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Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 727 - 733, 06.12.2020

Abstract

References

  • Altındiş, M. (2010). Hemşireler İçin Mikrobiyoloji (1. Baskı), Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Argudín, M.Á., Mendoza, M.C., & Rodicio, M.R. (2010). Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins, 2(7), 1751–1773.
  • Baird-Parker, A.C. (1990). The Staphylococci: an Introduction. Society for Applied Bacteriology symposium series.
  • Baldari, C.T., Tonello. F., Paccani, S.R, Montecucco, C. (2006). Anthrax toxins: A paradigm of bacterial immune suppression. Trends in Immunology, 27, 434-440.
  • Bartlett, J.G. (2008). Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 46(1), 4-11.
  • Batzing, B.L. (2002). Microbiology an İntroduction (1), Brooks/ Cole Thomson Learning, Stamford.
  • Bergdoll, M.S. (1989). Staphylococcus aureus. In: M. P. Doyle (Ed.) Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens., Marcel Dekker Inc. NY and Basel.
  • Campos, L.C., Franzolin, M.R., & Trabulsi, L.R. (2004). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Categories among the traditional enteropathogenic E. coli O serogroups - A review. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 99(6), 52–545.
  • Carrique-Mas, J.J., & Bryant, J.E. (2013). A review of foodborne bacterial and parasitic zoonoses in Vietnam. EcoHealth, 10(4), 465–489.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Bacterial Foodborne and Diarrheal Disease National Case Surveillance. Atlanta.
  • Clarke, S.C. (2001). Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli-an emerging problem? Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 41(3), 93–98.
  • Crushell, E., Harty, S., Sharif, F., & Bourke, B. (2004). Enteric campylobacter: purging its secrets? Pediatric Research, 55(1), 3–12.
  • Dertzbaugh, M.T., & West, M.W. (1996). Mapping of protective and cross-reactive domains of the type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum. Vaccine, 14(16), 1538–1544.
  • Dinges, M.M., Orwin, P.M., & Schlievert, P.M. (2000). Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(1), 16–34.
  • Doğancı, T., & Vidinlisan, S. (1988). Çocukluk çağı akut gastroenteritleri. Mikrobiyol Bülteni, 23, 245–53. Donnenberg, M.S., Mandell, G.L., Je, B., & Mandell, D.R. (2005). Douglas and Principles Enterobacteriaceae and Practice of Infectious Diseases (6 (Vol. 2). Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
  • Fasano, A., Noriega, F.R., Chanasongcram, S., Russell, R., Guandalini, S., & Levine, M.M. (1995). Shigella enterotoxin: an enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a active in rabbit small intestine in vivo and in vitro. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95(6), 2853–2561.
  • Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., & Weissfeld, A.S. (2007). Bailey and scott’s diagnostic microbiology (12th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
  • Gülhan, T., İlhan, Z., Aksakal, A., Solmaz, H., & Ekin, İ.H. (2009). Hayvan orijinli Escherichia coli suşlarının enterotoksin tiplerinin (LT, ST) belirlenmesi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi (20), 27 – 31.
  • Halpin-Dohnalek, M.I., & Marth, E.H. (1989). Staphylococcus aureus: Production of extracellular compounds and behavior in foods- A review. Journal of Food Protection, 52, 267–282.
  • Håstein, T., Hjeltnes, B., Lillehaug, A., Skare, J.U., & Berntssen, M. (2014). Food safety hazards that 113 occur during the production stage: challenges for fish farming and the fishing industry. Revue Scientifique Et Technique, 25.
  • Jablonski, L.M., Bohach, G.A., Doyle, M.P., Beuchat, L.R., & Montville, T.J. (1997). Staphylococcus aureus. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology. Kaleli, D., & Özkaya, F. (2000). Bacillus cereus, Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamaları Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayınları, Sim Matbaacılık Ltd. Ankara, 395–401.
  • Karapınar, M., & Aktuğ Gönül, Ş. (1998). Gıda Kaynaklı Mikrobiyal Hastalıklar.
  • McVey, D.S., Kennedy, M., & Chengappa, M.M. (2013). Veterinary microbiology (3. by John Wiley&Sons.
