Research Article
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Üreme Çağındaki Kadınların İleri Glikasyon Son Ürün Düzeylerinin Menstrüel Semptomlar Üzerine Etkisi: Kesitsel bir Çalışma

Year 2026, Volume: 10 Issue: 1 , 158 - 167 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1756592
https://izlik.org/JA26GJ87WM

Abstract

Amaç: İleri glikasyon son ürünlerinin (AGEs) vücutta aşırı birikimi oksidatif stres ve inflamasyon aracılığıyla birçok olumsuz sağlık durumuna yol açabilmektedir. Menstrüel semptomlar; fizyolojik, biyolojik ve psikolojik pek çok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışma, üreme çağındaki kadınlarda AGE düzeylerinin menstrüel semptomlar üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

Araçlar ve Yöntem: Araştırma ilişki arayıcı ve kesitsel tiptedir. Mart-Eylül 2024 tarihleri arasında bir vakıf üniversitesinde gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden ve araştırma kriterlerini karşılayan üreme çağındaki kadınlarla yürütülmüştür. Veriler Antro-pometrik ölçümler yapılarak, araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan Katılımcı Bilgi Formu, Menstrüasyon Semptom Ölçeği (MSÖ) ve cilt ileri glikasyon son ürün analiz cihazı ile toplanmıştır. Etik kurul ve kurum izni alınmış, katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, t-testi ve Spearman korelasyon analizi kullanılmış; anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak belirlenmiştir.

Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan üreme çağındaki kadınların yaş ortalaması 22.73±6.11 olup, ilk menarş yaşı 13.18±1.35’tir. Üreme çağındaki kadınların MSÖ toplam puan ortalamasının 66.17 ± 19.22 olduğu görüldü. Kadınların yaş ortalaması ile ölçeğin "negatif etkiler/somatik yakınmalar", "menstrüel ağrı belirtileri" ve "baş etme yöntemleri" alt boyutları ve ölçek toplam puanı arasında negatif yönlü ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Araştırma sonucunda kadınların vücut ağırlıkları ve beden kitle indeks ortalamaları ile "negatif etkiler/somatik yakınmalar" ve ölçek toplam puan ortalaması arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır (p<0.05).

Sonuç: İleri glikasyon son ürün düzeyleri ve menstruasyon semptomları arasındaki ilişkiyi gösteren daha çok çalışma yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İleri glikasyon son ürünlerin besinlerle alımı ve sağlık açısından olası riskleri düşünüldüğünde özellikle üreme çağındaki kadınlar ileri glikasyon son ürünleri konusunda bilgilendirilmelidir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (Karar No: E-12483425-604.01-44081).

Thanks

Yazarlar, bu çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan üreme çağındaki kadınlara teşekkür eder. Bu çalışma, 3. Uluslararası ve 4. Ulusal Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Kongresi'nde (KASHEK 2025) sözlü özet olarak sunulmuştur.

