Üniversite Psikiyatri Kliniğinde yatan ve ayakta tedavi edilen hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma kıyaslanması
Year 2025,
Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 81 - 84, 29.08.2025
Onuralp Görmez
,
Kemal Hasançavuşoğlu
,
Fatma Betül Koç
,
Ahmet Fazıl Üçer
,
Ecren Pulatlı
,
Emre Demir
,
İrfan Berkay Karacan
,
Derya Gökmen
,
Burçin Çolak
Abstract
Öz
Amaç: Akıl hastalıkları dünya genelinde yaygın olmakla beraber sıklıkla önemli düzeyde damgalanma ile birlikte görülür ki bu durum da bireylerin yaşamlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma psikiyatri kliniğinde ayaktan tedavi gören ve yatan hastaların arasındaki içselleştirilmiş damgalanma seviyesini araştırmayı ve çeşitli faktörlerin damgalanmayı nasıl etkilediğini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalından 181 hasta (45 yatan hasta ve 136 ayaktan hasta) dahil edilmiştir. Veri toplama Ruhsal Hastalıklarda İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanma ölçeği (ISMI), DSÖ Yaşam Kalitesi (WHOQOL-BREF) ölçeği, Beck Anksiyete ve Depresyon Envanterleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. İstatistiksel analizlerde, SPSS'de Mann-Whitney U testi ve korelasyon analizi kullanıldı.
Ana bulgular: Bulgular, yatan hastaların ayaktan hastalara göre daha yüksek içselleştirilmiş damgalanma seviyelerine sahip olduğunu gösterdi (p = 0.01). Cinsiyet, mesleki statü ve gelir seviyesi, çeşitli içselleştirilmiş damgalanma boyutlarına ilişkin olarak anlamlı olarak ilişkili bulundu. Özellikle, cinsiyet (p = 0.02) ve gelir seviyesi (p = 0.01) ile ‘Kalıp Yargıların Onaylanması’ ISMI seviyesi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu. Eğitim ve medeni hal ile toplam ISMI seviyeleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı. Ayrıca, anksiyete ve depresyon seviyeleri, içselleştirilmiş damgalanma seviyeleri ile anlamlı olarak ilişkili bulundu (p < 0.05).
Temel Sonuç: Psikiyatride yatan hastalar, ayaktan tedavi alan hastalara göre daha yüksek içselleştirilmiş damgalanma seviyelerine sahiptir. Erkek cinsiyet, işsizlik ve düşük gelirin damgalanma seviyelerini arttırdığı görüldü. Bu bulgular, damgalanmayı azaltmak ve ruhsal sağlığı geliştirmek için müdahalelerin gerekli olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Gelecek araştırmalar, daha büyük örneklem boyutlarına ulaşmayı ve birden fazla kurumdan katılımcı almayı hedeflemelidirler.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Damgalanma, Akıl hastalıkları, Yatan Hasta, Ayaktan Hasta.
References
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1. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national
burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019:
a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet
Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):137-150. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3
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2.Barry CL, McGinty EE, Vernick JS, Webster DW. After Newtown--public
opinion on gun policy and mental illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1077-
1081. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1300512
-
3.Sharif L, Babhair R, Alzahrani D, et al. Unraveling the stigma: a qualitative
descriptive exploration of the relationship between culture, religion, and
mental disorders in Saudi Arabia. BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):425. Published
2025 Apr 23. doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02733-w
-
4.Corrigan PW, Rao D. On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure,
and strategies for change. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(8):464-469.
doi:10.1177/070674371205700804
-
5. Mohamed Ibrahim OH, Ibrahim RM, Al-Tameemi NK, Riley K. Challenges
associated with mental health management: Barriers and consequences.
Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(8):971-976. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.018
-
6. Haikalis M, Doucette H, Meisel MK, Birch K, Barnett NP. Changes in College
Student Anxiety and Depression From Pre- to During-COVID-19: Perceived
Stress, Academic Challenges, Loneliness, and Positive Perceptions.
