Research Article
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Investigation of Obesity, Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy-Efficacy Levels in Primary School Students

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 174 - 183, 30.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.841750

Abstract

Purpose: The research was conducted to examine the obesity status, nutritional knowledge and behaviors, physical activity and selfefficacy levels of children aged 7-9 years.

Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with 183 students in a primary school in September-December 2017. Anthropometric measurements of the students were taken. “Nutrition Knowledge Level Determination Form”, “Nutrition Behavior Determination Form”, “Anthropometric Measurement Monitorization Form”, “Self-Efficacy Scale-Child Form” and “Child Physical Activity Questionnaire” were used in data collection. SPSS package program version 25 was used for data analysis.

Results: The mean age of the students was 7.94±0.4 years. According to the body mass index of the students, 17.2% were overweight and 16.7% were obese. 13.5% of the students had high body fat (85-97 percentile), 11.1% were obese (≥97 percentile). The mean score of the Self-Efficacy Scale was 44.76±3.86, and the mean score of the Child Physical Activity Questionnaire was 3.01±0.6. While the fiber and potassium intakes of the students were insufficient according to their needs, their sodium intake was determined to be high. When the energy ratios obtained from protein, fat and carbohydrates were examined, the energy obtained from fat was found to be high in both genders.

Conclusion: It was determined that the body weight of one out of every three students was above average. In the light of these findings, the possibility of children being obese during adolescence and adulthood and the increase in the burden of disease that will happen if comprehensive interventions are not taken should be perceived as a clear warning by health professionals and school administrators.
It is recommended that studies should be carried out by multidisciplinary team members in school health studies to provide children positive nutritional behaviors.