  • Moore, P., & Naumann, M. (2003). Handbook of Botulinum Toxin Treatment Vol. 3–76, 343–59. Blackwell Science Ltd, USA.
  • Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Pfaller, M.A., & Landry, M.L. (Eds.). (2007). Manual of clinical microbiology (9th ed.). Washington, D.C., DC: American Society for Microbiology.
  • Nataro, J.P., Kaper, J.B., Robins-Browne, R., Prado, V., Vial, P., & Levine, M.M. (1987). Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 6(9), 829–831.
  • Nataro, P., & Kaper, J.B. (1998). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 11(2), 403–403.
  • Niyogi, S.K. (2005). Shigellosis. The Journal of Microbiology, 43(2), 133–143.
  • O’Connor, J.R., Johnson, S., & Gerding, D.N. (2009). Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain. Gastroenterology, 136(6), 1913–1924.
  • Olivier, C., Julia, K.C., Erick, D., & David, M.G. (2013). The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylogroups. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 58–65.
  • Orskov, F., & Orskov, I. (1984). Serotyping of Esherichia coli. Methods in Microbiology, 14(43), 44–112.
  • Ortega, E., Abriouel, H., Lucas, R., & Gálvez, A. (2010). Multiple roles of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: pathogenicity, superantigenic activity, and correlation to antibiotic resistance. Toxins, 2, 2117–2131.
  • Pichhardt, K. (2004). Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi. Manisa.
  • Pickett, C.L., Pesci, E. C., Cottle, D.L., Russell, G., Erdem, A.M., & Zeytin, H. (1996). Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter spp. cdtB genes. Infection and Immunity, 64(6), 2070–2078.
  • Poxton, I. R., McCoubrey, J., & Blair, G. (2001). The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 7(8), 421–427.
  • Puente, J.L., & Finlay, B. B. (2001). Pathogenic Escherichia coli. California: Academic Press.
  • Roberts, D. (1990). Sources of infection: food. Lancet, 336(8719), 859–861.
  • Rohrbach, S., & Laskawi, R. (2003). Botulinum-Toxin inder Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie, 82, 202–218.
  • Ruiz-Palacios, G.M., Torres, J., Torres, N.I., Escamilla, E., Ruiz-Palacios, B.R., & Tamayo, J. (1983). Cholera-like enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni. Characterisation and clinical significance. Lancet, 2(8344), 250–253.
  • Rupnik, M. (2001). How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 7(8), 417–420.
  • Salyers, A.A., & Whitt, D.D. (1994). Bacterial Pathogenesis – A Molecular Approach (1. Washington DC: ASM Press.
  • Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., Griffin, P.M. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(1), 7–15.
  • Sherer, K., Li, Y., Cui, X., & Eichacker, P.Q. (2007). Lethal and edema toxins in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis septic shock: implications for therapy: Implications for therapy. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175(3), 211–221.
  • Simpson, L.L. (1981). The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacological Reviews, 33(3), 155–188.
  • Sutherland, D. & Varnam, D. (2002). Enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas. In Foodborne Pathogens. CRC Press.
  • Tayfur, M. (2009). Gıda Hijyeni, In. Gıda Kaynaklı Enfeksiyonlar ve Zehirlenmeler, Kuban Matbaacılık Yayıncılık pp. 88–89, 98–200, 292–329. Ankara.
  • Töreci, K. Topçu, A.İ., Söyletir, G., & Doganay, M. (Eds). (2002). Enterobacteriaceae Genel Özellikler. In: İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi (2), Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Tunail, N. (2000) Mikrobiyal Enfeksiyonlar ve İntoksikasyonlar. Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamaları Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayınları, Sim Matbaacılık Ltd., Ankara, 102.
  • Van Ermengem, E. (1979). A new anaerobic Bacillus and its relation to botulism. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1(4), 701–719. Wassenaar, T. M. (1997). Toxin production by Campylobacter spp. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(3), 466–476.
  • Wisell, K.T. (2000). Regulation of virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Karolinska University Press, Sweden.