Emerg Adulthood. 2022;10(2):534-545. doi:10.1177/21676968211058516
-
7. Livingston JD, Boyd JE. Correlates and consequences of internalized
stigma for people living with mental illness: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(12):2150-2161. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.
2010.09.030
-
8. Eliasson ET, McNamee L, Swanson L, Lawrie SM, Schwannauer M.
Unpacking stigma: Meta-analyses of correlates and moderators of personal
stigma in psychosis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;89:102077. doi:10.1016/j.
cpr.2021.102077
-
9. Beyazyüz M, Beyazyüz E, Albayrak Y, Baykal S, Göka E. Bir eğitim araştırma
hastanesi psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda içselleştirilmiş
damgalanma düzeylerinin bazı tanı grupları, sosyodemografik özellikler ve
benlik saygısı ile ilişkisi. Yeni Symposium. 2015;53(2):2-13. doi: 10.5455/
nys.20150609121944
-
10. Switaj P, Wciórka J, Smolarska-Switaj J, Grygiel P. Extent and predictors
of stigma experienced by patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry.
2009;24(8):513-520. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.06.003
-
11. Segalovich J, Doron A, Behrbalk P, Kurs R, Romem P. Internalization
of stigma and self-esteem as it affects the capacity for intimacy among
patients with schizophrenia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;27(5):231-234. doi:
10.1016/j.apnu.2013.05.002
-
12. Dil S, Kamışlı S, Daştan L, Eni N. Özgürlük Duygusu ve İçselleştirilmiş
Damgalanma: Ayaktan ve Yatarak Psikiyatrik Tedavi Alan Hastaların Karşılaştırılması.
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2016; 27(4): 251 - 256.
-
13. Ersoy MA, Varan A. Ruhsal Hastalıklarda İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanma
Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri
Dergisi. 2007;18(2):163-171.
-
14. Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental
illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res.
2003;121(1):31-49. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.08.008
-
15. World Health Organization. (n.d.). WHOQOL-BREF| The World Health
Organization.
-
16. Oliveira SE, Carvalho H, Esteves F. Toward an understanding of the
quality of life construct: Validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-Bref in a
psychiatric sample. Psychiatry Res. 2016;244:37-44. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.
2016.07.007
-
17. Eser E, Fidaner H, Fidaner C, Eser SY, Elbi H, Göker E. WHOQOL-100 ve
WHOQOL-BREF'in psikometrik özellikleri. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji
Dergisi. 1999;7(2):23-40
-
18. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring
clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol.
1988;56(6):893-897. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
-
19. Fydrich T, Dowdall D, Chambless DL. Reliability and validity of the
beck anxiety inventory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1992;6(1):55-61.
doi:10.1016/0887-6185(92)90026-4
-
20. Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H. Turkish Version of the Beck Anxiety
Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.
1998;12(2):163-172.
-
21. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for
measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/
archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
-
22. Storch EA, Roberti JW, Roth DA. Factor structure, concurrent validity,
and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition
in a sample of college students. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(3):187-189.
doi:10.1002/da.20002
-
23. Aktürk Z, Dağdeviren N, Türe M, Tuğlu C. Birinci basamak için Beck
Depresyon Tarama Ölçeği'nin Türkçe çeviriminin geçerlik ve güvenirliği.
Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi. 2005;9(3):117 - 122.
-
24. Sori LM, Sema FD, Tekle MT. Internalized stigma and associated factors
among people with mental illness at University of Gondar Comprehensive
Specialized Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2021. Int J Ment Health Syst.
2022;16(1):58. Published 2022 Dec 31. doi:10.1186/s13033-022-00567-2
-
25. Liu F, Deng H, Hu N, et al. The relationship between self-stigma and
quality of life in long-term hospitalized patients with schizophrenia: a
cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1366030. Published 2024
Jun 5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366030
-
26. Kamaradova D, Latalova K, Prasko J, et al. Connection between self-
stigma, adherence to treatment, and discontinuation of medication.
Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:1289-1298. Published 2016 Jul 22.
doi:10.2147/PPA.S99136
-
27. Eggenberger L, Fordschmid C, Ludwig C, et al. Men's Psychotherapy
Use, Male Role Norms, and Male-Typical Depression Symptoms: Examining
716 Men and Women Experiencing Psychological Distress. Behav Sci (Basel).
2021;11(6):83. Published 2021 Jun 2. doi:10.3390/bs11060083
Comparison of Internalized Stigma Between Psychiatric Inpatients and Outpatients at a University Psychiatric Clinic
Year 2025,
Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 81 - 84, 29.08.2025
Onuralp Görmez
,
Kemal Hasançavuşoğlu
,
Fatma Betül Koç
,
Ahmet Fazıl Üçer
,
Ecren Pulatlı
,
Emre Demir
,
İrfan Berkay Karacan
,
Derya Gökmen
,
Burçin Çolak
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Problem Statement: Mental illnesses are prevalent globally and often accompanied by significant stigmatization, adversely impacting individuals' lives. This study aimed to investigate the level of internalized stigma among psychiatric inpatients and outpatients and to understand how various factors influence this stigmatization.
Methodology: The study included 181 patients (45 inpatients and 136 outpatients) from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Hospitals Department of Psychiatry. Data collection involved a cross-sectional questionnaire study using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale, the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) scale, and the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and correlation analysis in SPSS.
Main Findings: The results indicated significantly higher internalized stigma scores among inpatients compared to outpatients (p=0.01). Factors such as sex, occupational status, and income level were significantly related to various dimensions of internalized stigma. Specifically, stereotype endorsement ISMI scores were higher in males (p=0.02) and related to income level (p=0.01). No significant relationships were found between total ISMI scores and education or marital status. Additionally, anxiety and depression levels were significantly associated with internalized stigma scores (p<0.05).
Principal Conclusion: Psychiatric inpatients experience higher levels of internalized stigma compared to outpatients. Factors such as male gender, unemployment, and lower income contribute to higher stigma levels. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to reduce internalized stigma and improve mental health outcomes. Future research should aim for larger sample sizes and include multiple recruitment sites to enhance the generalizability of findings.
Key Words: Stigma, Mental disorders, Inpatient, Outpatient
References
-
1. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national
burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019:
a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet
Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):137-150. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3
-
2.Barry CL, McGinty EE, Vernick JS, Webster DW. After Newtown--public
opinion on gun policy and mental illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1077-
1081. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1300512
-
3.Sharif L, Babhair R, Alzahrani D, et al. Unraveling the stigma: a qualitative
descriptive exploration of the relationship between culture, religion, and
mental disorders in Saudi Arabia. BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):425. Published
2025 Apr 23. doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02733-w
-
4.Corrigan PW, Rao D. On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure,
and strategies for change. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(8):464-469.
doi:10.1177/070674371205700804
-
5. Mohamed Ibrahim OH, Ibrahim RM, Al-Tameemi NK, Riley K. Challenges
associated with mental health management: Barriers and consequences.
Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(8):971-976. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.018
-
6. Haikalis M, Doucette H, Meisel MK, Birch K, Barnett NP. Changes in College
Student Anxiety and Depression From Pre- to During-COVID-19: Perceived
Stress, Academic Challenges, Loneliness, and Positive Perceptions.
Emerg Adulthood. 2022;10(2):534-545. doi:10.1177/21676968211058516
-
7. Livingston JD, Boyd JE. Correlates and consequences of internalized
stigma for people living with mental illness: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(12):2150-2161. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.
