Tohumlarda çimlenmeye etkili faktörler ve tohum çimlendirme uygulamaları

Öz

Bitki üretiminde tohumun çimlenmesi kritik bir evredir. Tohumun çimlenmesi, embriyonun uygun şartlarda yeni bir bitki oluşturmak için tohum kabuğunu yarıp dışarı çıkması ve gelişmesi şeklinde ifade edilir. Tohumun çimlenmesinde hem genetik hem de çevresel faktörler etkilidir. Çevresel faktörlerden en önemlileri; su, sıcaklık, oksijen ve ışıktır. Bu faktörlerin tohumun bulunduğu ortamda uygun seviyelerde bulunması gerekir. Optimum koşullar oluşmadığında tohumun çimlenme yeteneği ve hızı düşer veya çimlenme olmaz. Tohumun çimlenmesi esnasında su alması embriyo hücrelerindeki enzimleri aktifleştirir ve giberellin hormonu üretimini tetikler. Giberellin ortamdaki absisik asidin etkisini kaldırır ve amilaz enziminin çalışmasını sağlar. Sıcaklık tohumun metabolizma hızını ve su alımını etkiler. Birçok bitki tohumu belirli sıcaklık aralığında çimlenir. Oksijen ise tohumun solunum yaparak enerji üretmesi için gereklidir. Oksijen eksikliği halinde tohumda fermente solunum olur ve etanol birikimi meydana gelir, bu durumda tohumun ölümüne sebep olur. Işık bazı bitkilerin tohumlarının çimlenmesinde önemli rol oynar. Bazı bitkilerin tohumları sadece ışıkta, bazıları sadece karanlıkta çimlenirken, bazılarının çimlenme için ışığa tepkisi yoktur. Tohumda yapılan uygulamaların en temel amacı dormansiyi kırmak ve tohumun çimlenme kabiliyetini artırmaktır. Dormansi, uygun koşullarda dahi tohumun çimlenmemesi hali tohumun kötü koşullarda yaşayabilmesini sağlayan bir uyum mekanizmasıdır. Dormansi kırılması için farklı yöntemler uygulanabilir. Bunlar arasında priming uygulamaları, giberellin uygulaması, soğuk veya sıcak şok gibi fiziksel veya kimyasal yöntemler bulunur. Yapmış olduğumuz bu çalışmada tohumun çimlenmesi üzerine etki eden çevresel faktörler incelenmiş olup günümüze kadar yapılmış olan çalışmalardan elde edilen bilgiler derleme olarak sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çimlenme
• çevresel faktörler
• dormansi
• priming
• tohum uygulamaları

Factors affecting germination in seeds and seed germination practices

Abstract

Seed germination is a critical stage in plant production. Germination refers to the process in which the embryo breaks through the seed coat and develops into a new plant under suitable conditions. Both genetic and environmental factors influence seed germination. The most important environmental factors are water, temperature, oxygen, and light, which must be present at suitable levels in the environment where the seed is located. When optimal conditions are not met, the seed's germination ability and speed decrease or no germination occurs. During seed germination, water uptake activates enzymes in the embryo cells and triggers gibberellin hormone production. Gibberellin removes the effect of abscisic acid in the environment and allows amylase enzyme to work. Temperature affects the seed's metabolism rate and water uptake. Many plant seeds germinate within a certain temperature range. Oxygen is necessary for the seed to respire and produce energy. In the absence of oxygen, the seed undergoes fermentative respiration and accumulates ethanol, which leads to its death. Light plays an important role in the germination of some plant seeds. Some seeds germinate only in light, some only in darkness, while others do not respond to light for germination. Light also affects the onset and cessation of dormancy. The main purpose of treatments applied to seeds is to break dormancy and increase their germination ability. Dormancy is an adaptation mechanism that allows seeds to survive under adverse conditions, even when suitable conditions are present for germination. Factors that cause dormancy are generally related to the seed coat or embryo. Seed coat dormancy is seen as a restriction on water and gas exchange or as a mechanical barrier to embryo growth. Embryo dormancy is seen as insufficient embryonic development or accumulation of suppressive substances such as abscisic acid in embryonic tissues. Various methods can be applied to break dormancy, including priming treatments, gibberellin application, physical or chemical methods such as cold or heat shock. In this study, environmental factors affecting seed germination were examined, and information obtained from previous studies was compiled as a review.

