Abstract
ABD’de gerçekleştirilen 9/11 terör saldırısının ardından karar alıcılar Bush Doktrini diye bilinen yeni bir doktrini uygulamaya koyarak uluslararası sistemde terörle bağlantısı olan veya teröristleri barındıran her hangi bir ülkeye karşı savaş açtıklarını ilan ettiler. Bu nedenle, Irak yeni doktrin ekseninde “hedef ülkelerden” birisi haline geldi. ABD ileri bir adım daha atarak, Irak halkını özgürleştirecekleri ve ülkeye demokrasi getirecekleri iddiasıyla 2003 yılında müttefikleriyle birlikte Irak’ı işgal etti. Saddam rejimi yıkılarak yerine yeni bir rejim getirildi. Saddam rejimi sonrasında ülkenin yeni yönetici elitleri büyük oranda Şiilerden seçilirken, Sünniler Irak’ın yeni politik sisteminin dışında kaldı. ABD’nin siyasi manevraları ülkede tansiyonu ve etnik-mezhep ayrılığını tetikledi. Açıkça ifade etmek gerekirse, 2003 Irak savaşı/işgalinin ardından Amerika’nın dış politika uygulamaları, yalnızca ülkenin belli başlı İslami mezhepleri (Sünniler ve Şiiler) arasındaki çatışmaları/bölünmeyi alevlendirmekle kalmadı, aynı zamanda ağırlıklı olarak Kürtler ve Araplar arasındaki “etnik yarığı” da genişletti. Alandaki bilimsel verilere dayanarak, araştırma temel olarak ABD öncülüğündeki 2013 askeri işgalin/Irak Savaşı'nın ve Irak'a yönelik politikasının Irak'ta süregelen iç istikrarsızlık üzerinde etkili olduğunu bilimsel kaynaklara dayanarak ortaya koymuştur.
References
- Al-Rawi, A. K. (2014). The Arab Spring and Online Protests in Iraq. International Journal of Communication, 8, 916-942.
- Bigaç, O. (2020). Körfez Savaşı ve Irak’ın 2003 Yılındaki İşgaline Yönelik Avrupa Birliği’nin Yaklaşımı. UPA Strategic Affairs, Cilt 1, Sayı: 1, 4-14.
- Damluji, M. (2010). Securing Democracy in Iraq: Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 71-87.
- Davies, G.A.M. (2008, May). Strategic Cooperation, the Invation of Iraq and the Behaviour of the ‘Axis of Evil’, 1990-2004. Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 385-399.
- Dunn, D. H. (2003, March). Myths, Motivations and ‘Misunderestimations’: The Bush Administration and Iraq. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 279-297.
- Fürtig, H. (2007). Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf: The Interregional Order and US Policy. Middle East Journal, Vol. 61, No.4, pp. 627-640.
- Hunt, C. (2005). The History of Iraq. Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Julien Mercille, “The Radical Geopolitics of US Foreign Policy: the 2003 Iraq War”, GeoJournal, 2010, Vol.75, No. 4, New Directions in Critical Geopolitics, pp. 327-337.
- Klare, M. T. (2006-2007). Oil, Iraq, and American Foreign Policy: The Continuing Salience of the Carter Doctrine. International Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, Natural Resources and Conflict, pp. 31-42.
- Kourvetaris, G. A. (1991, December). American Foreign Policy and The Gulf Crisis. International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 68-73.
- Köse, H. H. (2015). Şii Grupların Irak Siyasetine Etkisi: 2003-2012 Dönemi. The Journal Of Europe-Middle East Social Science Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, 53-89.
- Lynch, T. J. and Singh, R. S. (2008). After Bush The Case For Continuity in American Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Marr, P. (2012). The Modern History of Iraq, Third Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
- Moaddel, M., Tessler, M. and Inglehart, R. (2008-09). Saddam Hussein and the Sunni Insurgency: Findings from Values Surveys. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 123, No. 4, pp. 623-644.
- Nasr, V. (2006, July-August). When the Shiites Rise. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 58-71, 73-74.
- Nazir, M. (2006, July). Democracy, Islam and Insurgency in Iraq. Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 47-65.
- Polk, W. R. (2007). Irak’ı Anlamak, Çev. Nurettin Elhüseyni, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: NTV Yayınları.
- Ratner, E. (2009, June). Reaping What You Sow: Democratic Transitions and Foreign Policy Realignment. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 390-418.
- Sluglett, P. (2008). Imperial Myopia: Some lessons from Two Invasions of Iraq. Middle East Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 593-609.
- Taras, R. (2006, December) “THE (IL)LOGIC OF INTERVENTION IN IRAQ: SECTARIANISM, CIVIL WAR, AND THE U.S. GAME PLAN. International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 33-60.
