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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Maternal Mortality: an Example from a Province

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 65 - 70, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.61845/agrimedical.1447591

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mortality in Kayseri.
Material and Method: In this descriptive study examined maternal deaths that occurred in Kayseri between 2017-2021. The maternal mortality ratio was calculated separately for Kayseri and Turkey as the maternal deaths per 100,000 live births based on the total number of live births and maternal deaths for each year. These ratios were visualized using a histogram and a box-plot graph. The statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Student's t-test was used to evaluate the mean differences between groups.
Results: The maternal mortality ratio for Kayseri was 18.6 per 100,000 live births in 2017, and it increased to 80 per 100,000 live births in 2021. At least one pregnancy-related risk factor was present in 84.6% of the cases, with obesity being the most common risk factor (34.4%). COVID-19-related deaths (35.0%) were the leading cause of maternal death. According to provincial health department reports, 73.1% of deaths were classified as indirect and 38.5% as preventable.
Conclusion: In Kayseri, there was a significant and unusual increase in maternal mortality in 2021, especially during the year when the delta variant of COVID-19 was active. Indirect maternal deaths predominated, and most of these were reported to be unpreventable.

References

  • (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;222(6):521-31.
  • Dang D, Wang L, Zhang C, Li Z, Wu H. Potential effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy on fetuses and newborns are worthy of attention. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2020;46(10):1951-7.
  • Allotey J, Kew T, Fernández-García S, Gaetano-Gil A, Yap M, Sheikh J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 positivity in offspring and timing of mother-to-child transmission: living systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2022;376.
  • Villar J, Conti CPS, Gunier RB, Ariff S, Craik R, Cavoretto PI, et al. Pregnancy outcomes and vaccine effectiveness during the period of omicron as the variant of concern, INTERCOVID-2022: a multinational, observational study. The Lancet. 2023;401(10375):447- 57.
  • CDC. Pregnant and recently pregnant people at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19. [Internet] Erişim tarihi:31.02.23. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov./ coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra_precautions/pregnant-people.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Anne Ölümleri Raporu 2015-2019.[Internet] Erişim tarihi: 04.06.24. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/yayinlarimiz.html.
  • Kingsley JP, Vijay PK, Kumaresan J, Sathiakumar N. The changing aspects of motherhood in face of the COVID-19 pandemic in low-and middle-income countries. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2021;25:15-21.
  • Dorit Stein, KW CC. Estimating the potential impact of COVID-19 on mothers and newborns in low- and middle-income countries. HP+.[Internet] Erişim tarihi:05.03.2023.
  • WHO. Pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. İnterim Report. 2020. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:04.02.23. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/ iris/handle/10665/334048.
  • Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, et al. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(7):e901-e8.
  • Ellington S. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARSCoV- 2 infection by pregnancy status—United States, January 22–June 7, 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69.
  • Castañeda-Orjuela C, Gaitan LH, Diaz-Jimenez D, Cotes-Cantillo K, Garfield R. Maternal mortality in Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic: time series and social inequities. BMJ Open. 2023;13(4):e064960.
  • Tekin AB, Yassa M, İlter PB, Yavuz E, Önden B, Usta C, et al. COVID-19 related maternal mortality cases in associated with Delta and Omicron waves and the role of lung ultrasound. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022;19(2):88.
  • TÜİK. Doğum istatistikleri,2022. Tablo 2. İl ve cinsiyete göre doğumlar. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:03.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum- Istatistikleri-2022-49673.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. İstatistikler, Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllıkları. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:18.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,84930/saglik-istatistikleri-yilliklari.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2021.[Internet]. Erişim tarihi:15.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/45316,siy2021-turkcepdf.pdf?0.
  • WHO. Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard, Türkiye. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:15.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr.
  • WHO. Historical working definitions and primary actions for SARS-CoV-2 variants. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:17.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/historicalworking- definitions-and-primary-actions-for-sars-cov-2-variants.
  • Thoma ME, Declercq ER. All-cause maternal mortality in the US before vs during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(6):e2219133-e.
  • Diniz D, Brito L, Rondon G. Maternal mortality and the lack of women-centered care in Brazil during COVID-19: Preliminary findings of a qualitative study. The Lancet Regional Health– Americas. 2022;10.
  • Dayan S. COVID-19 ve aşı. Dicle Tıp Dergisi. 2021;48:98-113.
  • Eskiocak M, Marangoz B, Zencir M. Türkiye’de COVID 19 pandemisi döneminde bağışıklama hizmetlerinin durumu ve eşitsizlikler. Yeni koronavirüs pandemisi sürecinde Türkiye’de COVID-19 aşılaması ve bağışıklama hizmetlerinin durumu. 2021:25-44.
  • Erdal D, Şaşmaz CT. Türkiye’de illere göre birinci doz Covid-19 aşı kapsayıcılık hızı ile haftalık Covid 19 insidansı arasındaki korelasyonun değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Public Health. 2022;20(2):259-71.
  • Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller A-B, Daniels J, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(6):e323-e33.
  • WHO. Maternal mortality. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:16.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality.
  • Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990– 2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2014;384(9947):980-1004.
  • Souza ASR, Amorim MMR. Maternal mortality by COVID-19 in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil. 2021;21:253-6.
  • Pant S, Koirala S, Subedi M. Access to maternal health services during COVID-19. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;2:46-50.
  • Lumbreras-Marquez MI, Campos-Zamora M, Lizaola-Diaz de Leon H, Farber MK. Maternal mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;150(2):266-7.
  • Yiğit A. OECD ülkelerinin Covid 19 pandemisi ile mücadele performansı: kesitsel bir araştırma. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences. 2020;10(2):399-416.
  • Çağatay A, Arslan Ü, Yılmaz S. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health services. International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal. 2021;5(2):218-29.

