Imaging anatomical radiological investigation of rabbit urinary bladder and pelvic urethra

Abstract

Background/Aim: The imaging anatomical investigation of the urinary bladder can be done by positive and negative contrast cystography as double-contrast cystography. The topic of the study was to investigate the anatomical radiological features of the rabbit urinary bladder and pelvic urethra. Material and Method: Eight healthy male, sexually mature white New Zealand rabbits were investigated. Following anesthesia an antegrade contrast and retrograde positive and negative cystography and urethrography were performed. Result and Conclusion: In the non-contrast anatomical radiological study the urinary bladder was visualized with low X-ray attenuation. In the retrograde positive and negative contrast anatomical presenting of the urinary bladder and pelvic urethra, the bladder showed an image with enhanced X-ray attenuation. The bladder was pear-shaped and completely localized in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity, ahead of the pelvic threshold, as cranial it reached the middle of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Bladder mucosa was with smooth relief. Double contrast anatomical presenting showed the bladder image as a soft tissue finding with peripheral negative contrast zone and two positive contrast areas. Lateral projection of the double contrast organs showed that the image of ureter-bladder drainage was found on the dorsocaudal wall of the bladder, in the transition between body and neck, at the level of the seventh lumbar segment. The image of the pelvic urethra’s beginning part was visualized caudodorsal to the ureters’ openings.

Keywords

• Imaging anatomy,Rabbit,Urinary bladder

Tavşanda vesica urinaria ve urethranın pars pelvina’sının radyolojik anatomisi

Öz

Özbilgi/Amaç: Vesica urinaria’nın anatomik yapısı pozitif veya negatif kontrast sistografi veya çift kontrast radyografi yöntemleriyle görüntülenebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı tavşanda vesica urinaria ve urethranın pars pelvina’sısn radyolojik anatomisinin incelenmesidir. Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışmada 8 adet erişkin Yeni Zellanda Tavşanı kullanıldı. Anesteziyi takiben antegrad kontrast ve retrograd pozitif ve negatif sistografi ve uretrografi uygulandı. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Kontrassız radyolojik görüntülerde vesica urinaria düşük yoğunlukta görüldü. Pozitif ve negatif retrograd kontrast uygulandığında vesica urinaria yüksek yoğunlukta görüldü. Vesica urinaria, armut şeklinde ve tamamen abdominal bölgenin caudal’ine yerleşmiş olarak görüldü, cranial’de dördüncü lumbal vertebranın ortasına kadar uzandığı tespit edildi. Kese mukozası düz görünümlüydü. Çift kontrast görüntülerde kesede periferal negatif kontrast ve çift pozitif kontrast bölgeleri vardı. Lateral ve çift kontrast görüntülerde yedinci lumbar vertebra hizasında, kesenin gövde ve boyun geçişinde dorso-caudal olarak üreterlerin keseye drenajı görüntülendi. Urethra’nın pars pelvinası’nın başlangıcı ise ostium ureteris’lerin caudo-dorsal’inde görüntülendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anatomi,Tavşan,Sidik Kesesi

References

1. Bartling S, Stiller W, Semmler W and Kiessling F (2007). Small Animal Computed Tomography Imaging. Current Medical Imaging Reviews, L3, 45-59.
2. Burk R and Feeney D (2003). The Abdomen. In: Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasonography: A Diagnostic Atlas and Text, 3rd Edit., Saunders, Copyright, Elsevier Science, Missouri, pp. 393-414.
3. Crow S, Walshaw S and Boyle J (2009). Urethral catheterization. In: Manual of clinical procedures in dogs, cats, rabbits and rodents. Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa, pp. 139-156.
4. Dimitrov R and Chaprazov TS (2012). An anatomic and contrast enhanced radiographic investigation of the rabbit kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder.Revue de Médecine Vétéinaire, L163, 469-474.
5. Ellis H (2006). Cystoscopy. In: Clinical anatomy. Blackwell Publishing, Massachusetts, pp. 105-114.
6. GE Healthcare Canada Inc (2002). Product monograph Omnipaque (iohexol injection), Mississauga, Ontario.
7. Harcourt-Brown F (2002). Urogenital diseases. In: Textbook of rabbit medicine, Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, USA, pp. 335-351.
8. Hudson J, Brawner W, Holland M and Blaik M (2002). Urinary tract. In: Abdominal Radiology for the small animal practitioner, Copyright Teton New Media, USA, pp. 106-109.

9. Kabala J, Whittelstone T, Grier D and Robinson PH (2003).Genito- urinary tract. The Bladder and Prostae. The male genitalia and urethra. In: Textbook of Radiology and Imaging, Vol. 2, 7th Edit., D Sutton (Ed.), Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 989-1037.
10. König H, Mariel J and Liebich H (2004). Urinary system. In: Veterinary anatomy of domestic mammals, 2nd Edit., H König and H Liebich (Eds.), Schattauer GmbH, Schtuttgard, pp. 377-380.
11. Marolf A and Park R (2013). The urinary bladder. In: Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 6th Edit., D Thrall (Ed.), Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, pp. 726-743.
12. Moeller T and Reif E (2000). Intravenous Contrast Studies. In: Pocket Atlas of Radiographic Anatomy, 2nd Edit., T Moeller and E Reif (Eds.), Thieme Stuttgart, New York, pp. 248-250.
13. Reese S and Hein J (2011). Abdomen. In: Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pets, M Krautwald-Junghanns, M Pees, S Reese and Th Tully (Eds.), Schlutersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Hannover, pp. 176- 182.
14. Silverman S (2005). Chapter 7. Domestic Rabbit. In: Radiology of Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets: An Atlas of Normal Anatomy and Positioning, S Silverman and L Tell (Eds.), Copyright Elsevier, St. Louis, pp. 159-230.