Bacterial Toxins

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 727 - 733, 06.12.2020

Abstract

Background/Aim: Poisonous molecules produced by bacteria inside or outside the organisms are generally called "toxins". The ability of bacteria to synthesize toxins is called "toxicity". Toxigenicity is an important factor that increases the virulence of bacteria. The most important structure of bacteria in damage formation is toxins. Toxins created by bacteria are mainly two groups, exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are extracellular structures that bacteria secrete into the external environment. Endotoxins are found in the cell wall structure and are released when bacteria are broken down. Exotoxins cause damage in several different ways. Some of them cause paralysis by affecting the neuromuscular system, some cause oedema by breaking down blood cells, some cause food poisoning and some cause enterotoxaemia. Endotoxins, on the other hand, cause inflammation through indirect ways, causing disorders that can lead to septic shock.
Conclusion: In this review, information about the toxins formed by Escherichia coli Campylobacter sp., Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp. are given briefly.

References

  • Altındiş, M. (2010). Hemşireler İçin Mikrobiyoloji (1. Baskı), Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Argudín, M.Á., Mendoza, M.C., & Rodicio, M.R. (2010). Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins, 2(7), 1751–1773.
  • Baird-Parker, A.C. (1990). The Staphylococci: an Introduction. Society for Applied Bacteriology symposium series.
  • Baldari, C.T., Tonello. F., Paccani, S.R, Montecucco, C. (2006). Anthrax toxins: A paradigm of bacterial immune suppression. Trends in Immunology, 27, 434-440.
  • Bartlett, J.G. (2008). Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 46(1), 4-11.
  • Batzing, B.L. (2002). Microbiology an İntroduction (1), Brooks/ Cole Thomson Learning, Stamford.
  • Bergdoll, M.S. (1989). Staphylococcus aureus. In: M. P. Doyle (Ed.) Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens., Marcel Dekker Inc. NY and Basel.
  • Campos, L.C., Franzolin, M.R., & Trabulsi, L.R. (2004). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Categories among the traditional enteropathogenic E. coli O serogroups - A review. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 99(6), 52–545.
  • Carrique-Mas, J.J., & Bryant, J.E. (2013). A review of foodborne bacterial and parasitic zoonoses in Vietnam. EcoHealth, 10(4), 465–489.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Bacterial Foodborne and Diarrheal Disease National Case Surveillance. Atlanta.
  • Clarke, S.C. (2001). Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli-an emerging problem? Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 41(3), 93–98.
  • Crushell, E., Harty, S., Sharif, F., & Bourke, B. (2004). Enteric campylobacter: purging its secrets? Pediatric Research, 55(1), 3–12.
  • Dertzbaugh, M.T., & West, M.W. (1996). Mapping of protective and cross-reactive domains of the type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum. Vaccine, 14(16), 1538–1544.
  • Dinges, M.M., Orwin, P.M., & Schlievert, P.M. (2000). Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(1), 16–34.
  • Doğancı, T., & Vidinlisan, S. (1988). Çocukluk çağı akut gastroenteritleri. Mikrobiyol Bülteni, 23, 245–53. Donnenberg, M.S., Mandell, G.L., Je, B., & Mandell, D.R. (2005). Douglas and Principles Enterobacteriaceae and Practice of Infectious Diseases (6 (Vol. 2). Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
  • Fasano, A., Noriega, F.R., Chanasongcram, S., Russell, R., Guandalini, S., & Levine, M.M. (1995). Shigella enterotoxin: an enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a active in rabbit small intestine in vivo and in vitro. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95(6), 2853–2561.
  • Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F., & Weissfeld, A.S. (2007). Bailey and scott’s diagnostic microbiology (12th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
  • Gülhan, T., İlhan, Z., Aksakal, A., Solmaz, H., & Ekin, İ.H. (2009). Hayvan orijinli Escherichia coli suşlarının enterotoksin tiplerinin (LT, ST) belirlenmesi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi (20), 27 – 31.
  • Halpin-Dohnalek, M.I., & Marth, E.H. (1989). Staphylococcus aureus: Production of extracellular compounds and behavior in foods- A review. Journal of Food Protection, 52, 267–282.
  • Håstein, T., Hjeltnes, B., Lillehaug, A., Skare, J.U., & Berntssen, M. (2014). Food safety hazards that 113 occur during the production stage: challenges for fish farming and the fishing industry. Revue Scientifique Et Technique, 25.
  • Jablonski, L.M., Bohach, G.A., Doyle, M.P., Beuchat, L.R., & Montville, T.J. (1997). Staphylococcus aureus. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology. Kaleli, D., & Özkaya, F. (2000). Bacillus cereus, Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamaları Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayınları, Sim Matbaacılık Ltd. Ankara, 395–401.