Keywords

• Germination
• environmental factors
• dormancy
• priming
• seed treatments

References

1. Acharya, P., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Crosby, K.M., Jifon, J.L. & Patil, B.S. (2020). Nanoparticle-mediated seed priming improves germination, growth, yield, and quality of watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) at multi-locations in Texas. Scientific reports, 10(1), 5037. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61696-7
2. Acosta, M.C., Manfreda, V.T., Alcaraz, M.L., Alemano, S., & Causin, H.F. (2022). Germination responses in Zephyranthes tubispatha seeds exposed to different thermal conditions and the role of antioxidant metabolism and several phytohormones in their control. Seed Science Research, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258522000228
3. Adegbuyi, E., Cooper, S.R. & Don, R. (1981). Osmotic priming of some herbage grass seed using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Seed Science and Technology, 9: 867-878.
4. Al-Ani, A., Bruzau, F., Raymond, P., Saint-Ges, V., Leblanc, J.M., & Pradet, A. (1985). Effects of anoxia on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Plant Physiology, 78(1), 205-208. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.79.3.885
5. Al-Ansari, F., Ksiksi, T., (2016). A quantitative assessment of germination parameters: the case of Crotalaria persica and Tephrosia apollinea. The Open Ecology J 9, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874213001609010013
6. Ali, A.V., Souza Machado ve Mahill, A.S. (1990). Osmoconditioning of tomato and onion seeds. Scientia Hort., 43: 213-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(90)90093-t
7. Al-Karaki, G.N. (1998). Response of wheat and barley during germination to seed osmopriming at different water potential. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 181: 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1998.tb00422.x
8. Arın, L., Eser, B. ve İlbi, H., (2019), Tohum, Tohumculuk ve Teknolojileri, Tohum Biyolojisi, Bölüm II, Tohum Biyolojisi, Editör: Tahsin Kesici, BİSAB, ANKARA, 51-138 s.

9. Ayan, S., Usta, T. (2010). Sıcaklık şoklarının doğal çam türleri tohumlarının canlılığı üzerine etkisi. III. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi, 20-22 Mayıs, Artvin, s. 766-774.
10. Bailly, C., Benamar, A., Corbineau, F., Come, D. (1997). Changes in Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Reductase Activities in Sunflower Seeds During Accelerated Aging and Subsequent Priming. In: Ellis, R.H., Black, M., Murdoch, A.J., Hong, T.D. (ed.) Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology. 665-672. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_74
11. Ballaré, C.L., Scopel, A.L., Sánchez, R.A., & Radosevich, S.R. (1992). Photomorphogenic processes in the agricultural environment. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 56(5), 777-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02234.x
12. Bareke, T. (2018). Biology of seed development and germination physiology. Advances in Plants ve Agriculture Research, 8(4), 336-346. https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2018.08.00335
13. Batlla, D., Benech‐Arnold, R.L. (2014). Weed seed germination and the light environment: implications for weed management. Weed Biology and Management, 14(2), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12039
14. Bennett, M.A., Waters, L. (1987). Seed hydration treatments for improved sweet corn germination and stand establishment. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 112: 45-49. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.1.45
15. Bentsink, L., & Koornneef, M. (2008). Seed dormancy and germination. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 6. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0119
16. Bewley, J.D. (1997). Seed germination and dormancy. The plant cell, 9(7), 1055. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055
17. Bodsworth, S. and Bewley, J.D. (1981). Osmotic priming of seed of crop species with polyethylne glycol as a mean enhancing early and synchoronous germination at cool temperatures. Can. J. Bot., 5: 672-676. https://doi.org/10.1139/b81-094
18. Boyraz, M., Korkmaz, H., ve Durmaz, A. (2019). Tohumda dormansi ve çimlenme. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(3), 92-105 https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.527684
19. Bradford, K.J., Benech-Arnold, R.L., Côme, D., & Corbineau, F. (2008). Quantifying the sensitivity of barley seed germination to oxygen, abscisic acid and gibberellin using a population-based threshold model: Reply to commentaries. Plant Physiology, 146(4), 1573-1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm315
20. Bradford, K.J., Côme, D., & Corbineau, F. (2007). Quantifying the sensitivity of barley seed germination to oxygen, abscisic acid, and gibberellin using a population‐based threshold model. Plant Physiology, 144(1), 154-168. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258507657389
21. Bradford, K.J. (1995). Water Relations in Seed Germination. In: Kigel, J., Galili, G. (ed.) Seed Development and Germination. 351-396. Marcel Dekker, New York.