COVID-19 Pandemisinin Anne Ölümü Üzerine Etkisi: Bir İl Örneği

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 65 - 70, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.61845/agrimedical.1447591

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemisinin Kayseri'deki anne ölümleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu tanımlayıcı çalışmada, 2017-2021 yılları arasında Kayseri'de meydana gelen anne ölümleri incelenmiştir. Anne ölüm oranı, her yıl için toplam canlı doğum ve anne ölümü sayıları temel alınarak 100.000 canlı doğum başına düşen anne ölümü olarak Kayseri ve Türkiye için ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Bu oranlar histogram ve box-plot grafiği kullanılarak görselleştirilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve P<0.05 olması istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Gruplar arasındaki ortalama farklılıkları değerlendirmek için Student's t-testi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Kayseri için anne ölüm oranı 2017 yılında 100.000 canlı doğumda 18,6 iken 2021 yılında 100.000 canlı doğumda 80'e yükselmiştir. Vakaların %84,6'sında gebelikle ilişkili en az bir risk faktörü mevcut olup, obezite en yaygın risk faktörüdür (%34,4). COVID-19'a bağlı ölümler (%35,0) anne ölümlerinin önde gelen nedenidir. İl sağlık müdürlüğü raporlarına göre, ölümlerin %73,1'i dolaylı ve %38,5'i önlenebilir olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.
Sonuç: Kayseri'de 2021 yılında, özellikle COVID-19'un delta varyantının aktif olduğu yıl boyunca, anne ölümlerinde önemli ve olağandışı bir artış olmuştur. Dolaylı anne ölümleri ön planda olup, bunların çoğunun önlenemez olduğu bildirilmiştir.

