364, 3-14.
22. Segner H, Möller AM, Wenger M, Casanova-Nakayama A (2012). Fish immunotoxicology: research at the crossroads of immunology, ecology and toxicology. Interdisciplinary Studies on environmental chemistry-environmental pollution and ecotoxicology, Eds., M. Kawaguchi, K. Misaki, H. Sato, T. Yokokawa, T. Itai, T. M. Nguyen, J. Ono and S. Tanabe, TERRAPUB, Pp. 1–12.
23. Sullam KE, Essinger SD, Lozupone CA, O’Connor MP, Rosen GL, Knight ROB, Russell JA (2012). Environmental and ecological factors that shape the gut bacterial communities of fish: a meta-analysis. Molecular Ecology, 21, 3363-3378.
24. Tavares-Dias M (2006). A morphological and cytochemical study of erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes in four freshwater teleosts. Journal of Fish Biology, 68, 1822-1833.
25. Tort L, Balasch JC, Mackenzie S (2003). Fish immune system. A crossroads between innate and adaptive responses. Immunología, 22, 277- 286.
26. Volff JN (2005). Genome evolution and biodiversity in teleost fish. Heredity, 94, 280-294.
27. Willett CE, Cortes A, Zuasti A, Zapata AG (1999). Early hematopoiesis and developing lymphoid organs in the zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics, 214, 323-336.
28. Wurst WA (1998). Why can some fish live in freshwater, some in salt water, and some in both? World Aquaculture, 29, 65.
29. Yoffey JM (1929). A contribution to the study of the comparative histology and physiology of the Spleen, with reference chiefly to its cellular constituents: I. In Fishes. Journal of Anatomy, 63, 314.
30. Zapata A, Diez B, Cejalvo T, Gutierrez-de Frias C, Cortes A (2006). Ontogeny of the immune system of fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 20, 126-136.
31. Zapata A, Chibà A, Varas A (1996). Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In: Iwama Q, Nakanishi T (eds) The fish immune system: organism, pathogen and environment. Academic Press, San Diego, Pp. 1–62
32. Zimmer C (2000). In search of vertebrate origins: beyond brain and bone. Science, 287, 1576-1579.
33. Zuastı A, Jara JR, Ferrer C, Solano F (1989). Occurrence of melanin granules and melanosynthesis in the kidney of Sparus auratus. Pigment Cell Research, 2, 93-99.
34. Zwollo P, Cole S. Bromage E, Kaattari S (2005). B cell heterogeneity in the teleost kidney: evidence for a maturation gradient from anterior to posterior kidney. The Journal of Immunology, 174, 6608-6616.
35. Zwollo P, Mott K, Barr M (2010). Comparative analyses of B cell populations in trout kidney and mouse bone marrow: establishing “B cell signatures”. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 34, 1291-1299.