2010.09.030
-
8. Eliasson ET, McNamee L, Swanson L, Lawrie SM, Schwannauer M.
Unpacking stigma: Meta-analyses of correlates and moderators of personal
stigma in psychosis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;89:102077. doi:10.1016/j.
cpr.2021.102077
-
9. Beyazyüz M, Beyazyüz E, Albayrak Y, Baykal S, Göka E. Bir eğitim araştırma
hastanesi psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda içselleştirilmiş
damgalanma düzeylerinin bazı tanı grupları, sosyodemografik özellikler ve
benlik saygısı ile ilişkisi. Yeni Symposium. 2015;53(2):2-13. doi: 10.5455/
nys.20150609121944
-
10. Switaj P, Wciórka J, Smolarska-Switaj J, Grygiel P. Extent and predictors
of stigma experienced by patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry.
2009;24(8):513-520. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.06.003
-
11. Segalovich J, Doron A, Behrbalk P, Kurs R, Romem P. Internalization
of stigma and self-esteem as it affects the capacity for intimacy among
patients with schizophrenia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;27(5):231-234. doi:
10.1016/j.apnu.2013.05.002
-
12. Dil S, Kamışlı S, Daştan L, Eni N. Özgürlük Duygusu ve İçselleştirilmiş
Damgalanma: Ayaktan ve Yatarak Psikiyatrik Tedavi Alan Hastaların Karşılaştırılması.
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2016; 27(4): 251 - 256.
-
13. Ersoy MA, Varan A. Ruhsal Hastalıklarda İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanma
Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri
Dergisi. 2007;18(2):163-171.
-
14. Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental
illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res.
2003;121(1):31-49. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.08.008
-
15. World Health Organization. (n.d.). WHOQOL-BREF| The World Health
Organization.
-
16. Oliveira SE, Carvalho H, Esteves F. Toward an understanding of the
quality of life construct: Validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-Bref in a
psychiatric sample. Psychiatry Res. 2016;244:37-44. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.
2016.07.007
-
17. Eser E, Fidaner H, Fidaner C, Eser SY, Elbi H, Göker E. WHOQOL-100 ve
WHOQOL-BREF'in psikometrik özellikleri. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji
Dergisi. 1999;7(2):23-40
-
18. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring
clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol.
1988;56(6):893-897. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
-
19. Fydrich T, Dowdall D, Chambless DL. Reliability and validity of the
beck anxiety inventory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1992;6(1):55-61.
doi:10.1016/0887-6185(92)90026-4
-
20. Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H. Turkish Version of the Beck Anxiety
Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.
1998;12(2):163-172.
-
21. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for
measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/
archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
-
22. Storch EA, Roberti JW, Roth DA. Factor structure, concurrent validity,
and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition
in a sample of college students. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(3):187-189.
doi:10.1002/da.20002
-
23. Aktürk Z, Dağdeviren N, Türe M, Tuğlu C. Birinci basamak için Beck
Depresyon Tarama Ölçeği'nin Türkçe çeviriminin geçerlik ve güvenirliği.
Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi. 2005;9(3):117 - 122.
-
24. Sori LM, Sema FD, Tekle MT. Internalized stigma and associated factors
among people with mental illness at University of Gondar Comprehensive
Specialized Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2021. Int J Ment Health Syst.
2022;16(1):58. Published 2022 Dec 31. doi:10.1186/s13033-022-00567-2
-
25. Liu F, Deng H, Hu N, et al. The relationship between self-stigma and
quality of life in long-term hospitalized patients with schizophrenia: a
cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1366030. Published 2024
Jun 5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366030
-
26. Kamaradova D, Latalova K, Prasko J, et al. Connection between self-
stigma, adherence to treatment, and discontinuation of medication.
Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:1289-1298. Published 2016 Jul 22.
doi:10.2147/PPA.S99136
-
27. Eggenberger L, Fordschmid C, Ludwig C, et al. Men's Psychotherapy
Use, Male Role Norms, and Male-Typical Depression Symptoms: Examining
716 Men and Women Experiencing Psychological Distress. Behav Sci (Basel).
2021;11(6):83. Published 2021 Jun 2. doi:10.3390/bs11060083