22. Bray, C.M. (1995). Biochemical processes during the osmopriming of seeds. In: Kigel J, Galili G (eds) Seed development and germination. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp 767–789
23. Cantliffe, D.J., K.D., Shuler & A.J. Guedes. (1981). Overcoming seed thermodormancy in a heat sensitive romaine lettuce by seed priming. Hortscience, 16: 196-198. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.16.2.196
24. Caseiro, R., Bennett, M.A., Marcos-Filho, J. (2004). Comparison of three priming techniques for onion seed lots differing in initial seed quality. Seed Science and Technology, 32: 365-375. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2004.32.2.09
25. Chandel, N.S., Tripathi, V., Singh, H.B. & Vaishnav, A. (2023). Breaking seed dormancy for sustainable food production: Revisiting seed priming techniques and prospects. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 102976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102976
26. Chang, C.C. & Sung, J.M. (2001). Priming bitter gourd seeds with selenium solution enhances germinability and antioxidative responses under sub-optimal temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 111(9):9-16. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110102.x
27. Choi, H.I., Park, H.J., Park, J.H., Kim, S., Im, M.Y., Seo, H.H., Kim, Y.W., Hwang, I. & Kim, S.Y. (2005). Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase AtCPK32 interacts with ABF4, a transcriptional regulator of abscisic acid-responsive gene expression, and modulates its activity. Plant Physiol. 139, 1750–1761. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.069757
28. Côme, D., Corbineau, F., & Lecat, V. (1988). Relationships between seed dormancy and abscisic acid metabolism in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology, 132(2), 174-179.
29. Copeland, L.O. (2001). McDonald MB. Tohum Bilimi ve Teknolojisinin İlkeleri. 4. baskı, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Boston; 467s.
30. Corbineau, F. (1990). Potential of the controlled deterioration test for seed vigor prediction. Seed Science and Technology, 18(3), 505-511.
31. Corbineau, F. (2022). Oxygen, a key signalling factor in the control of seed germination and dormancy. Seed Science Research, 32(3), 126-136.
32. Corbineau, F., Bagniol, S., & Côme, D. (1990). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed dormancy and its regulation by ethylene. Israel Journal of Botany, 39(4-6), 313-325.
33. Corbineau, F., Côme, D. (1995). Control of seed germination and dormancy by gaseous environment, pp. 397–424 in Kigel J and Galili G (Eds) Seed development and germination. New York, Marcel Dekker.
34. Corbineau, F., Côme, D., Kigel, J., & Galili, G. (1995). Changes in sensitivity to abscisic acid and gibberellins at the embryonic root tip related to dormancy release in sunflower seeds. Plant, Cell ve Environment, 18(3), 317-324.
35. Çetinbaş, M., ve Koyuncu, F. (2005). Soğukta nemli katlama ve tohum kabuğunun kuş kirazı (Prunus avium L.) tohumlarında dormansinin kırılması üzerine etkileri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 417-423.
36. De La Torre-Gonz´alez, A., Montesinos-Pereira, D., Blasco, B., Ruiz, J., (2018). Influence of the proline metabolism and glycine betaine on tolerance to salt stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) commercial genotypes. J. Plant Physiol. 231, 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.013
37. Dearman, J., Brocklehust, P.A. & Drew, R.L.K. (1987). Effect of osmotic priming and aging on the germination and emergence of carrot and leek seed. Ann Appl Biol 111:717–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1987.tb02029.x
38. Demir, İ., Ellialtıoğlu, S. & Tıpırdamaz, R. (1994). The effect of different priming treatments on reparability of aged eggplant seeds. Acta Horticulture, 362: 205-212. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.362.25
39. Demirkaya, M. (2006). Polietilenglikol ile osmotik koşullandırma ve humidifikasyon uygulamalarının biber tohumlarının çimlenme hızı ve oranı üzerine etkileri. Erciyes Üniv. Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 22 (1-2), 223-228.