References

  • 1. Leung AYM, Leung ISH, Liu JYW, Ting S, Lo S. Improving health literacy and medication compliance through comic books: a quasi-experimental study of Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Glob Health Promot. 2018;25(4):67-78.
  • 2. World Health Organization. Taking Action on Childhood Obesity https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274792/WHO-NMH-PND-ECHO18.1-eng.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mayıs, 2019.
  • 3. Özcebe H, Bağcı Bosi T, Yıldırım N, Yardım M, Gögen S. Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (İlkokul 2. Sınıf Öğrencileri) Şişmanlık Araştırması - COSI-TUR 2016. Ankara; 2017.
  • 4. Bleich SN, Vercammen KA, Zatz LY, Frelier JM, Ebbeling CB, Peeters A. Interventions to prevent global childhood overweight and obesity: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(4):332-346.
  • 5. Bhadoria A, Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury A, Sufi N, Kumar R. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2015;4(2):187.
  • 6. Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, Khaniabadi BM, vd. Association between Obesity and Parental Weight Status in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017;9(2):111-117.
  • 7. Garipagaoglu M, Budak N, Süt N, Akdikmen Ö, Oner N, Bundak R. Obesity Risk Factors in Turkish Children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2009;24(4):332-337.
  • 8. Küzdere Y. Çubuk İlçesi’nde İki İlköğretim Okulunda Okuyan Üçüncü Sınıf Öğrencileri Arasında Yeterli ve Dengeli Beslenme Konusunda Bir Müdahale Araştırması. 2008.
  • 9. Mert K, Aksayan S. Olumlu Sağlık Davranışlarının Kazandırılmasında Okul Sağlığı Hemşireliği Uygulamaları. Türkiye Klin Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Derg. 2016;2(1):1-6.
  • 10. Erdim L, Ergün A, Kuğuoğlu S. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Turkish J Med Sci. 2019;49(1):162-169.
  • 11. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi TÜBER 2015. Yayın No:1031, Ankara; 2016.
  • 12. Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EFP. Community Nutritional Assessment Assessment of Ecological Variables. 1. Baskı. England: Oxford; 1989.
  • 13. The WHO Child Growth Standards. https://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en/. Erişim Mayıs 19, 2019.
  • 14. Bundak R, Furman A, Gunoz H, Darendeliler F, Bas F, Neyzi O. Body mass index references for Turkish children. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(2):194-198.
  • 15. Kurtoglu S, Mazicioglu MM, Ozturk A, Hatipoglu N, Cicek B, Ustunbas HB. Body fat reference curves for healthy Turkish children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(11):1329-1335.
  • 16. Özkan S, Özcebe H, Yardım N, Bağcı Bosi AT. Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (7-8 Yaş) Şişmanlık Araştırması (COSITUR), 1. Baskı, Türkiye, Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2014.
  • 17. Ergul S, Kalkim A. A Major Chronic Disease: Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2011;10(2):223.
  • 18. Çetin İ, Muhtaroğlu S, Yılmaz B, Kurtoğlu S. Evaluation of segmental body composition by gender in obese children using bioelectric impedance analysis method. Dicle Med J. 2016;42(4):449-454.
  • 19. Diouf A, Diongue O, Nde M, Idohou-Dossou N, Thiam M, Wade S. Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis in predicting total body water and adiposity among Senegalese school-aged children. Choukem S-P, ed. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204486.
  • 20. Chung K-H, Chiou H-Y, Chen Y-H. Psychological and physiological correlates of childhood obesity in Taiwan. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):17439.
  • 21. Başol G. Validity and reliability of Turkish form of children’s self-efficacy scale on Turkish primary school students. Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2010;2(2):4082- 4086.
  • 22. Steele MM, Daratha KB, Bindler RC, Power TG. The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy for Behaviors That Promote Healthy Weight and Clinical Indicators of Adiposity in a Sample of Early Adolescents. Heal Educ Behav. 2011;38(6):596-602.
  • 23. Altan SS, Bektaş M. The effects of parental feeding styles, children’s self-efficacy and social anxiety on adolescent obesity. Rev Nutr. 2017;30(6):759-769.
  • 24. Isa T, Sawa R, Torizawa K, vd. Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2019;13:1-6.
  • 25. Faught EL, Ekwaru JP, Gleddie D, Storey KE, Asbridge M, Veugelers PJ. The combined impact of diet, physical activity, sleep and screen time on academic achievement: a prospective study of elementary school students in Nova Scotia, Canada. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):29.
  • 26. Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Knowles ZR, Fairclough SJ. Cross-sectional associations between high-deprivation home and neighbourhood environments, and health-related variables among Liverpool children. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e008693.
  • 27. Ongan D, İnanç N, Çiçek B. Comparing School Lunch and Canteen Foods Consumption of Children in Kayseri, Turkey. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2014;30(3):549-553.
  • 28. Aires B. Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in school children aged 6-14 years, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2018;116(1):34-46.
  • 29. Özpulat F, Sivri BB. The Nutritional Status of Elementary School Students in Villages and Towns. Sted. 2013;22(6):207-219.
  • 30. Özilbey P, Ergör G. Determining the prevalence of obesity in primary school students and eating habits in Izmir. Turk J Public Heal. 2015;13(1):30-40.
  • 31. Yılmaz M, Agartioglu Kundakci G, Dereli F, Öztornacı BÖ, Cetişli NE. Obesity Prevalence and Associated Characteristics in Primary School Students According to Age and Gender. Güncel Pediatr. 2019;17(1):127- 140.
  • 32. Bellows L, Anderson J, Gould SM, Auld G. Formative Research and Strategic Development of a Physical Activity Component to a Social Marketing Campaign for Obesity Prevention in Preschoolers. J Community Health. 2008;33(3):169-178.
  • 33. Johnson B, Bell L, Zarnowiecki D, Rangan A, Golley R. Contribution of Discretionary Foods and Drinks to Australian Children’s Intake of Energy, Saturated Fat, Added Sugars and Salt. Children. 2017;4(12):104.
  • 34. Madden AM, Harrex R, Radalowicz J, Boaden DC, Lim J, Ash R. A kitchen-based intervention to improve nutritional intake from school lunches in children aged 12- 16 years. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(3):243-251.
  • 35. Mitsopoulou A ‐V., Magriplis E, Dimakopoulos I, vd. Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(4):455-467.

İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 174 - 183, 30.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.841750

Abstract

Amaç: Araştırma, 7-9 yaş arası çocuklarda obezite durumunu, beslenme bilgisi ve davranışlarını, fiziksel aktivite ile özetkililik-yeterlilik düzeylerini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.

Araçlar ve Yöntem: Araştırma, bir ilköğretim okulunda Eylül-Aralık 2017 tarihinde 183 öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Öğrencilerin antropometrik ölçümleri alınmıştır. Veri toplamada “Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyi Belirleme Formu”, “Beslenme Davranışlarını Belirleme Formu”, “Antropometrik Ölçüm İzlem Formu”, “Özetkililik-Yeterlik Ölçeği-Çocuk Formu” ve “Çocuk Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi” kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde SPSS 25 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) paket programı kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 7.94±0.4 yıldı. Öğrenciler beden kütle indekslerine göre %17.2’sinin fazla kilolu, %16.7’sinin obez olduğu saptandı. Öğrencilerin %13.5’inin vücut yağ oranı yüksek (85-97 persentil), %11.1’i ise obezdi (≥97 persentil). Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 44.76±3.86, Çocuk Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi puan ortalaması 3.01±0.6 olarak bulundu. Öğrencilerin posa ve potasyum alımı gereksinimlerine göre yetersiz iken sodyum alımları yüksek olarak belirlendi. Öğrencilerin protein, yağ ve karbonhidrattan sağladıkları enerji oranları incelendiğinde yağdan gelen enerji her iki cinsiyette de yüksek bulundu.

