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APOCALYPTIC DYSTOPIAN FUTURE IN THE TIME MACHINE BY H. G. WELLS

Year 2024, Issue: 10, 105 - 114, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.56387/ahbvedebiyat.1473746

Abstract

This study analyzes The Time Machine (1895) by H.G. Wells as a work of dystopian genre, demonstrating its significance in exploring dystopian narratives and Wells’ predictions on a possible apocalyptic future. Dystopian works serve both as a warning against the danger awaiting the current societal order in the future and a criticism of the present order. In this regard, Wells’ work acts as a key example of the dystopian genre and illustrates an apocalyptic world in which the society is divided into two different groups called the Eloi and Morlocks. The novel describes the Eloi as a community who live above the ground and maintain a simple life. On the contrary, the Morlocks live under the ground, having a darker existence. Through this differentiation, Wells underscores conflicts in the current societal order such as class division, rapidly growing technology, and the unrestrained social progress. Even though the setting of the story is in the far away future, Wells in this work successfully portrays the struggles of his own time and warns his readers against the possible paths these struggles might take them in the future. The Time Traveller travels through time, to an apocalyptic future and witnesses the possibilities which the conflicts in his own society might cause in the future firsthand. Consequently, Wells’ work serves not only as a story about the future but also as a warning against the current trends in society such as technological developments and the destruction of environment. Therefore, Wells’ work encourages readers to critically approach the present order of the society by portraying the probable dystopia that is awaiting them. Hence, what makes The Time Machine an important example of the dystopian genre is the fact that it serves as a warning to make a change and to reestablish balance in the present society. This study argues that Wells’ The Time Machine portrays an apocalyptic dystopia which warns against the possible conflicts that might be caused by the workings of the present, underscoring the consequences of societal and technological divides. Consequently, Wells’ work emphasizes on the need for societal change and balance to prevent a dystopian future.

References

  • ALTIZER, T. J. J. (1985) History as Apocalypse. New York, State University of New York Press.
  • “A Man of Genius” from Review of Reviews. (1895/1972). P. Parrinder (Ed.), The Critical Heritage: H.G. Wells. London, Routledge, 33.
  • Apocalypse. (n.d.). In Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from https://diction- ary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/apocalypse#google_vignette.
  • CANTOR, P. A., & HUFNAGEL, P. (2006). “The Empire of The Future: Imperialism and Modernism in H. G. Wells”. Studies in the Novel, Vol. 38, No. 1, 36–56.
  • CLAEYS, G. (2013). “The Origins of Dystopia: Wells, Huxley and Orwell”. G. Claeys (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. New York, Cambridge University Press, 107-131.
  • CLAEYS, G. (2017). Dystopia: A Natural History: A study of Modern Despotism, Its Antecedents, and Its Literary Diffraction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • GONNERMANN, A. (2019). “The Concept of Post-Pessimism in 21st Century Dystopian Fiction.” The Comparatist, Vol. 43, No. 1, 26–40. doi:10.1353/com.2019.0002.
  • HUTTON, R. H. (1972). “Unsigned Review in Spectator”. The Critical Heritage: H.G. Wells. London, Routledge, 46-48.
  • MATT, R. (2012) Back to the Future: The Mechanics of Temporality in H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine. [Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Albany]. University of Albany Scholars Archive.
  • MOYLAN, T. (2018). Scraps of the Untainted Sky: Science fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. New York, Routledge.
  • NICHOLSON, N. C. (2023). H.G. Wells. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 27, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/H-G-Wells.
  • NORLEDGE, J. (2022). The Language of Dystopia. Liverpool, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • PARRINDER, P. (1972). “Introduction”. The Critical Heritage: H.G. Wells, London, Routledge, 1-31.
  • PARTINGTON, J. S. (2002). “The Time Machine and A Modern Utopia: The Static and Kinetic Utopias of the Early H.G. Wells”. Utopian Studies, Vol. 13, No.1, 57–68.
  • The King James Version Holy Bible: The Old & New Testaments. (2010) (Illustrated). Mobile Reference.
  • VIEIRA, F. (2010). “The Concept of Utopia”. G. Claeys (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. New York, Cambridge University Press, 3–27. doi:10.1017/ccol9780521886659.001
  • WACKFELT, J. (2013). “The Future of Society: Dystopian and Utopian Aspects in H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine and Men Like Gods”. Gothenburg University.
  • WELLS, H. G. (1895). The Time Machine. Fourmilab. Retrieved from https://www.four- milab.ch/etexts/www/wells/timemach/timemach.pdf.