40. Di Girolamo, G., Barbanti, L. (2012). Treatment conditions and biochemical processes influencing seed priming effectiveness. Italian J Agr 7: e25 https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2012.e25
41. Elkoca, E. (2007). Priming: ekim öncesi tohum uygulamaları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1), 113-120.
42. Ellis, R.H., & Butcher, P.D. (1988). The effects of priming and ‘natural’differences in quality amongst onion seed lots on the response of the rate of germination to temperature and the identification of the characteristics under genotypic control. Journal of Experimental Botany, 39(7), 935-950. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/39.7.935
43. El-Maarouf-Bouteau, H. (2022). The seed and the metabolism regulation. Biology, 11(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102976
44. Er, C., Başalma, D. (2014). Tohumluk ve Tohumculuk Temel İlkeler ve Teknoloji (Birinci Baskı) Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
45. Ermiş, S., Öktem, G., Gökdaş, Z., & Demir, I. (2021). Effect of Hydro-Priming on Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Three Cucurbit Rootstock Cultivars under Salt and Osmotic Stresses. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2(1), 1-5.
46. Fankhauser, C. (2002). Light perception in plants: cytokinins and red light join forces to keep phytochrome B active. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02228-8
47. Farooq, M.A., Ma, W., Shen, S., & Gu, A. (2022). Underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms for seed germination. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158502
48. Fasciglione, G., Casanovas, E. M., Quillehauquy, V., Yommi, A. K., Goñi, M. G., Roura, S. I., & Barassi, C. A. (2015). Azospirillum inoculation effects on growth, product quality and storage life of lettuce plants grown under salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 195, 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.015
49. Finch-Savage, W.E., & Footitt, S. (2017). Seed dormancy cycling and the regulation of dormancy mechanisms to time germination in variable field environments. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(4), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw477
50. Finch‐Savage, W.E., & Leubner‐Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New phytologist, 171(3), 501-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x
51. Finkelstein, R. (2010). The role of hormones during seed development and germination. In Plant Hormones (pp. 135-156). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2686-7_24
52. Finkelstein, R.R., Gampala, S.S., & Rock, C.D. (2008). Abscisic acid signaling in seeds and seedlings. The Plant Cell, 20(3), 738-751.
53. Fujikura, Y., Kraak, H.L., Basra, A.S. & Karssen, C.M. (1993). Hydropriming, a simple and inexpensive priming method. Seed Science and Technology, 21: 639-642.
54. Gemici, M. (2019). Tohum Çimlenme Fizyolojisi ve Ekolojisi Ders Notları, E.Ü. Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Bornova – İZMİR.
55. Georghiou, K., Thanos, C.A., Tafas, T.P. & Mitrakos, K. (1982). Tomato seed germination. Osmotic pretreament and far red inhibition. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 1068-1075. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/33.5.1068
56. Gubler, F., Millar, A.A., & Jacobsen, J.V. (2005). Dormancy release, ABA and pre-harvest sprouting. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 8(2), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2005.01.011
57. Halpin-Ingham, B., Sundstrom, F.J., (1992). Pepper seed water content, germination response and respiration following priming treatments. Seed Science and Technology, 20: 589-596.
58. Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester & F.T. Davies. (1990). Plant Propagation. Principles of Propagation by Seed. 647 p.
59. Helsel, D.G., Helsel, D.R. & Minor, H.C. (1986). Field studies on osmoconditioning soybeans, Glycine max. Field Crops Research, 14: 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(86)90064-x
60. Heydecker, W. (1973). Germination of an idea: The priming of seeds. University of Nottingham School of Agriculture. Rep.
61. Heydecker, W., Coolbear, P. (1977). Seed treatments for improved performance survey and attempted prognosis. Seed science and technology.