Sonuç: Her üç öğrenciden birinin vücut ağırlığının normalin üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular ışığında kapsamlı müdahalelerle önlem alınmazsa çocukların adölesan ve yetişkin dönemlerini de obez olarak geçirme ve hastalık yüklerinin artması olasılığı sağlık profesyonelleri ve okul yönetimleri tarafından açık bir uyarı olarak algılanmalıdır. Okul sağlığı çalışmalarında çocuklara olumlu beslenme davranışları kazandırmaya yönelik multidisipliner ekip üyelerince çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir. 

References

  • 1. Leung AYM, Leung ISH, Liu JYW, Ting S, Lo S. Improving health literacy and medication compliance through comic books: a quasi-experimental study of Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Glob Health Promot. 2018;25(4):67-78.
  • 2. World Health Organization. Taking Action on Childhood Obesity https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274792/WHO-NMH-PND-ECHO18.1-eng.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 19 Mayıs, 2019.
  • 3. Özcebe H, Bağcı Bosi T, Yıldırım N, Yardım M, Gögen S. Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (İlkokul 2. Sınıf Öğrencileri) Şişmanlık Araştırması - COSI-TUR 2016. Ankara; 2017.
  • 4. Bleich SN, Vercammen KA, Zatz LY, Frelier JM, Ebbeling CB, Peeters A. Interventions to prevent global childhood overweight and obesity: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(4):332-346.
  • 5. Bhadoria A, Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury A, Sufi N, Kumar R. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2015;4(2):187.
  • 6. Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, Khaniabadi BM, vd. Association between Obesity and Parental Weight Status in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017;9(2):111-117.
  • 7. Garipagaoglu M, Budak N, Süt N, Akdikmen Ö, Oner N, Bundak R. Obesity Risk Factors in Turkish Children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2009;24(4):332-337.
  • 8. Küzdere Y. Çubuk İlçesi’nde İki İlköğretim Okulunda Okuyan Üçüncü Sınıf Öğrencileri Arasında Yeterli ve Dengeli Beslenme Konusunda Bir Müdahale Araştırması. 2008.
  • 9. Mert K, Aksayan S. Olumlu Sağlık Davranışlarının Kazandırılmasında Okul Sağlığı Hemşireliği Uygulamaları. Türkiye Klin Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Derg. 2016;2(1):1-6.
  • 10. Erdim L, Ergün A, Kuğuoğlu S. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Turkish J Med Sci. 2019;49(1):162-169.
  • 11. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi TÜBER 2015. Yayın No:1031, Ankara; 2016.
  • 12. Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EFP. Community Nutritional Assessment Assessment of Ecological Variables. 1. Baskı. England: Oxford; 1989.
  • 13. The WHO Child Growth Standards. https://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en/. Erişim Mayıs 19, 2019.
  • 14. Bundak R, Furman A, Gunoz H, Darendeliler F, Bas F, Neyzi O. Body mass index references for Turkish children. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(2):194-198.
  • 15. Kurtoglu S, Mazicioglu MM, Ozturk A, Hatipoglu N, Cicek B, Ustunbas HB. Body fat reference curves for healthy Turkish children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(11):1329-1335.
  • 16. Özkan S, Özcebe H, Yardım N, Bağcı Bosi AT. Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (7-8 Yaş) Şişmanlık Araştırması (COSITUR), 1. Baskı, Türkiye, Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2014.
  • 17. Ergul S, Kalkim A. A Major Chronic Disease: Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2011;10(2):223.
  • 18. Çetin İ, Muhtaroğlu S, Yılmaz B, Kurtoğlu S. Evaluation of segmental body composition by gender in obese children using bioelectric impedance analysis method. Dicle Med J. 2016;42(4):449-454.
  • 19. Diouf A, Diongue O, Nde M, Idohou-Dossou N, Thiam M, Wade S. Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis in predicting total body water and adiposity among Senegalese school-aged children. Choukem S-P, ed. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204486.
  • 20. Chung K-H, Chiou H-Y, Chen Y-H. Psychological and physiological correlates of childhood obesity in Taiwan. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):17439.
  • 21. Başol G. Validity and reliability of Turkish form of children’s self-efficacy scale on Turkish primary school students. Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2010;2(2):4082- 4086.
  • 22. Steele MM, Daratha KB, Bindler RC, Power TG. The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy for Behaviors That Promote Healthy Weight and Clinical Indicators of Adiposity in a Sample of Early Adolescents. Heal Educ Behav. 2011;38(6):596-602.
  • 23. Altan SS, Bektaş M. The effects of parental feeding styles, children’s self-efficacy and social anxiety on adolescent obesity. Rev Nutr. 2017;30(6):759-769.
  • 24. Isa T, Sawa R, Torizawa K, vd. Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2019;13:1-6.
  • 25. Faught EL, Ekwaru JP, Gleddie D, Storey KE, Asbridge M, Veugelers PJ. The combined impact of diet, physical activity, sleep and screen time on academic achievement: a prospective study of elementary school students in Nova Scotia, Canada. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):29.
  • 26. Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Knowles ZR, Fairclough SJ. Cross-sectional associations between high-deprivation home and neighbourhood environments, and health-related variables among Liverpool children. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e008693.
  • 27. Ongan D, İnanç N, Çiçek B. Comparing School Lunch and Canteen Foods Consumption of Children in Kayseri, Turkey. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2014;30(3):549-553.
  • 28. Aires B. Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in school children aged 6-14 years, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2018;116(1):34-46.
  • 29. Özpulat F, Sivri BB. The Nutritional Status of Elementary School Students in Villages and Towns. Sted. 2013;22(6):207-219.
  • 30. Özilbey P, Ergör G. Determining the prevalence of obesity in primary school students and eating habits in Izmir. Turk J Public Heal. 2015;13(1):30-40.
  • 31. Yılmaz M, Agartioglu Kundakci G, Dereli F, Öztornacı BÖ, Cetişli NE. Obesity Prevalence and Associated Characteristics in Primary School Students According to Age and Gender. Güncel Pediatr. 2019;17(1):127- 140.
  • 32. Bellows L, Anderson J, Gould SM, Auld G. Formative Research and Strategic Development of a Physical Activity Component to a Social Marketing Campaign for Obesity Prevention in Preschoolers. J Community Health. 2008;33(3):169-178.
  • 33. Johnson B, Bell L, Zarnowiecki D, Rangan A, Golley R. Contribution of Discretionary Foods and Drinks to Australian Children’s Intake of Energy, Saturated Fat, Added Sugars and Salt. Children. 2017;4(12):104.
  • 34. Madden AM, Harrex R, Radalowicz J, Boaden DC, Lim J, Ash R. A kitchen-based intervention to improve nutritional intake from school lunches in children aged 12- 16 years. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(3):243-251.
  • 35. Mitsopoulou A ‐V., Magriplis E, Dimakopoulos I, vd. Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(4):455-467.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Medine Yılmaz 0000-0001-9409-6282