References

  • (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;222(6):521-31.
  • Dang D, Wang L, Zhang C, Li Z, Wu H. Potential effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy on fetuses and newborns are worthy of attention. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2020;46(10):1951-7.
  • Allotey J, Kew T, Fernández-García S, Gaetano-Gil A, Yap M, Sheikh J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 positivity in offspring and timing of mother-to-child transmission: living systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2022;376.
  • Villar J, Conti CPS, Gunier RB, Ariff S, Craik R, Cavoretto PI, et al. Pregnancy outcomes and vaccine effectiveness during the period of omicron as the variant of concern, INTERCOVID-2022: a multinational, observational study. The Lancet. 2023;401(10375):447- 57.
  • CDC. Pregnant and recently pregnant people at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19. [Internet] Erişim tarihi:31.02.23. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov./ coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra_precautions/pregnant-people.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Anne Ölümleri Raporu 2015-2019.[Internet] Erişim tarihi: 04.06.24. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/yayinlarimiz.html.
  • Kingsley JP, Vijay PK, Kumaresan J, Sathiakumar N. The changing aspects of motherhood in face of the COVID-19 pandemic in low-and middle-income countries. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2021;25:15-21.
  • Dorit Stein, KW CC. Estimating the potential impact of COVID-19 on mothers and newborns in low- and middle-income countries. HP+.[Internet] Erişim tarihi:05.03.2023.
  • WHO. Pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. İnterim Report. 2020. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:04.02.23. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/ iris/handle/10665/334048.
  • Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, et al. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(7):e901-e8.
  • Ellington S. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARSCoV- 2 infection by pregnancy status—United States, January 22–June 7, 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69.
  • Castañeda-Orjuela C, Gaitan LH, Diaz-Jimenez D, Cotes-Cantillo K, Garfield R. Maternal mortality in Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic: time series and social inequities. BMJ Open. 2023;13(4):e064960.
  • Tekin AB, Yassa M, İlter PB, Yavuz E, Önden B, Usta C, et al. COVID-19 related maternal mortality cases in associated with Delta and Omicron waves and the role of lung ultrasound. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022;19(2):88.
  • TÜİK. Doğum istatistikleri,2022. Tablo 2. İl ve cinsiyete göre doğumlar. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:03.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum- Istatistikleri-2022-49673.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. İstatistikler, Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllıkları. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:18.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,84930/saglik-istatistikleri-yilliklari.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2021.[Internet]. Erişim tarihi:15.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/45316,siy2021-turkcepdf.pdf?0.
  • WHO. Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard, Türkiye. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:15.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr.
  • WHO. Historical working definitions and primary actions for SARS-CoV-2 variants. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:17.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/historicalworking- definitions-and-primary-actions-for-sars-cov-2-variants.
  • Thoma ME, Declercq ER. All-cause maternal mortality in the US before vs during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(6):e2219133-e.
  • Diniz D, Brito L, Rondon G. Maternal mortality and the lack of women-centered care in Brazil during COVID-19: Preliminary findings of a qualitative study. The Lancet Regional Health– Americas. 2022;10.
  • Dayan S. COVID-19 ve aşı. Dicle Tıp Dergisi. 2021;48:98-113.
  • Eskiocak M, Marangoz B, Zencir M. Türkiye’de COVID 19 pandemisi döneminde bağışıklama hizmetlerinin durumu ve eşitsizlikler. Yeni koronavirüs pandemisi sürecinde Türkiye’de COVID-19 aşılaması ve bağışıklama hizmetlerinin durumu. 2021:25-44.
  • Erdal D, Şaşmaz CT. Türkiye’de illere göre birinci doz Covid-19 aşı kapsayıcılık hızı ile haftalık Covid 19 insidansı arasındaki korelasyonun değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Public Health. 2022;20(2):259-71.
  • Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller A-B, Daniels J, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(6):e323-e33.
  • WHO. Maternal mortality. [Internet]. Erişim tarihi:16.08.23. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality.
  • Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990– 2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2014;384(9947):980-1004.
  • Souza ASR, Amorim MMR. Maternal mortality by COVID-19 in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil. 2021;21:253-6.
  • Pant S, Koirala S, Subedi M. Access to maternal health services during COVID-19. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;2:46-50.
  • Lumbreras-Marquez MI, Campos-Zamora M, Lizaola-Diaz de Leon H, Farber MK. Maternal mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;150(2):266-7.
  • Yiğit A. OECD ülkelerinin Covid 19 pandemisi ile mücadele performansı: kesitsel bir araştırma. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences. 2020;10(2):399-416.
  • Çağatay A, Arslan Ü, Yılmaz S. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health services. International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal. 2021;5(2):218-29.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Semiha Zeynep Özsaydı 0000-0003-0065-9633

Hasan Durmuş 0000-0001-5719-1475

Leyla Tekdemir 0000-0002-5130-4237

Arda Borlu 0000-0002-1424-8037

Seçkin Özsaydı 0000-0001-8350-288X

Fevziye Çetinkaya 0000-0001-5590-7011

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date March 6, 2024
Acceptance Date June 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Özsaydı SZ, Durmuş H, Tekdemir L, Borlu A, Özsaydı S, Çetinkaya F. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Maternal Mortality: an Example from a Province. Ağrı Med J. June 2024;2(2):65-70. doi:10.61845/agrimedical.1447591