62. Heydecker, W., Gibbins, B. (1978). The `priming` of seeds. Acta Horticulturae, 83: 213-215. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1978.83.29
63. Hill, H, Bradford K.J., Cunningham, J., Taylor, A.G. (2008). Primed lettuce seeds exhibit increased sensitivity to moisture during aging. Acta Hort 782:135–141. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.782.14
64. Hill, N. S., Bouton, J. H., Hiatt, E. E., & Kittle, B. (2005). Seed maturity, germination, and endophyte relationships in tall fescue. Crop Science, 45(3), 859-863. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0057
65. Hsu, C.C., Chen, C.L., Chen, J.J. & Sung, J. M. (2003). Accelerated aging-enhanced lipid peroxidation in bitter gourd seeds and effects of priming and hot water soaking treatments. Scientia Horticulturae, 98: 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00002-5
66. Hussain, M., Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., Ahmad, N., (2006). Influence of seed priming techniques on the seedling establishment, yield and quality of hybrid sunflower. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8: 14-18.
67. Hussain, S., Hussain, S., Khaliq, A., Ali, S., Khan, I., (2019). Physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of seed priming. Priming and Pretreatment of Seeds and Seedlings. Springer, Singapore, pp. 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8625-1_3
68. Ibrahim, A., Roberts, E.H. (1983). Viability of lettuce seeds. I. Survival in hermetic storage. Journal of Exerimental Botany, 34: 620-630. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/34.5.620
69. İlbi, H. ve Gemici, M., (2005), Tohum Depolamanın Temel İlkeleri, Tohum Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. Editörler: B. Eser, Saygılı, H., Gökçöl, A. ve İlker, E., Ege Üniv. Tohum Teknolojisi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, No:3, Cilt:1, İzmir, 427-514 s.
70. İlyas, S. (2006). Seed treatments using matriconditioning to improve vegetable seed quality. Bull Agron 34:124–132
71. Jiang, A., Guo, Z., Pan, J., Yang, Y., Zhuang, Y., Zuo, D., ... & Li, L. (2021). The PIF1-miR408-PLANTACYANIN repression cascade regulates light-dependent seed germination. The Plant Cell, 33(5), 1506-1529. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab060
72. Karakurt, H., Aslantaş, R., ve Eşitken, A. (2010). Tohum çimlenmesi ve bitki büyümesi üzerinde etkili olan çevresel faktörler ve bazı ön uygulamalar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 115-128.
73. Kavut, E. (2019). Bazı mevsimlik süs bitkisi tohumlarının çimlenme ve fide performanslarının iyileştirilmesi.
74. Kavut, E., Kavut, Y.T. & Geren, H. (2017). An Approach to Dormancy Breaking Techniques of Crop Seeds, International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food Sciences and Technologies (ICAFOF), Cappodocia, 1:575.
75. Kaya, G. (2008). Tohum Uygulamaları (Priming)’nın Tohum Yağ Asitleri Kompozisyonuna Etkisi ve Tohum Kalitesi ile İliskisi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1-2).
76. Khah E.M. (1992). Sodium hypochlorite concentration, temperature, and seed age influence germination of sweet pepper. Hort Sci 27:821–823. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.27.7.821
77. Khan, A.A., Maguire, J.D., Abawi, G.S. & Ilyas, S. (1992). Matriconditioning of vegetable seeds to improve stand establishment in early field plantings. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.117.1.41
78. Khan, A.A. (1991). Preplant physiological seed conditioning. Hort Rev 13:131–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650509.ch4
79. Khan, A.A. (1992). Preplant physiological seed conditioning. Horticultural Reviews, 13: 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650509.ch4
80. Kırca, L., & Aygün, A. (2018). Ahlat (Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall.) tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerine potasyum nitrat (KNO3) uygulamalarının etkisi. Uluslararası Tarım Kongresi (UTAK 2018).
