Escherichia coli O157 and O157:H7 in Raw Cow Milk

Abstract

Background/Aim: Infection with Escherichia coli E. coli O157 and O157:H7 is a significant health concern in a growing number of regions around the world. Dairy cattle have been regarded as primary host of the bacteria and raw cow milk or milk products carry a potential risk for the bacteria. Material and Methods:Therefore, this study was conducted in a Turkish province to investigate the presence of E. coli O157 and O157:H7 strains and to detect the presence of the stx1, stx2 genes and present of intimin eaeA gene in the isolates obtained from 150 raw cow milk samples using enrichment-based immunomagnetic separation IMS technique and multiplex PCR assay, respectively. Results and Conclusion: As a result, E. coli O157 was detected in one 0.66% out of 150 raw cow milk samples, and the number of isolates obtained from one raw milk sample was two. Then, these two isolates were analyzed for being E. coli O157:H7. According to analyses result, the two isolates were identified as E. coli O157:H7. While the eaeA gene alone was detected in the one isolates, none of the stx1 and stx2 genes were detected in the isolates. Due to the higher possibility for contamination of milk at dairy farms with E. coli O157 or O157:H7, consumption of raw milk should be avoided.

Keywords

• E. coli O157,intimin eaeA,O157:H7,raw milk,stx1,stx2

Çiğ İnek Sütlerinde Escherichia coli O157 ve O157:H7 Varlığı

Abstract

Özbilgi/Amaç:Escherichia coli E. coli O157 ve O157:H7 dünyanın hemen her bölgesinde görülen ve özellikle çocuklar olmak üzere, her yaştan insan için önemli sağlık problemlerine yol açan en önemli gıda patojenlerindendir. Ruminantlar, özellikle de süt sığırları bu bakterinin ana konakçısıdır ve bağırsak gaitaları ile çevreyi kontamine edebilmektedir. Bu nedenle çiğ inek sütü ve süt ürünleri bu bakteri için potansiyel bir risk taşımaktadır. Materyal ve Metod : Bu çalışma Samsun ili ve çevre köylerinde yetiştirilen ineklerden alınan 150 çiğ süt örneğinde, zenginleştirme-temelli immunomanyetik seperasyon IMS tekniği ve multipleks PZR yöntemlerini kullanarak sırasıyla E. coli O157 ve O157:H7 varlıklarının belirlenmesi ve elde edilen izolatlarda stx1, stx2 ve intimin eaeA gen varlıklarını saptamak için yapıldı. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, analiz edilen 150 çiğ süt örneğinin sadece 1’inde % 0.66 E. coli O157 izole edildi. Elde edilen izolat sayısı ise iki idi. Daha sonra bu iki izolat O157:H7 yönünden analiz edildi ve analiz sonucunda bu iki izolat E. coli O157:H7 olarak identifiye edildi. İzolatlarda stx1, stx2 ve intimin eaeA gen varlığı belirleme çalışmaları sonucunda; intimin eaeA varlığı sadece bir izolatta saptanırken, stx1ve stx2 gen hiçbir izolatta saptanamadı. Sütçü sığır çiftliklerinde sütün E. coli O157 ve O157:H7 ile kontamine olabilme olasılığının diğer çiftliklere göre daha yüksek oluşu nedeniyle, çiğ süt tüketiminden kaçınılmalıdır.