References

  • 1. Ruiz HH, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Advanced glycation end products: building on the concept of the "common soil" in metabolic disease. Endocrinology. 2020;161(1):bqz006. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqz006
  • 2. Atzeni IM, van de Zande SC, Westra J, et al. The AGE Reader: a non-invasive method to assess long-term tissue damage. Methods. 2022;203:533-541. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.02.016
  • 3. van Waateringe RP, Fokkens BT, Slagter SN, et al. Skin autofluorescence predicts incident type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality in the general population. Diabetologia. 2019;62(2):269-280. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4769-x
  • 4. Almengló C, Rodriguez-Ruiz E, Alvarez E, et al. Minimal invasive fluorescence methods to quantify advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in skin and plasma of humans. Methods. 2022;203:103-107. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.12.003
  • 5. Kandaraki EA, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Advanced glycation end products and polycystic ovarian syndrome. In: Dietary AGEs and Their Role in Health and Disease. CRC Press; 2017:137-146. doi:10.1201/9781315120041-14
  • 6. Taşkın L. Obstetrics and Women's Health Nursing. 13th ed. Ankara: Akademisyen Medical Bookstore; 2016.
  • 7. Şahin NH. Reproductive organ anatomy / physiology. In: Beji NK, ed. Women's Health and Diseases. 2nd ed. Istanbul: Nobel Medical Bookstores; 2017.
  • 8. Derya YA, Erdemoğlu Ç, Özşahin Z. The status of menstrual symptoms in university students and its effect on quality of life. Acibadem Univ J Health Sci. 2019;10(2):176-181. doi:10.31067/0.2019.140
  • 9. Tosun H, Şahin S. Evaluation of effectiveness of training in obese adolescent about nutrition, physical activity and menstrual symptoms on health lifestyle behaviours and menstrual symptoms. J Fac Health Sci Yobu. 2022;3(3):306-323.
  • 10. Chesney MA, Tasto DL. The development of the menstrual symptom questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1975;13(4):237-244. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(75)90028-5
  • 11. Negriff S, Dorn LD, Hillman JB, et al. The measurement of menstrual symptoms: factor structure of the menstrual symptom questionnaire in adolescent girls. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(7):899-908. doi:10.1177/1359105309340995
  • 12. Güvenç G, Seven M, Akyüz A. Adaptation of Menstruation Symptom Scale into Turkish. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2014;13(5):367-374. doi:10.5455/pmb1-1378840527
  • 13. Meerwaldt R, Graaf R, Oomen PHN, et al. Simple non-invasive assessment of advanced glycation end product accumulation. Diabetologia. 2004;47(7):1324-1330. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1451-2
  • 14. Meerwaldt R, Lutgers HL, Links TP, et al. Skin autofluorescence is a strong predictor of cardiac mortality in diabetes. Diabetes Care.2007;30(1):107-112. doi:10.2337/dc06-1391
  • 15. Bos DC, De Ranitz-Greven WL, De Valk HW. Advanced glycation end products, measured as skin autofluorescence and diabetes complications: a systematic review. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13(7):773-779. doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0034
  • 16. Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, et al. The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life: a survey among 42,879 women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(6):569.e1-569.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.048
  • 17. Akhtar Y, Malik S, Bhutta M, et al. A systematic review on the role of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the development of PCOS. J Liaquat Uni Med Health Sci. 2024;23(4):279-286. doi:10.22442/jlumhs.2024.01101
  • 18. Mouanness M, Nava H, Dagher C, et al. Contribution of advanced glycation end products to PCOS key elements: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3578. doi:10.3390/nu14173578
  • 19. Bahreiny SS, Ahangarpour A, Aghaei M. Circulating levels of advanced glycation end products in females with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Reprod Dev Med. 2024;8(2):93-100. doi:10.1097/RD9.0000000000000089
  • 20. Masho SW, Adera T, South-Paul J. Obesity as a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;26(1):33-39. doi:10.1080/01443610400023049
  • 21. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, et al. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043(1):461-466. doi:10.1196/annals.1333.052

Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study

Year 2026, Volume: 10 Issue: 1 , 158 - 167 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1756592
https://izlik.org/JA26GJ87WM

Abstract

Purpose: Excessive accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may contribute to adverse health conditions via oxidative stress and inflammation. Menstrual symptoms are influenced by physiological, biological, and psychological factors. This study aimed to determine the effect of AGE levels on menstrual symptoms in women of reproductive age.

Materials and Methods: This correlational, cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2024 at a founda-tion university with women of reproductive age who voluntarily participated and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements, a Participant Information Form, the Menstrual Symptom Scale (MSS), and a skin AGE meas-urement device. Ethical approval and institutional permission were obtained, and written informed consent was secured. Descrip-tive statistics, independent samples t-test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used; statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: The mean age of participants was 22.73 ± 6.11 years, and the mean age at menarche was 13.18 ± 1.35 years. The mean total MSS score was 66.17 ± 19.22. A significant negative correlation was found between age and the “negative effects/somatic complaints,” “menstrual pain symptoms,” and “coping methods” subscales, as well as the total score (p<0.05). A significant posi-tive correlation was found between body weight and body mass index (BMI) and the “negative effects/somatic complaints” sub-scale and total score (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Evidence on the relationship between AGE levels and menstrual symptoms remains limited. Further studies are need-ed to clarify this association. Considering dietary AGE intake and potential risks, raising awareness among women of reproductive age is important.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Istanbul Esenyurt University Ethics Committee (Decision No: E-12483425-604.01-44081).

Thanks

The authors thank the reproductive women who volunteered to participate in this study. This study was presented as an oral abstract at the 3rd International and 4th National Women's Health Nursing Congress (KASHEK 2025).