81. Koornneef, M., Bentsink, L., & Hilhorst, H. (2002). Seed dormancy and germination. Current opinion in plant biology, 5(1), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(01)00219-9
82. Leishman, M.R. (2001). Does the seed size/number trade‐off model determine plant community structure? An assessment of the model mechanisms and their generality. Oikos, 93(2), 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930212.x
83. Matilla, A. & Matilla-Vázquez, M., (2008). Involvement of ethylene in seed physiology, Plant Science, 175 (1-2), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.014
84. Mayer, A.M. and Poljakoff-Mayker, A., (1989). The Germination of Seeds (Fourth Edition) Pergamon Press Plc, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England, 270 s. ISBN: 0-088-035723-7.
85. McDonald, M.B. (1999). Seed deterioration: physiology, repair and assesment. Seed Sci. and Tech., 27:177-237.
86. McDonald, M.B. (2000). Seed Priming. In: Black, M., Bewley, J.D. (ed.) Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis. 287–325. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK.
87. Merhar, A., Calistru, C., & Berjak P.A. (2005). Study of some Biochemical and Histopathological Responses of Wet-stored Recalcitrant Seeds of Avicennia marina Infected by Fusarium moniliforme. Ann Bot. 92(3):401−408. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg154
88. Miransari, M., Smith, D.L. (2009). Rhizobial lipo-chitooligosaccharides and gibberellins enhance barley (Hoedum vulgare L.) seed germination. Biotechnol. 8, 270–275. https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2009.270.275
89. Miransari, M., and Smith, D.L. (2014). Plant hormones and seed germination. Environmental and experimental botany, 99, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.11.005
90. Negash, L. (1995). Indigenous Trees of Ethiopia: Biology, Uses and Propagation Techniques. SLU Reprocentralen, Umeå Sweden. 285p.
91. Negash, L. (2003). Seed germination ecology of Acacia tortilis subsp. Raddiana and A. laeta in arid land restoration. Journal of Arid Environments, 53(4), 453-465.
92. Osburn, R.M., Schroth, M.N. (1989). Effect of osmopriming sugar beet deed on exudation and subsequent damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology 78:1246–1250. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-78-1246
93. Özmen, K., ve Kenanoğlu, B. (2020). Farklı Priming Uygulamalarının Patlıcan (Solanum melongena L.) Çeşitlerinin Tohumları Üzerindeki Etkinliği. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(3), 342-360. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.798333
94. Paparella, S., Araújo, S. S., Rossi, G., Wijayasinghe, M., Carbonera, D., & Balestrazzi, A. (2015). Seed priming: state of the art and new perspectives. Plant cell reports, 34, 1281-1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1784-y
95. Parera, C.A., Cantliffe, D.J. (1994). Presowing seed priming. Horticultural Reviews, 16: 109-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650561.ch4
96. Quil, N. (1997). Changes in seed quality during seed development and maturation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seed Science Research, 7(1), 1-8.
97. Rahimi, H., Malek, M. & Ghaderi-Far, F. (2022). Seed Dormancy: A Review on Importance, Dormancy Types and Elimination Methods, with Emphasis on the Trend of Seed Dormancy Research in Iran. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 8(2), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.52547/yujs.8.2.131
98. Rakshit, A., & Singh, H.B. (Eds.). (2018). Advances in seed priming (pp. 147-183). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0032-5
99. Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F., and Eichhorn, S.E. (2005). Physiology of seed plants: Plant nutrition and soils. Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: WH Freeman and Company.
100. Rethinam, P. and Krishnakumar, V. (2022). Patents Granted for Coconut Water, Coconut Water Vinegar and Machineries in Coconut Water Industry. In Coconut Water: A Promising Natural Health Drink-Distribution, Processing and Nutritional Benefits (pp. 475-497). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10713-9_11
101. Rudrapal, D. and Nakamura, S. (1988b). The effect of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on eggplant and radish seed viability and vigour. Seed Sci. and Tech., 16:123-130.
102. Khalil, S., Moursy, H.A., & Saleh, S.A. (1983). Wheat plant reactions to pre–sowing heat hardening of grains. II. Changes in photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism. Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Siences, 3, 161-175.
