Pathomorphological Changes and Immunohistochemical Distribution of Border Disease Virus Antigen in Non-Nervous Tissues of Naturally Infected Fetal and Neonatal Small Ruminants

Abstract

The present study describes the pathological changes, immunohistochemical distribution of the viral antigen and RT-PCR diagnosis in Border disease. Abortions and births of lambs and kids with poor survival rate and abnormal fleece with long and straight birth coats hairy shaker have been observed. Histopathologic lesions in thymus, spleen and lymph nodes included marked depletion of lymphocytes of follicular areas as well as reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia and sinusoids were dilated and filled with macrophages. The lungs had interalveolar interstitial pneumonia characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells and proliferation of pneumocytes in the interalveolar tissue. In five cases, the heart exhibited characteristics of focal nonsuppurative interstitial myocarditis and epicarditis. Lesions in the small intestines were consisted of edema and infiltration of the lamina propria mucosa with mononuclear cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated Border disease viral antigen labeling in the lungs 9/23 , myocardium 7/23 , tongue 5/20 , skin 3/15 , intestines 10/23 , kidneys 6/23 , urinary bladder 2/15 , spleen 5/23 , thymus 8/20 , lymph nodes 6/23 , tonsils 5/20 and liver 6/23 . A 288 bp gene product of Border disease virus was amplified by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction RT- PCR in RNA samples isolated from the lymph nodes and spleen of lambs and kids.

Keywords

• Pestivirus,Border Disease,Immunohistochemistry,Lamb,Kid.

Border Hastalığı Virusu ile Doğal Enfekte Fötal ve Neonatal Küçük Ruminantların Non-Nervöz Dokularında Patomorfolojik Değişiklikler ve Viral antijenin İmmunohistokimyasal Dağılımı

Öz

Sunulan çalışma Border hastalığında patolojik değişiklikler, viral antijenin immunohistokimyasal dağılımı ve ters transkriptaz-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu RT-PCR ile moleküler tanısını kapsamaktadır. Toplam 23 olguda, klinik olarak abort, yaşama gücü zayıf yavru doğumları ile anormal yapağı örtüsü hairy shaker gözlenmiştir. Histopatolojik olarak timus, dalak ve lenf yumrularında lenfoid foliküllerde boşalma, retikuloendoteliyal hücre hiperplazisi ile sinüzoidlerin makrofajlar ile dolu olduğu belirlendi. Akciğerlerde interalveolar interstisyel pnömoni tanımlandı. Beş olgunun kalp dokusunda nonsuppuratif myokarditis ve epikarditis gözlendi. İnce bağırsaklarda ödem ve mononüklear hücre infiltrasyonları kaydedildi. İmmunohistokimyasal incelemede, viral antijen akciğerler 9/23 , kalp kası 7/23 , dil 5/20 , deri 3/15 , bağırsaklar 10/23 , böbrekler 6/23 , idrar kesesi 2/15 , dalak 5/23 , timus 8/20 , lenf yumruları 6/23 , tonsiller 5/20 ve karaciğer 6/23 ’de saptandı. RT-PCR ile lenf yumrusu ve dalaklardan Border hastalığını işaret eden Border hastalığı virusunun 5’ UTR’ye ait PCR ürünü 288 bp amplifiye edildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pestivirus,Border Hastalığı,İmmunohistokimya,Kuzu,Oğlak.

References

1. Alcigir G, Vural S and Toplu N (1996). Erste pathomorphologische und immunhistologiche beschreibung der peste des petits ruminants bei den lammern in der Türkei. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 43, 181-189.
2. Arnal M, Fernandez-de-Luco D, Riba L, Maley M, Gilray J, Willoughby K, Vilcek S and Nettleton PF (2004). A novel pestivirus associated with deaths in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). Journal of General Virology, 85, 3653-3657.
3. Ataseven VS, Ataseven L, Tan T, Babür C and Oguzoglu TC (2006). Seropositivity of agents causing abortion in local goat breeds in Eastern and South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 157, 545-550.
4. Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Tolnay AE, Reisenhauer CE, Hansen TR, Smirnova N and Van Campen H (2008). Transplacental Infection with Non- Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Types 1b and 2: Viral Spread and Molecular Neuropathology. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 138, 72-85.
5. Burgu I, AkçaY, Alkan F, Özkul A, Karaoğlu, T Bilge-Dağalp S., OğuzoğluTÇ and Yeşilbağ K (2001). The serological and virological investigations and pathogenesis of BVDV infection in sheep during pre- and post- partum periods. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 4, 551-558.
6. Carlsson U (1991). Border disease in sheep caused by transmission of virus from cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. The Veterinary Record, 16, 145-147.
7. De Mia GM, Greiser-Wilke I, Feliziani F, Giammarioli M and De Giuseppe A (2005). Genetic characterization of a caprine pestivirus as the first member of a putative novel pestivirus subgroup. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, 52, 206-210.
8. Depner, KR, Hubschle OJ and Liess B (1990). Transplacental BVD virus transmission after experimental inoculation of goats in different pregnancy stages. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 97, 421- 423.