- Toby Dodge, Iraq’s Future: The Aftermath of Regime Change, Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
- Tripp. C. (2007). A History of Iraq. Third Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Understanding Iraq’s Persistent Domestic Instability: A Revisit to the 2003 Iraq War and the Effect of the US Foreign Policy.
Abstract
After the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in the heart of the United States (US), the US policymakers implemented a new doctrine known as the Bush Doctrine and declared war on any country in the international system which has a connection with terrorism or shelters the terrorists. In line with this, Iraq became one of “the target countries” on the axis of the new US doctrine. They took a further step and invaded Iraq with their allies in 2003 by claiming that they would liberate the Iraqi people from the authoritarian regime and bring democracy to Iraq. Toppling Saddam Hussein, the US implemented a new political regime in the country. In the post-Saddam regime, Iraq’s new ruling elites were mainly chosen from the Shiites. On the other hand, the Sunnis stayed at the periphery of the emerging Iraqi political system. The US political manoeuvres triggered ethnic and sectarian (ethno-sectarian) segregation as well as a tense political environment in Iraq. To put it clearly, the practices of the US foreign policy in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq war/invasion not only inflamed the conflicts/divide between the major Islamic sects (the Sunni and the Shiite Muslims) but also widened “the ethnic rift”, mainly between the Kurds and the Arabs in the country. The ethno-sectarian segregation among the Iraqi people highly affected the domestic political stability in the country. Depending on the scientific data in the field, this research has mainly revealed that the 2013 US-led military invasion/Iraq War and the US policy towards Iraq had an impact on the persistent domestic instability in Iraq.
Keywords
Iraq War, Ethnic and Sectarian Segregation, The 2003 US-led invasion The Saddam Regime The US Foreign Policy
References
- Al-Rawi, A. K. (2014). The Arab Spring and Online Protests in Iraq. International Journal of Communication, 8, 916-942.
- Bigaç, O. (2020). Körfez Savaşı ve Irak’ın 2003 Yılındaki İşgaline Yönelik Avrupa Birliği’nin Yaklaşımı. UPA Strategic Affairs, Cilt 1, Sayı: 1, 4-14.
- Damluji, M. (2010). Securing Democracy in Iraq: Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 71-87.
- Davies, G.A.M. (2008, May). Strategic Cooperation, the Invation of Iraq and the Behaviour of the ‘Axis of Evil’, 1990-2004. Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 385-399.
- Dunn, D. H. (2003, March). Myths, Motivations and ‘Misunderestimations’: The Bush Administration and Iraq. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 279-297.
- Fürtig, H. (2007). Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf: The Interregional Order and US Policy. Middle East Journal, Vol. 61, No.4, pp. 627-640.
- Hunt, C. (2005). The History of Iraq. Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Julien Mercille, “The Radical Geopolitics of US Foreign Policy: the 2003 Iraq War”, GeoJournal, 2010, Vol.75, No. 4, New Directions in Critical Geopolitics, pp. 327-337.
- Klare, M. T. (2006-2007). Oil, Iraq, and American Foreign Policy: The Continuing Salience of the Carter Doctrine. International Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, Natural Resources and Conflict, pp. 31-42.
- Kourvetaris, G. A. (1991, December). American Foreign Policy and The Gulf Crisis. International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 68-73.
- Köse, H. H. (2015). Şii Grupların Irak Siyasetine Etkisi: 2003-2012 Dönemi. The Journal Of Europe-Middle East Social Science Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, 53-89.
- Lynch, T. J. and Singh, R. S. (2008). After Bush The Case For Continuity in American Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Marr, P. (2012). The Modern History of Iraq, Third Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
- Moaddel, M., Tessler, M. and Inglehart, R. (2008-09). Saddam Hussein and the Sunni Insurgency: Findings from Values Surveys. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 123, No. 4, pp. 623-644.
- Nasr, V. (2006, July-August). When the Shiites Rise. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 58-71, 73-74.
- Nazir, M. (2006, July). Democracy, Islam and Insurgency in Iraq. Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 47-65.
- Polk, W. R. (2007). Irak’ı Anlamak, Çev. Nurettin Elhüseyni, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: NTV Yayınları.
- Ratner, E. (2009, June). Reaping What You Sow: Democratic Transitions and Foreign Policy Realignment. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 390-418.
- Sluglett, P. (2008). Imperial Myopia: Some lessons from Two Invasions of Iraq. Middle East Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 593-609.
- Taras, R. (2006, December) “THE (IL)LOGIC OF INTERVENTION IN IRAQ: SECTARIANISM, CIVIL WAR, AND THE U.S. GAME PLAN. International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 33-60.
- Toby Dodge, Iraq’s Future: The Aftermath of Regime Change, Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
- Tripp. C. (2007). A History of Iraq. Third Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Political Science |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 8, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 |