  • Karapınar, M., & Aktuğ Gönül, Ş. (1998). Gıda Kaynaklı Mikrobiyal Hastalıklar.
  • McVey, D.S., Kennedy, M., & Chengappa, M.M. (2013). Veterinary microbiology (3. by John Wiley&Sons.
  • Moore, P., & Naumann, M. (2003). Handbook of Botulinum Toxin Treatment Vol. 3–76, 343–59. Blackwell Science Ltd, USA.
  • Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Pfaller, M.A., & Landry, M.L. (Eds.). (2007). Manual of clinical microbiology (9th ed.). Washington, D.C., DC: American Society for Microbiology.
  • Nataro, J.P., Kaper, J.B., Robins-Browne, R., Prado, V., Vial, P., & Levine, M.M. (1987). Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 6(9), 829–831.
  • Nataro, P., & Kaper, J.B. (1998). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 11(2), 403–403.
  • Niyogi, S.K. (2005). Shigellosis. The Journal of Microbiology, 43(2), 133–143.
  • O’Connor, J.R., Johnson, S., & Gerding, D.N. (2009). Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain. Gastroenterology, 136(6), 1913–1924.
  • Olivier, C., Julia, K.C., Erick, D., & David, M.G. (2013). The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylogroups. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 58–65.
  • Orskov, F., & Orskov, I. (1984). Serotyping of Esherichia coli. Methods in Microbiology, 14(43), 44–112.
  • Ortega, E., Abriouel, H., Lucas, R., & Gálvez, A. (2010). Multiple roles of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: pathogenicity, superantigenic activity, and correlation to antibiotic resistance. Toxins, 2, 2117–2131.
  • Pichhardt, K. (2004). Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi. Manisa.
  • Pickett, C.L., Pesci, E. C., Cottle, D.L., Russell, G., Erdem, A.M., & Zeytin, H. (1996). Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter spp. cdtB genes. Infection and Immunity, 64(6), 2070–2078.
  • Poxton, I. R., McCoubrey, J., & Blair, G. (2001). The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 7(8), 421–427.
  • Puente, J.L., & Finlay, B. B. (2001). Pathogenic Escherichia coli. California: Academic Press.
  • Roberts, D. (1990). Sources of infection: food. Lancet, 336(8719), 859–861.
  • Rohrbach, S., & Laskawi, R. (2003). Botulinum-Toxin inder Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie, 82, 202–218.
  • Ruiz-Palacios, G.M., Torres, J., Torres, N.I., Escamilla, E., Ruiz-Palacios, B.R., & Tamayo, J. (1983). Cholera-like enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni. Characterisation and clinical significance. Lancet, 2(8344), 250–253.
  • Rupnik, M. (2001). How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 7(8), 417–420.
  • Salyers, A.A., & Whitt, D.D. (1994). Bacterial Pathogenesis – A Molecular Approach (1. Washington DC: ASM Press.
  • Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., Griffin, P.M. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(1), 7–15.
  • Sherer, K., Li, Y., Cui, X., & Eichacker, P.Q. (2007). Lethal and edema toxins in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis septic shock: implications for therapy: Implications for therapy. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175(3), 211–221.
  • Simpson, L.L. (1981). The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacological Reviews, 33(3), 155–188.
  • Sutherland, D. & Varnam, D. (2002). Enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas. In Foodborne Pathogens. CRC Press.
  • Tayfur, M. (2009). Gıda Hijyeni, In. Gıda Kaynaklı Enfeksiyonlar ve Zehirlenmeler, Kuban Matbaacılık Yayıncılık pp. 88–89, 98–200, 292–329. Ankara.
  • Töreci, K. Topçu, A.İ., Söyletir, G., & Doganay, M. (Eds). (2002). Enterobacteriaceae Genel Özellikler. In: İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi (2), Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Tunail, N. (2000) Mikrobiyal Enfeksiyonlar ve İntoksikasyonlar. Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamaları Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayınları, Sim Matbaacılık Ltd., Ankara, 102.
  • Van Ermengem, E. (1979). A new anaerobic Bacillus and its relation to botulism. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1(4), 701–719. Wassenaar, T. M. (1997). Toxin production by Campylobacter spp. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10(3), 466–476.
  • Wisell, K.T. (2000). Regulation of virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Karolinska University Press, Sweden.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Hafize Tuğba Yüksel Dolgun

Şükrü Kırkan

Uğur Parın

Evrim Dönmez 0000-0001-6436-7264

Publication Date December 6, 2020
Submission Date October 23, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yüksel Dolgun, H. T., Kırkan, Ş., Parın, U., Dönmez, E. (2020). Bacterial Toxins. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 9(2), 727-733.