H. G. WELLS’İN ZAMAN MAKİNESİ’NDE DİSTOPİK KIYAMET GELECEĞİ

Year 2024, Issue: 10, 105 - 114, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.56387/ahbvedebiyat.1473746

Abstract

Bu çalışma, H.G. Wells'in Zaman Makinesi (1895) adlı eserini distopik bir tür olarak analiz ederek, distopik anlatıları keşfetmedeki önemini ve Wells'in olası bir apokaliptik gelecek hakkındaki öngörülerini göstermektedir. Distopik eserler, hem mevcut toplumsal düzenin gelecekte karşılaşabileceği tehlikelere karşı bir uyarı hem de mevcut düzenin bir eleştiri işlevi görür. Bu bağlamda, Wells'in eseri distopik türün önemli bir örneğidir. Zaman Makinesi toplumun Eloi ve Morlocklar olarak adlandırılan iki farklı gruba bölündüğü apokaliptik bir dünyayı tasvir eder. Roman, Eloi'yi basit bir yaşam sürdüren ve yer üstünde yaşayan bir topluluk olarak tanımlar. Buna karşılık, Morlocklar yeraltında yaşayan, daha karanlık bir varoluş sürdüren bir topluluktur. Bu farklılaşma aracılığıyla Wells, sınıf bölünmesi, hızla büyüyen teknoloji ve sınırsız toplumsal ilerleme gibi mevcut toplumsal düzenin çatışmalarını vurgular. Hikâyenin geçtiği yer uzak bir gelecek olmasına rağmen, Wells bu eserinde kendi zamanının mücadelelerini başarılı bir şekilde tasvir eder ve bu mücadelelerin gelecekte okuyucuları hangi yollara sürükleyebileceği konusunda uyarır. Zaman Yolcusu, zaman içinde yolculuk yaparak apokaliptik bir geleceğe gider ve kendi toplumundaki çatışmaların gelecekte neden olabileceği olasılıkları birinci elden gözlemler. Dolayısıyla, Wells'in eseri sadece gelecekle ilgili bir hikâye olarak değil, aynı zamanda teknolojik gelişmeler ve çevrenin tahribatı gibi toplumdaki mevcut eğilimlere karşı bir uyarı olarak hizmet eder. Bu nedenle, Wells'in eseri, okuyucuları bekleyen olası distopyayı tasvir ederek mevcut toplum düzenine eleştirel yaklaşmaya teşvik eder. Bu nedenle, Zaman Makinesi'ni distopik türün önemli bir örneği yapan şey, mevcut toplumda bir değişiklik yapma ve dengeyi yeniden sağlama çağrısında bulunmasıdır. Bu çalışma, Wells'in Zaman Makinesi'nin mevcut çatışmaların neden olabileceği olası çatışmalara karşı uyarıda bulunan apokaliptik bir distopyayı tasvir ettiğini ve toplumsal ve teknolojik ayrımların sonuçlarını vurguladığını savunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Wells'in eseri, distopik geleceği önlemek için toplumsal değişim ve denge ihtiyacını vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • ALTIZER, T. J. J. (1985) History as Apocalypse. New York, State University of New York Press.
  • “A Man of Genius” from Review of Reviews. (1895/1972). P. Parrinder (Ed.), The Critical Heritage: H.G. Wells. London, Routledge, 33.
  • Apocalypse. (n.d.). In Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from https://diction- ary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/apocalypse#google_vignette.
  • CANTOR, P. A., & HUFNAGEL, P. (2006). “The Empire of The Future: Imperialism and Modernism in H. G. Wells”. Studies in the Novel, Vol. 38, No. 1, 36–56.
  • CLAEYS, G. (2013). “The Origins of Dystopia: Wells, Huxley and Orwell”. G. Claeys (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. New York, Cambridge University Press, 107-131.
  • CLAEYS, G. (2017). Dystopia: A Natural History: A study of Modern Despotism, Its Antecedents, and Its Literary Diffraction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • GONNERMANN, A. (2019). “The Concept of Post-Pessimism in 21st Century Dystopian Fiction.” The Comparatist, Vol. 43, No. 1, 26–40. doi:10.1353/com.2019.0002.
  • HUTTON, R. H. (1972). “Unsigned Review in Spectator”. The Critical Heritage: H.G. Wells. London, Routledge, 46-48.
  • MATT, R. (2012) Back to the Future: The Mechanics of Temporality in H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine. [Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Albany]. University of Albany Scholars Archive.
  • MOYLAN, T. (2018). Scraps of the Untainted Sky: Science fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. New York, Routledge.
  • NICHOLSON, N. C. (2023). H.G. Wells. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 27, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/H-G-Wells.
  • NORLEDGE, J. (2022). The Language of Dystopia. Liverpool, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • PARRINDER, P. (1972). “Introduction”. The Critical Heritage: H.G. Wells, London, Routledge, 1-31.
  • PARTINGTON, J. S. (2002). “The Time Machine and A Modern Utopia: The Static and Kinetic Utopias of the Early H.G. Wells”. Utopian Studies, Vol. 13, No.1, 57–68.
  • The King James Version Holy Bible: The Old & New Testaments. (2010) (Illustrated). Mobile Reference.
  • VIEIRA, F. (2010). “The Concept of Utopia”. G. Claeys (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. New York, Cambridge University Press, 3–27. doi:10.1017/ccol9780521886659.001
  • WACKFELT, J. (2013). “The Future of Society: Dystopian and Utopian Aspects in H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine and Men Like Gods”. Gothenburg University.
  • WELLS, H. G. (1895). The Time Machine. Fourmilab. Retrieved from https://www.four- milab.ch/etexts/www/wells/timemach/timemach.pdf.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Elif Yılmaz 0000-0001-6483-4176

Nazli Gündüz 0000-0001-8728-0372

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date April 25, 2024
Acceptance Date June 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 10

Cite

APA Yılmaz, E., & Gündüz, N. (2024). APOCALYPTIC DYSTOPIAN FUTURE IN THE TIME MACHINE BY H. G. WELLS. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi(10), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.56387/ahbvedebiyat.1473746

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