References

  • 1. Ruiz HH, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Advanced glycation end products: building on the concept of the "common soil" in metabolic disease. Endocrinology. 2020;161(1):bqz006. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqz006
  • 2. Atzeni IM, van de Zande SC, Westra J, et al. The AGE Reader: a non-invasive method to assess long-term tissue damage. Methods. 2022;203:533-541. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.02.016
  • 3. van Waateringe RP, Fokkens BT, Slagter SN, et al. Skin autofluorescence predicts incident type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality in the general population. Diabetologia. 2019;62(2):269-280. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4769-x
  • 4. Almengló C, Rodriguez-Ruiz E, Alvarez E, et al. Minimal invasive fluorescence methods to quantify advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in skin and plasma of humans. Methods. 2022;203:103-107. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.12.003
  • 5. Kandaraki EA, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Advanced glycation end products and polycystic ovarian syndrome. In: Dietary AGEs and Their Role in Health and Disease. CRC Press; 2017:137-146. doi:10.1201/9781315120041-14
  • 6. Taşkın L. Obstetrics and Women's Health Nursing. 13th ed. Ankara: Akademisyen Medical Bookstore; 2016.
  • 7. Şahin NH. Reproductive organ anatomy / physiology. In: Beji NK, ed. Women's Health and Diseases. 2nd ed. Istanbul: Nobel Medical Bookstores; 2017.
  • 8. Derya YA, Erdemoğlu Ç, Özşahin Z. The status of menstrual symptoms in university students and its effect on quality of life. Acibadem Univ J Health Sci. 2019;10(2):176-181. doi:10.31067/0.2019.140
  • 9. Tosun H, Şahin S. Evaluation of effectiveness of training in obese adolescent about nutrition, physical activity and menstrual symptoms on health lifestyle behaviours and menstrual symptoms. J Fac Health Sci Yobu. 2022;3(3):306-323.
  • 10. Chesney MA, Tasto DL. The development of the menstrual symptom questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1975;13(4):237-244. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(75)90028-5
  • 11. Negriff S, Dorn LD, Hillman JB, et al. The measurement of menstrual symptoms: factor structure of the menstrual symptom questionnaire in adolescent girls. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(7):899-908. doi:10.1177/1359105309340995
  • 12. Güvenç G, Seven M, Akyüz A. Adaptation of Menstruation Symptom Scale into Turkish. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2014;13(5):367-374. doi:10.5455/pmb1-1378840527
  • 13. Meerwaldt R, Graaf R, Oomen PHN, et al. Simple non-invasive assessment of advanced glycation end product accumulation. Diabetologia. 2004;47(7):1324-1330. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1451-2
  • 14. Meerwaldt R, Lutgers HL, Links TP, et al. Skin autofluorescence is a strong predictor of cardiac mortality in diabetes. Diabetes Care.2007;30(1):107-112. doi:10.2337/dc06-1391
  • 15. Bos DC, De Ranitz-Greven WL, De Valk HW. Advanced glycation end products, measured as skin autofluorescence and diabetes complications: a systematic review. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13(7):773-779. doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0034
  • 16. Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, et al. The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life: a survey among 42,879 women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(6):569.e1-569.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.048
  • 17. Akhtar Y, Malik S, Bhutta M, et al. A systematic review on the role of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the development of PCOS. J Liaquat Uni Med Health Sci. 2024;23(4):279-286. doi:10.22442/jlumhs.2024.01101
  • 18. Mouanness M, Nava H, Dagher C, et al. Contribution of advanced glycation end products to PCOS key elements: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3578. doi:10.3390/nu14173578
  • 19. Bahreiny SS, Ahangarpour A, Aghaei M. Circulating levels of advanced glycation end products in females with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Reprod Dev Med. 2024;8(2):93-100. doi:10.1097/RD9.0000000000000089
  • 20. Masho SW, Adera T, South-Paul J. Obesity as a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;26(1):33-39. doi:10.1080/01443610400023049
  • 21. Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, et al. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body’s AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043(1):461-466. doi:10.1196/annals.1333.052
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nutritional Epidemiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tuğba Öz 0000-0002-9445-4841

Eda Kaya 0009-0008-3196-2575

Ayşe Gül Çeçen 0009-0002-0850-8127

Submission Date August 1, 2025
Acceptance Date March 6, 2026
Publication Date April 29, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1756592
IZ https://izlik.org/JA26GJ87WM
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öz, T., Kaya, E., & Çeçen, A. G. (2026). Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, 10(1), 158-167. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1756592
AMA 1.Öz T, Kaya E, Çeçen AG. Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ahi Evran Med J. 2026;10(1):158-167. doi:10.46332/aemj.1756592
Chicago Öz, Tuğba, Eda Kaya, and Ayşe Gül Çeçen. 2026. “Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 10 (1): 158-67. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1756592.
EndNote Öz T, Kaya E, Çeçen AG (April 1, 2026) Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 10 1 158–167.
IEEE [1]T. Öz, E. Kaya, and A. G. Çeçen, “Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study”, Ahi Evran Med J, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 158–167, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.46332/aemj.1756592.
ISNAD Öz, Tuğba - Kaya, Eda - Çeçen, Ayşe Gül. “Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 10/1 (April 1, 2026): 158-167. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1756592.
JAMA 1.Öz T, Kaya E, Çeçen AG. Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ahi Evran Med J. 2026;10:158–167.
MLA Öz, Tuğba, et al. “Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 158-67, doi:10.46332/aemj.1756592.
Vancouver 1.Tuğba Öz, Eda Kaya, Ayşe Gül Çeçen. Effect of Advanced Glycation End Product Levels on Menstrual Symptoms in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ahi Evran Med J. 2026 Apr. 1;10(1):158-67. doi:10.46332/aemj.1756592

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