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The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in 6 Month Old Infants and Iron Supplementation

Year 2024, , 25 - 28, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.20492/aeahtd.1440514

Abstract

AIM:The study aimed to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron defiency anamia (IDA)in infants exclusively breastfed from birth in the hospital's residential area in Ankara. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate whether ID develops in these infants at the age of one who did not receive iron prophylaxis
MATERIAL AND METHOD: A study was conducted between 2009 and 2013, monitoring 560 healthy infants who were exclusively breastfed and did not receive iron supplementation. At 6 months, their iron parameters and complete blood count were evaluated. The iron status of infants without ID or IDA who did not receive supplementation was re-evaluated at the age of 1 and compared with their 6-month blood values.
RESULTS: At the 6-month mark, 6.8% of the 560 infants had ID and 9.8% had IDA. For the 43 cases without ID/IDA and without prophylaxis initiation, iron status was reevaluated at age 1. Blood samples taken at 6 months and 1 year were statistically compared. Apart from a significant increase in MCV and transferrin saturation at the age of 1, no differences were observed in other blood parameters. In 43 cases where iron prophylaxis was not initiated despite receiving breast milk for the first 6 months and both breast milk and adequate complementary food thereafter, an increase in all hematological parameters at the age of 1 was noted, except for ferritin, without statistical significance for the observed decrease in ferritin.
CONCLUSION: Studies suggest that the prevalence of IDA may be affected by iron prophylaxis. Unnecessary iron prophylaxis has been linked to potential adverse effects on the neurocognitive and motor functions of children. To address this, it is recommended to regularly assess the iron status of infants who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months and subsequently receive both breast milk and sufficient complementary foods after six months.
KEYWORDS: iron deficiency anemia, iron supplementation, infancy

References

  • 1. Fleming MD. Disorders of iron metabolism and sideroblastic anemia, and Lead Toxicity. In: Orkin HS, Nathan DG, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Fisher DE, Lux SE, eds. Nathan and Oski’s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2015.p. 344-381.
  • 2. Rothman JA, IronDeficiency Anemia. In:Kliegman R, St Geme III JW, Blum NJ , Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson Km, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21 st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier;2019.p.2522-2526
  • 3. Powers JM. Nutritional anemias. In: Lanzkowsky P, Lipton MJ, Fish DJ, eds. Lanzkowsky Manuel of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 7th ed. London: Elsevier; 2022.p.61-80.
  • 4. Albayrak D. Ülkemizde demir eksikliği sıklığı nedir? İçinde: Karakaş Z, ed ,30 soruda demir çinko birlikteliği. İstanbul:Selen Yayıncılık; 2014.p.9-24.
  • 5. Özdemir N. Iron defiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turk Pediatr Arch. 2015;50(1):11-19
  • 6. Aksu T, Ünal Ş. Iron Defiency Anemia in Infancy,Childhood,and Adolescence. . Turk Arch Pediatr. 2023;58(4):358-362 doi: 10.5152/ TurkArchPediatr.2023.23049
  • 7. Gür E, Yıldız İ,Celtan T Can G, Akkus S, Arvas A et al., Prevalence of anemia and the risk factors among schoolchildren in Istanbul. . J Trop Pediatr 2005; 51: 346-50. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmi032. Epub 2005 Aug 26.
  • 8. Bahar A, Karadem F, Aral Z, Göçmen İ, Gültepe M. Çocuklardaki demir eksikliğinin tespitinde serum demiri ve eritrosit çinko protoporfirin/ hem oranının yeri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2003; 46:24-9.
  • 9. Vatandaş N, Atay G,Tarcan A, Kanra S, Özbek N. Hayatın ilk yılında demir proflaksisi ve anemi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2007;50: 12-15.
  • 10. Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and irondeficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). 2010;126(5):1040-50. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2576
  • 11. Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Assessment, Prevention and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/iron-children- 6to23--archived-iron-deficiency-anaemia-assessment-prevention- and-control. Accessed January 1, 2001.
  • 12. McMillen SA, Dean R, Dihardja E, Ji P, Lönnerdal B. Benefits and Risks of Early Life Iron Supplementation. Nutrients. 2022 ;14(20):4380. doi: 10.3390/nu14204380.
  • 13. Dewey GK, Domellöf M,Cohen JR, Rivera LL, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B. Iron supplementation affects growth and morbidity of breast-fed infants: Results of a randomized trial in Sweden and Honduras. J Nutr. 2002;132(11):3249-55. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.11.3249.
  • 14. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, Chwaya HM, Stoltzfus RJ,Dutta Arup, et al. Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: Community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled tria. Lancet. 2006;367(9507):302. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67962-2
  • 15. Lozoff B, Castillo M, Clark KM, Smith JB. Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2012;166(3):208-15. doi: 10.1001/ archpediatrics.2011.197
  • 16. Gahagan S, Delker E, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B. Randomized Controlled Trial of Iron-Fortified versus Low-Iron Infant Formula: Developmental Outcomes at 16 Years. J. Pediatr. 2019, 212, 124–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.030.
  • 17. Iannotti LL, James M, Tielsch JM, Black MM, Black RE. Iron supplementation in early childhood: Health benefits and risks. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84(6):1261-76. doi: 10.1093/ ajcn/84.6.1261
  • 18. Doherty CP. Host-pathogen interactions: The role of iron. J. Nutr.2007;137: 1341–1344
  • 19. Kaur D, Peng J, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Di Monte DA, Cherny RA, et al. Increased murine neonatal iron intake results in Parkinson- like neurodegeneration with age. Neurobiology of Aging. 2007;28(6):907-13. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.003
  • 20. Male C, Persson LA, Freeman V, Guerra A, van’t Hof MA, Haschke F. Prevalence of iron deficiency in 12-month-old infants from 11 European areas and influence of dietary factors on iron status (Euro-Growth study). Acta Paediatr. 2001;90(5):492-8. doi: 10.1080/080352501750197601
  • 21. Lönnerdal B, Hernell O. Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast-fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk-based infant formula. Acta Paediatr. 1994 ;83(4):367-73. doi: 10.1111/ j.1651-2227.1994.tb18121.x.
  • 22. Duncan B, Schifman RB, J J Corrigan JJ, Schaefer C. Iron and the exclusively breast-fed infant from birth to six months. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1985;4(3):421-5. doi: 10.1097/00005176-198506000-00017.
  • 23. Raj S, Faridi M, Rusia U, Singh O. A prospective study of iron status in exclusively breastfed term infants up to 6 months of age. Int Breastfeed J. 2008; 1:3:3. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-3-3.
  • 24. Domellof M. Benefits and harms of iron supplementation in iron-deficient and iron-sufficient children. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series Paediatric Programme. 2010:65:153-65. doi: 10.1159/00028115