103. Saha, R., Mandal, A. K. and Basu, R. N. (1990). Physiology of seed invigoration treatments in soybean (Glycine max L.). Seed Sci. and Tech., 18:269-276
104. Sarkar, D., Rakshit, A., Al-Turki, A.I., Sayyed, R.Z., Datta, R., (2021). Connecting biopriming approach with integrated nutrient management for improved nutrient use efficiency in crop species. Agriculture 11 (4), 372 p. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040372
105. Seo, M., Nambara, E., Choi, G. and Yamaguchi, S. (2009). Interaction of light and hormone signals in germinating seeds. Plant Mol Biol. 69, 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y
106. Shelar, A., Singh, A.V., Dietrich, P., Maharjan, R.S., Thissen, A., Didwal, P.N. & Patil, R. (2022). Emerging cold plasma treatment and machine learning prospects for seed priming: a step towards sustainable food production. RSC advances, 12(17), 10467-10488. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00809B
107. Sivritepe, H.Ö. (1999). Sebze Tohumlarında kalite ve performansın arttırılması üzerine ozmotik koşullandırmanın etkileri. Türkiye 3. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, 14-17 Eylül 1999, Ankara. S. 525-529.
108. Sivritepe, H.Ö., Eriş, A. (2000). The effects of post-storage priming treatments on viability and repair of genetic damage in pea seeds. Acta Horticulturae, 517: 143-149. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.517.16
109. Springthorpe, V. & Penfield, S. (2015), Flowering time and seed dormancy control use external coincidence to generate life history strategy. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05557.018
110. Sukanya, V., Patel, R.M., Suthar, K.P., Singh, D. (2018). An overview: mechanism involved in bio-priming mediated plant growth promotion. Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci. 6 (5), 771–783. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6508
111. Taylor, A.G., Allen, P.S., Bennett, M.A., & Bradford, K.J. (1998). Seed enhancement. Seed Science Research, 8, 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258500004141
112. Tian, Q., Uhlir, N.J., Reed, J.W. (2002). Arabidopsis SHY2/IAA3 inhibits auxin-regulated gene expression. Plant Cell 14, 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010283
113. Waller F., Achatz B., Baltruschat H., Fodor J., Becker K., Fischer M., Heier T., Huckelhoven R., Neumann C., Von-Wettstein, D. (2005). The endophytic fungus piriformis indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance and higher yield. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102:13386–13391. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504423102
114. Wang, H., Zhao, K., Li, X., Chen, X., Liu, W., Wang, J. (2020). Factors affecting seed germination and emergence of Aegilops tauschii. Weed Res., 60, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12410
115. Ward, F.H. ve Powell, A.A. (1983). Evidence for repair processes in onion seeds during storage at high seed moisture contents. Journal of Experimaental Botany, 34: 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/34.3.277
116. Weitbrecht, K., Müller, K., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2011). First off the mark: early seed germination. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(10), 3289-3309. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err030
117. Whalley, W.R., Ober, E.S., Jenkins, M. (2013). Measurement of the matric potential of soil water in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 64:3951–3963. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert044
118. Wright, B., (1931). The effects of high temperatures on seed germination. Journal of Forestry, 29(5): 679-687.
119. Yamaguchi, S. ve Kamiya, Y. (2002). Gibberalins and light-stimulated seed germination. J. Plant Growth Regul., 20:369-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003440010035
120. Yan, A., ve Chen, Z. (2017). The pivotal role of abscisic acid signaling during transition from seed maturation to germination. Plant Cell Reports, 36, 689-703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2082-z
121. Yanmaz, R., Demir, İ. & Ellialtıoğlu, S. (1994). Effect of PEG (Polyethylene Glycol 6000) treatment on the germination and emergence of pepper and eggplant seeds at low temperatures. ISTA/ISHS Symposium, Technological Advances in Variety and Seed Research 31 May-3 June 1994, Wageningen/Netherlands.
122. Yıldız, M., ve Aksoy, Ü. (2019). Patlıcan Tohumlarında Termo Priming Uygulamalarının Fide Kalitesi ve Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 35-39.
123. Zhou, J. Wang,Y, and Jahufer, Z. (2013). Location and chemical composition of semi-permeable layer of forage seeds. Bangladesh J Bot 42:23–29. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15802