HPV Aşıları

Abstract

Human papilloma virüsü (HPV), çift sarmallı bir DNA virüsü olup, özellikle deri ve mukozaları etkileyen bir enfeksiyon kaynağıdır. Cinsel yolla ve kontamine yüzeylerden bulaşabilir. HPV'nin 200'den fazla genotipi bulunmaktadır; bunlardan yaklaşık 40’ı anogenital bölgeyi enfekte eder. HPV-16 ve HPV-18 gibi yüksek riskli HPV tipleri, serviks kanseri başta olmak üzere çeşitli kanserlerin gelişimine yol açabilir. Çok sayıda cinsel partner, erken yaşta cinsel ilişkiye başlama, sünnetsiz erkek partner bulaşma riskini artırır. Sosyoekonomik düzeyin düşük olması, yetersiz beslenme, bağışıklık sisteminin baskılanması, HIV, genital Herpes, klamidya gibi enfeksiyonlarla birlikteliği kalıcı ve şiddetli HPV enfeksiyonuna neden olabilir. HPV’ye karşı bivalan, kuadrivalan ve nonavalan olmak üzere üç farklı aşı türü geliştirilmiştir. Bivalan aşı, HPV-16 ve HPV-18’e karşı koruma sağlar; kuadrivalan aşı ise HPV-16 ve HPV 18’in yanında HPV-6 ve HPV-11’e karşı da etkilidir. Nonavalan aşı, en geniş kapsamlı korumayı sağlayarak HPV'nin dokuz farklı tipine karşı etkilidir. Tüm aşılar 9 yaş üzeri erkek ve kadınlar için onay almıştır. Aşılamanın cinsel aktivite başlamadan önce yapılması serviks kanserine karşı korumayı artırır.

Keywords

• hpv
• aşılar
• servikal kanser

HPV Vaccines

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and a source of infection that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes. It can be transmitted through sexual contact and contaminated surfaces. There are over 200 genotypes of HPV, approximately 40 of which infect the anogenital region. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, can lead to the development of various cancers, particularly cervical cancer. Factors that increase the risk of transmission include having multiple sexual partners, early initiation of sexual activity, and having an uncircumcised male partner. Low socioeconomic status, poor nutrition, immunosuppression, and co-infections with HIV, genital herpes, or chlamydia can result in persistent and severe HPV infection. Three types of vaccines have been developed against HPV: bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines. The bivalent vaccine provides protection against HPV-16 and HPV-18; the quadrivalent vaccine is effective against HPV-16, HPV-18, as well as HPV-6 and HPV-11. The nonavalent vaccine offers the broadest protection, covering nine different types of HPV. All vaccines are approved for males and females aged 9 and older. Vaccination before the onset of sexual activity significantly increases protection against cervical cancer.

Keywords

• hpv
• vaccines
• cervical cancer

References

1. 1. B Böyük M, Bilgin NÇ. HPV Enfeksiyonuna Güncel Bir Bakış: Nedenleri, Etkileri ve Korunma. Abant Sağlık Bilim ve Teknol Derg. 2023;3(1):40-7.
2. 2. Qi S-Y, Yang M-M, Li C-Y, Yu K, Deng S-L. The HPV viral regulatory mechanism of TLRs and the related treatments for HPV-associated cancers. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024;15.
3. 3. Wu M, Huang H, Tang Y, Ren X, Jiang X, Tian M, et al. Unveiling the multifaceted realm of human papillomavirus: a comprehensive exploration of biology, interactions, and advances in cancer management. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024;15.
4. 4. Sofiani VH, Veisi P, Rukerd MRZ, Ghazi R, Nakhaie M. The complexity of human papilloma virus in cancers: a narrative review. Infectious Agents and Cancer. 2023;18(1):13.
5. 5. Agabekova B, Özler NB, Luboteni R. HPV İlişkili Kanserlere Karşı Mücadelede HPV Aşıları Hakkında Derleme. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarları Derg. 2021;2(2):89-98.
6. 6. Milano G, Guarducci G, Nante N, Montomoli E, Manini I. Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap? Vaccines. 2023;11(6):1060.
7. 7. WHO. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, December 2022. Weekly Epidemiological Record No 50, 2022, 97, 645–672. Access address: https://www.who.int/teams/ immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-papers/human-papillomavirus-(hpv).
8. 8. WHO. Cervical cancer [Internet]. Access date: 22 August 2024. Access address: https://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

9. 9. Dal Ö, Gafarlı L, Karagöz Mİ, Güngör ANÇ. HPV (İnsan papillomavirus) aşısına güncel yaklaşımlar. Çukurova Tıp Öğrenci Derg. 2024;4(1):18-23.
10. 10. WHO. Human papillomavirus and cancer [Internet]. Access date: 22 August 2024. Access address: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-andcancer
11. 11. Lamberti O, Bozzani F, Kiyoshi K, Bustinduy AL. Time to bring female genital schistosomiasis out of neglect. British medical bulletin. 2024;149(1):45-59.
12. 12. National Cancer Institute. Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention. [Internet] Access date: 09 September 2024. Access address: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-riskprevention
13. 13. Wu M, Huang H, Tang Y, Ren X, Jiang X, Tian M, Li W. Unveiling the multifaceted realm of human papillomavirus: a comprehensive exploration of biology, interactions, and advances in cancer management. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024;15.
14. 14. WHO. WHO updates recommendations on HPV vaccination Schedule. [Internet]. Access date: 09 September 2024 Access address: https://www.who.int/news/item/20-12-2022-WHOupdates-recommendations-on-HPV-vaccination-schedule.
15. 15. WHO. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper (2022 update) [Internet]. 2022 [Access date: 22 August 2024]. Access address: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/365351.