Gamze Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı 0000-0002-1774-1222

Gülçin Uyanık 0000-0002-8096-6037

Dilek Ongan 0000-0001-8948-9057

Hatice Yıldırım Sarı 0000-0002-4795-7382

Nurdan Akay 0000-0002-1207-0116

Ertan Algül 0000-0003-0586-0205

Asaf Yıldırım 0000-0002-0064-205X

Early Pub Date August 16, 2022
Publication Date August 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yılmaz, M., Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı, G., Uyanık, G., Ongan, D., et al. (2022). İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, 6(2), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.841750
AMA Yılmaz M, Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı G, Uyanık G, Ongan D, Yıldırım Sarı H, Akay N, Algül E, Yıldırım A. İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Ahi Evran Med J. August 2022;6(2):174-183. doi:10.46332/aemj.841750
Chicago Yılmaz, Medine, Gamze Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı, Gülçin Uyanık, Dilek Ongan, Hatice Yıldırım Sarı, Nurdan Akay, Ertan Algül, and Asaf Yıldırım. “İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 6, no. 2 (August 2022): 174-83. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.841750.
EndNote Yılmaz M, Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı G, Uyanık G, Ongan D, Yıldırım Sarı H, Akay N, Algül E, Yıldırım A (August 1, 2022) İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 6 2 174–183.
IEEE M. Yılmaz, “İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”, Ahi Evran Med J, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 174–183, 2022, doi: 10.46332/aemj.841750.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Medine et al. “İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 6/2 (August 2022), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.841750.
JAMA Yılmaz M, Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı G, Uyanık G, Ongan D, Yıldırım Sarı H, Akay N, Algül E, Yıldırım A. İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Ahi Evran Med J. 2022;6:174–183.
MLA Yılmaz, Medine et al. “İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2022, pp. 174-83, doi:10.46332/aemj.841750.
Vancouver Yılmaz M, Ağartıoğlu Kundakçı G, Uyanık G, Ongan D, Yıldırım Sarı H, Akay N, Algül E, Yıldırım A. İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Obezite, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Özetkililik-Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Ahi Evran Med J. 2022;6(2):174-83.

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