Altı Aylık Bebeklerde Demir Eksikliği Anemisi Sıklığı ve Demir Profilaksisi

Year 2024, , 25 - 28, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.20492/aeahtd.1440514

Abstract

AMAÇ: Ankara ili hastanemiz yerleşim bölgesinde doğumdan itibaren sadece anne sütü almış, sağlıklı 6 aylık bebeklerde demir eksikliği (DE) ve demir eksikliği anemisinin (DEA) sıklığını saptamayı, demir profilaksisi verilmemiş aynı bebeklerde 1 yaşında demir eksikliği gelişip gelişmediğini test etmeyi amaçladık.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: 2009- 2013 tarihlerinde izlenen anne sütü alan, demir desteği almayan, aylık kontrolleri yapılan sağlıklı 560 bebek alınmıştır. Olguların 6. Ayda tam kan sayımı ve demir parametrelerine bakılmıştır. Bebeklerden DE/DEA saptanmamış, demir desteği de verilmeyenlere 1 yaşında demir durumlarını tekrar değerlendirmek amacıyla aynı parametrelerine bakılıp 6. aydaki kanlarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Demir desteği almamasına rağmen ek gıdalar ve anne sütüyle beslenme sonucunda kan değerlerindeki değişiklikler gösterilmiştir.
BULGULAR: 560 bebeğin 6. aydaki hematolojik parametrelerine göre, %6,8 DE, %9,3 DEA saptanmıştır. DE/DEA saptanmayıp, profilaksi başlanmayanların 43’ünde 1 yaşında demir durumlarını tekrar değerlendirmek amacıyla hematolojik parametrelerine bakılmıştır. 6 ay ve 1 yaş kanları istatistiksel karşılaştırılmıştır. MCV, transferrin saturasyonu 1 yaşında anlamlı yüksek bulunması dışında diğer kan paremetrelerinde farklılık saptanmamıştır. İlk 6 ay anne sütü, 6. aydan sonra anne sütü ve yeterli ek gıda alan 43 vakada demir profilaksisi başlanmamasına rağmen 1. yaşında alınan hematolojik parametrelerden ferritin hariç hepsinde yükselme saptanmış fakat istatistiksel farklılık saptanmamıştır. Ferritindeki azalmaysa istatistiksel anlamlı bulunmamıştır
SONUÇ: Demir profilaksisi verilirken, DEA prevalansının değişiklik gösterebileceğini dikkate almak gerektiğinin önemli olduğu kanısındayız. Çalışmalara göre demir profilaksisinin gereksiz verilmesinin yan etkileri vardır. Bu durum çocukların nörobilişsel, motor fonksiyonlarını olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Bu etkilerden koruyabilmek için, ilk altı ay sadece anne sütüyle beslenen, altıncı aydan sonra anne sütüyle beraber yeterli ek gıda alan bebeklerin belli aralıklarla demir durumunun tespiti için hematolojik parametrelerine bakılmasının faydalı olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz.

ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Demir eksikliği anemisi, demir profilaksisi, infant

References

  • 1. Fleming MD. Disorders of iron metabolism and sideroblastic anemia, and Lead Toxicity. In: Orkin HS, Nathan DG, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Fisher DE, Lux SE, eds. Nathan and Oski’s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2015.p. 344-381.
  • 2. Rothman JA, IronDeficiency Anemia. In:Kliegman R, St Geme III JW, Blum NJ , Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson Km, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21 st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier;2019.p.2522-2526
  • 3. Powers JM. Nutritional anemias. In: Lanzkowsky P, Lipton MJ, Fish DJ, eds. Lanzkowsky Manuel of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 7th ed. London: Elsevier; 2022.p.61-80.
  • 4. Albayrak D. Ülkemizde demir eksikliği sıklığı nedir? İçinde: Karakaş Z, ed ,30 soruda demir çinko birlikteliği. İstanbul:Selen Yayıncılık; 2014.p.9-24.
  • 5. Özdemir N. Iron defiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turk Pediatr Arch. 2015;50(1):11-19
  • 6. Aksu T, Ünal Ş. Iron Defiency Anemia in Infancy,Childhood,and Adolescence. . Turk Arch Pediatr. 2023;58(4):358-362 doi: 10.5152/ TurkArchPediatr.2023.23049
  • 7. Gür E, Yıldız İ,Celtan T Can G, Akkus S, Arvas A et al., Prevalence of anemia and the risk factors among schoolchildren in Istanbul. . J Trop Pediatr 2005; 51: 346-50. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmi032. Epub 2005 Aug 26.
  • 8. Bahar A, Karadem F, Aral Z, Göçmen İ, Gültepe M. Çocuklardaki demir eksikliğinin tespitinde serum demiri ve eritrosit çinko protoporfirin/ hem oranının yeri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2003; 46:24-9.
  • 9. Vatandaş N, Atay G,Tarcan A, Kanra S, Özbek N. Hayatın ilk yılında demir proflaksisi ve anemi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2007;50: 12-15.
  • 10. Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and irondeficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). 2010;126(5):1040-50. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2576
  • 11. Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Assessment, Prevention and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/iron-children- 6to23--archived-iron-deficiency-anaemia-assessment-prevention- and-control. Accessed January 1, 2001.
  • 12. McMillen SA, Dean R, Dihardja E, Ji P, Lönnerdal B. Benefits and Risks of Early Life Iron Supplementation. Nutrients. 2022 ;14(20):4380. doi: 10.3390/nu14204380.
  • 13. Dewey GK, Domellöf M,Cohen JR, Rivera LL, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B. Iron supplementation affects growth and morbidity of breast-fed infants: Results of a randomized trial in Sweden and Honduras. J Nutr. 2002;132(11):3249-55. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.11.3249.
  • 14. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, Chwaya HM, Stoltzfus RJ,Dutta Arup, et al. Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: Community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled tria. Lancet. 2006;367(9507):302. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67962-2
  • 15. Lozoff B, Castillo M, Clark KM, Smith JB. Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2012;166(3):208-15. doi: 10.1001/ archpediatrics.2011.197
  • 16. Gahagan S, Delker E, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B. Randomized Controlled Trial of Iron-Fortified versus Low-Iron Infant Formula: Developmental Outcomes at 16 Years. J. Pediatr. 2019, 212, 124–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.030.
  • 17. Iannotti LL, James M, Tielsch JM, Black MM, Black RE. Iron supplementation in early childhood: Health benefits and risks. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84(6):1261-76. doi: 10.1093/ ajcn/84.6.1261
  • 18. Doherty CP. Host-pathogen interactions: The role of iron. J. Nutr.2007;137: 1341–1344
  • 19. Kaur D, Peng J, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Di Monte DA, Cherny RA, et al. Increased murine neonatal iron intake results in Parkinson- like neurodegeneration with age. Neurobiology of Aging. 2007;28(6):907-13. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.003
  • 20. Male C, Persson LA, Freeman V, Guerra A, van’t Hof MA, Haschke F. Prevalence of iron deficiency in 12-month-old infants from 11 European areas and influence of dietary factors on iron status (Euro-Growth study). Acta Paediatr. 2001;90(5):492-8. doi: 10.1080/080352501750197601
  • 21. Lönnerdal B, Hernell O. Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast-fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk-based infant formula. Acta Paediatr. 1994 ;83(4):367-73. doi: 10.1111/ j.1651-2227.1994.tb18121.x.
  • 22. Duncan B, Schifman RB, J J Corrigan JJ, Schaefer C. Iron and the exclusively breast-fed infant from birth to six months. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1985;4(3):421-5. doi: 10.1097/00005176-198506000-00017.
  • 23. Raj S, Faridi M, Rusia U, Singh O. A prospective study of iron status in exclusively breastfed term infants up to 6 months of age. Int Breastfeed J. 2008; 1:3:3. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-3-3.
  • 24. Domellof M. Benefits and harms of iron supplementation in iron-deficient and iron-sufficient children. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series Paediatric Programme. 2010:65:153-65. doi: 10.1159/00028115
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
Journal Section Original research article
Authors

Melda Berber 0000-0001-6875-5766

Tansu Sipahi 0009-0006-1217-8350

Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date February 20, 2024
Acceptance Date April 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

AMA Berber M, Sipahi T. Altı Aylık Bebeklerde Demir Eksikliği Anemisi Sıklığı ve Demir Profilaksisi. Ankara Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıp Dergisi. April 2024;57(1):25-28. doi:10.20492/aeahtd.1440514