Keywords

• Çiğ süt,E. coli O157,O157:H7,intimin eaeA,stx1,stx2

References

1. Abdul-Raouf UM, Ammar MS, Beuchat LR (1996): Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from some Egyptian foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 29, 423-426.
2. AHDB Dairy (2015): World milk production. Final FAO data shows. http://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/market-information/supply-production/ milk-production/ December 2015) (9
3. Allerberger F, Dierich MP (1997): ‘Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Austria. VTEC, 3rd Interational Symposium and Workshop on Shiga toxin (Verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli infections, Lois Joy Galler Foundation for HUS, Melville, NY, USA, Baltimore, MD, USA, absr no. V37/I
4. Allerberger F, Wagner M, Schweiger P, et al (2001): Escherichia coli O157 infections and unpasteurized milk. Eurosurveillance, 6, 379- 383.
5. Al-Zogibi OG, Mohamed MI, Hessain AM, et al (2015): Molecular and serotyping characterization of shiga toxogenic Escherichia coli associated with food collected from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biology Science, 22, 438-442.
6. Ansay SE, Kaspar CW (1997): Survey of retail cheeses, dairy processing environments and raw milk for Esherichia coli O157:H7. LAM, 25, 131-134.
7. Bandyopadhyay S, Lodh C, Rahaman H, et al (2012) Characterization of shiga toxin producing (STEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in raw yak (Poephagus grunniens) milk and milk products. Research in Veterinary Science, 93, 604–610.
8. Baazize-Ammi D, Gassem O, Derrar F, et al (2015) Prevalence of Asymptomatic Carriers of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Governorate of Blida (Algena). Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 59, 23-28.