9. Garcia-Perez AL, Minguijon E, Estevez L, Barandika JF, Aduriz G, Juste RA and Hurtado A (2009). Clinical and laboratorial findings in pregnant ewes and their progeny infected with Border disease virus (BDV-4 genotype). Research in Veterinary Science, 86, 345-352.
10. Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM and Tiehl H-J (2000). “Family Flaviviridae” Virus Taxonomy, Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Academic Pres, San Diego.
11. Hewicker-Trautwein M and Trautwein G (1994). Porencephaly, hydranencephaly and leucoencephalopathy in ovine fetuses following transplacental infection with ovine virus diarrhoea virus: distribution of viral antigen and characterization of cellular response. Acta Neuropathologica, 87, 385-397.
12. Hughes LE, Kerschaw GP and Shaw IG (1959). “B” or Border Disease. The Veterinary Record, 71, 313-317.
13. Jung T, Choi C, and Chae C (2002). Localization of Swine Influenza Virus in Naturally Infected Pigs. Veterinary Pathology 39:10-16.
14. Lamm CG, Broaddus CC and Holyoak GR (2009). Distribution of bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen in aborted fetal and neonatal goats by ımmunohistochemistry. Veterinary Pathology, 46, 54-58.
15. Löken T (1982). Border disease in goats in Norway. Research in Veterinary Science, 33,130-131.
16. Löken T, Krogsurud J and Bjerkas I (1991). Outbreaks of Border disease in goats induced by a pestivirus-contaminated orf vaccine with virus transmission to sheep and cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 104, 195-209.
17. Monies RJ, Paton DJ and Vilcek S (2004). Mucosal disease-like lesions in sheep infected with Border disease virus. The Veterinary Record, 155, 765-769.
18. Oguzoglu TC, Tan MT, Toplu N, Demir AB, Bilge-Dagalp S, Karaoglu T, Ozkul A, Alkan F, Burgu I, Haas L and Greiser-Wilke I (2009). Border disease virus (BDV) infections of small ruminants in Turkey: A new BDV subgroup? Veterinary Microbiology, 135, 374-379.
19. Pratelli A, Bollo E, Martella V, Guarda F, Chiocco D and Buonavoglia C (1999). Pestivirus infection in small ruminants: virological and histopathological findings. New Microbiology, 22, 351-356.
20. Scherer CF, Flores EF, Weiblen R, Caron L, Irigoyen LF, Neves JP and Maciel MN (2001). Experimental infection of pregnant ewes with bovine viral diarrhea virus type-2 (BVDV-2): effects on the pregnancy and fetus. Veterinary Microbiology, 79, 285-299.
21. Thabti F, Letellier C, Hammami S, Pepin M, Ribiere M, Mesplede A, Kerkhofs P and Russo P (2005). Detection of a novel border disease virus subgroup in Tunisian sheep. Archives of Virology, 150, 215- 229.
22. Toplu N (2004). Characteristic and non-characteristic pathological findings in Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) of sheep in the Ege district of Turkey. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 131, 135-141.
23. Toplu N, Oguzoglu TCE, Epikmen T, Aydogan A (2010). Neuropathologic study of border disease virus in naturally infected fetal and neonatal small ruminants and its association with apoptosis. Veterinary Pathology, 48, 576-583.
24. Toplu N, Oguzoglu TC and Albayrak H (2012). Dual Infection of Fetal and Neonatal Small Ruminants with Border Disease Virus and Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV): Neuronal Tropism of PPRV as a Novel Finding. Journal of Comparative Pathology,146, 289-297.
25. Valdazo-González B, Alvarez-Martínez M and Sandvik T (2007). Genetic and antigenic typing of border disease virus isolates in sheep from the Iberian Peninula. Veterinary Journal, 174, 316-324.
26. Vilcek S, Herring AJ, Herring JA, Nettleton PF, Lowings JP and Paton DJ (1994). Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Archives Virology, 136, 309-323.
27. Vilcek S, Belak S (1996). Genetic identification of pestivirus strain Frijters as a border disease virus from pigs. Journal of Virological Methods. 60, 103-108.
28. Vilcek S and Paton DJ (2000). A RT-PCR assay for the rapid recognition of border disease virus. Veterinary Research, 31, 437-445.
29. Wohlsein P, Trautwein G, Depner KR, Hübschle OJ and Liess B (1992). Pathomorphological and immunohistological findings in progeny of goats experimentally infected with pestiviruses. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, B, 39, 1-9.