9. Barrett TJ, Kaper JB, Jerse AE, et al (1992) Virulence factors in Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from humans and cattle. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 165, 979-980.
10. Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Arthur TM, Rivera-Betancourt M, et al (2003): Seasonal prevalence of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, including O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes, and Salmonella in commercial beef processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 11, 1978-1986.
11. Berry ED, Wells JE, Arthur TM, et al (2010): Soil versus pond ash surfacing of feedlot pens: Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in cattle and persistence in manure. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 1269-1277.
12. Blanco JE, Blanco M, Alonso MP, et al (2004): Serotypes, virulence genes and intimin types of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from human patients: Prevalence in Lugo, Spain, from 1922 through 1999. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 311–319.
13. Byrne CM, Erol I, Call JE, et al (2003): Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Downer and Healthy Dairy Cattle in the Upper Midwest Region of the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4683-4688.
14. Caprioli A, Morabito S, et al (2005): Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichiacoli: emerging issues on virulence and modes of transmission. Veterinary Research, 36, 289-311.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005): Eschericha coli O157:H7infections U.S. military installation- Okinawa, Japan, February 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54, 40-42.
16. Jacob ME, Callaway TR, Nagaraja TG (2009): Dietary interactions and interventions affecting Escherichia coli O157 colonization and shedding in cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 6,785-792.
17. La Ragıne RM, Best A, Woodward MJ, et al (2009): Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in small domestic ruminants. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 33, 394–410.
18. Lejeune J T, Hancock D, Wasteson Y, et al (2006): Comparison of E. coli O157 and Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx) prevalence between Ohio, USA International Journal of Food Microbiology, 109, 19–24. dairy cattle.
19. Lejeune JT, Wetzel AN (2007): Preharvest control of Escherichia coli O157 incattle. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 73–80.
20. Lim JY, Yoon J, Hovde CJ (2010): A brief overview of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its plasmid O157. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20,5-14.
21. Liptakova A, Siegfried L, Rosocha J, et al (2004): A family outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis caused by verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from unpasteurised cow’s milk in Slovakia. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 10, 576-578.
22. Lynch MJ, O’connor L, Fox EM, et al (2012): Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O111, O26, O103, O145 in Irish dairy cattle and raw milk: prevalence and epidemiology of emergent stains. Zoonoses and Public Health, 59, 264-271.
23. Marler Clark Team (2015): Foodborne illness outbreaks database kentucky/vehicle=milk,viewed from http://outbreakdatabase. com/details/2014-outbreak-of- milk. viewed ujj.7 December 2015 e.-coli- linked-to-raw
24. Mcdonough PL, Rossiter CA, Rebhun RB, et al (2000): Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cull dairy cows in New Yorkstate and comparisonof culture methods used during preharvest food safetyinvestigations. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 318-22.
25. Mcevoy JM, Doherty AM, Sheridan JJ, et al (2003): The prevalence and spread ofEscherichia coli O157:H7 at a commercial beef abattoir. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 95, 256- 266.
26. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al (1999): Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, 5, 607-25.
27. Menrath A, Wieler LH, Heidemanns K, et al (2010): Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli: identification of non-O157:H7-Super- Shedding cows and related risk factors. Gut Pathogens, 2:7
28. Mohammed HO, Stipetc K, Salem A, et al (2015): Risk of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter spp. in Food Animals and Their Products in Qatar. Journal of Food Protection, 78,1812-1818.
29. Mohammadi P, Abiri R, Rezaei M, et al (2013): Isolation of Shigatoxin- producing Escherichia coli from raw milk in Kermanshah Iran. International Microbiology, 5, 233–238.
30. Morabito S, Tozzoli R, Oswald E, et al (2003): A mosaic pathogenicity islandmadeup of the locus of enterocyte effacement and a pathogenicity island of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is frequently present in attaching and effacing E. coli’, Infection and Immunity, 71, 3343-3348.
31. Okrend A, Rose JG, Lattuada C P (1992): Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using O157 specific antibody coated magnetic beads. Journal of food protection, 55, 214-217.
32. Oliver SP, Jayarao BM, Almeida RA (2005): Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2, 115-129.
33. Orden JA, Cortes C, Horcajo P, et al (2008): A longitudinal study of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in two dairy goat herds. Veterinary Microbiology, 132, 428–434.
34. Öksüz Ö, Arici M, Kurultay S, et al, (2004): Incidence of Escherichia coli O157 in raw milk and white pickled cheese manufactured from raw milk in Turkey. Food Control, 15, 453-456.
35. Paton AW, Paton CJ (1998): Detection and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia for stx1, stx2, eaeA, enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfbO11, and rfbO157. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 598–602.
36. Rahn K, Renwick SA, Johnson RP, et al (1997): Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle and the dairy farm environment. Epidemiology & Infection, 119, 251–259.
37. Roldán ML, Chinen I, Otero JL, et al (2007): Isolation, characterization and typing of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strains from beef products and milk. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 39,113-9
38. Rostagno MH (2009): Can stress in farm animals increase food safety risk? Foodborne Pathogens Disease, 6, 767-776.
39. Sheng H, Lim JY, Knecht HJ, et al (2006): Role of Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence factors in colonization at the bovine terminal rectal mucosa. Infection and Immunity, 74, 4685–4693.
40. Şeker E, Yardimci H (2008): First isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from faecaland milk specimens from Anatolian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalus) in Turkey. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 79, 167-170.
41. Tutenel AV, Pierard D, Van Hoof J, et al, (2003): Isolation and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from cattle, pigs and chickens at slaughter. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 84, 63- 69.
42. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2014): Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri (AnimalProducts statistics) Sayı: 16183
43. Upton P, Coia JE (1994): Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection associated with pasteurized milk supply’, Lancet, 344, 1015-1015.
44. Weagant SD, Bryant JL, Jinneman KG (1995): An improved rapid technique for isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from foods. Journal of Food Protection,58, 7-12.
45. Weir E, Ball JM, Reballato S (2007): Raw milk and the protection of public health. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 25, 721-723.
46. Wells JG, Shipman LD, Greene KD, et al (1991): Isolation of Escherichia coliserotype O157:H7 and other Shiga-like-toxinproducing E. coli from dairy cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29, 985-989.
47. Vicente HI, Amarali LA, Cerqueira MF (2005): Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coliserogroups O157, O111 and O113 in feces, water and milk samples from Microbiology, 36, 217-222. Brazilian Journal of
48. Varela-Hernández JJ, Cabrera-Diaz E, Cardona-López, et al (2007): Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 from beef carcasses at a slaughter plant in Mexico. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 113, 237-241.