Cultural Heritage Management in Turkey and Egypt: A Comparative Study

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 68 - 91, 20.07.2018

Yıldırım Yılmaz , Rehab El-gamil

https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.446254

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Recently, there are various threats encountering
the cultural heritage worldwide. Indeed, these threats make conservation and
management of cultural heritage a complex process to deal with. Since the
1970s, the UNESCO started to issue many guidelines and charters related to the
management and conservation of the cultural heritage. Meanwhile, the Cultural
Heritage Management (CHM) including sustainability has become a significant
concept especially in the European countries. Turkey and Egypt are famous for
their diversified cultural and natural heritage attractions which give an
opportunity for both countries to be appealing tourist destinations
Nevertheless, cultural heritage of Turkey and Egypt suffers from several major
problems at present. All of these require a selective policy, urgent
conservation, constant monitoring, protection, and maintenance. This paper aims
to examine and compare cultural heritage management in both countries according
to specific criteria which will evaluate the current situation of the cultural
heritage management in Turkey and Egypt from different aspects (legal
framework, institutional/administrational framework, resources, and current
challenges). Also, this paper shows how the cultural heritage management has
been developed in both countries. Generally, it highlights the increasing
importance of cultural heritage management. Furthermore; it will emphasize the
significance of sustainability practices in managing world heritage sites.

Keywords

cultural heritage management, Turkey, Egypt, comparative study

References

• Aas, C., Ladkin, A., & Fletcher, J. (2005). Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (1), 28–48.
• Abada, G. (2008). Public Initiatives vs. Governmental Efforts in the Development of Urban Heritage in Egypt. In F. Hassan, A. Trafford and M. Youssef (Eds.), Cultural Heritage and Development in the Arab World, (pp.89-110). Alexandria, Egypt: The Bibliotheca Alexandrina.
• Bandarin, F., & VanOers, R. (2012). The historic urban landscape managing heritage in urban century (First Edition). UK: John Wiley & Sons.
• Bastemur, C., & Günes, G. (2011). World heritage sites as tourism resources: The case of Safranbolu-Turkey. In J. Matić & C. Wallington, (Eds.), Conference Proceedings, 29th EuroCHRIE Annual Conference, (pp. 103-116), Dubrovnik, Croatia.
• Boztaş, F. (2014). Site management plan as global norm for best local practice: Bursa. European Journal of Research on Education, 2, 53-61.
• Fredholm, S. (2015). Negotiating a dominant heritage discourse. Sustainable urban planning in Cape Coast, Ghana. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 5 (3), 274-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-04-2014-0016
• Fuligni, L. (2015). Opening to the private sector: A different perspective in the management of cultural heritage. Unpublished master's thesis, The Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali "Guido Carli", Rome, Italy. Retrieved July 15, 2017, from https://tesi.luiss.it/15155/1/071802.pdf
• Fushiya, T. (2013). Archaeological site management and local involvement: A case study from Abu Rawash, Egypt. Journal Conservation and Management of Archeological sites, 12 (4), 324-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355213X13789818050224
• Gültekin, N. (2012). Cultural heritage management: The case of Historical Peninsula in Istanbul. Gazi University Journal of Science GUJS, 25 (1), 235-243.
• Günlü, E., Yağcı, K., & Pırnar, İ. (2009). Preserving cultural heritage and possible impacts on regional development: case of Izmir. International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies, 2 (2), 213-229.
• Guzmán, P. C., Roders, A. R., & Colenbrander, B. J. F. (2017). Measuring links between cultural heritage management and sustainable urban development: An overview of global monitoring tools. Cities, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.005
• Hang, P., & Kong, C. (2008). Heritage management and control: The case of Egypt. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2 (1-2), 105-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J162v02n01_07
• Cooper, C., & Helmy, E. (2010). An assessment of sustainable tourism planning for the archaeological heritage: The case of Egypt. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10 (6), 514-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667185
• Cooper, C., & Helmy, E. (2008). Sustainable tourism planning in the Arab World: The Egyptian Case in the Arab World. In F. Hassan, A. Trafford and M. Youssef (Eds.), Cultural Heritage and Development in the Arab World, (pp. 175 -204). Alexandria, Egypt: The Bibliotheca Alexandrina.
• Human, H. (2015). Democratizing world heritage: The policies and practices of community involvement in Turkey. Journal of Social Archaeology, 15 (2), 160-183.
• ICOMOS (2018). Turkey in the World Heritage List. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from http://www.icomos.org.tr/?Sayfa=DMLTurkiye&dil=en
• ICOMOS (2018). Turkey in the World Heritage Tentative List. Retrieved September 22, 2017, from http://www.icomos.org.tr/?Sayfa=TurkiyeAL&dil=en
• Imon, S., Dioko, L., & Ong, C. (2007). Tourism at Cultural Heritage Sites in Asia, Cultural Heritage Specialist Guide Training and Certification Programme for UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Retrieved August 12, 2017, from http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/culture/AAHM/heritage_guides_training/training_kit/Core_module/English_version.pdf
• Ismail, S. (2016). Conservation management guidelines for the world heritage sites. Research journal of fisheries and hydrobiology, 11 (3) 223-226.
• Jokilehto, J. (2005). Definition of Cultural Heritage References to Documentation History, ICCROM Working Group 'Heritage and Society.' (Originally for ICCROM, 1990) Revised for CIF: 15 January 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2017, from http://cif.icomos.org/pdf_docs/Documents%20on%20line/Heritage%20definitions.pdf
• Kerber, J. E. (1994). Introduction. In J. E. Kerber (Ed.), Cultural Resource Management: Archaeological Research, Preservation Planning, and Public Education in the Northeastern United States, (pp. 1- 14). London: Bergin & Carvey.
• Kilic, S. (2008). Preservation plan applications for the historical city centre, Kemeralti Izmir, Turkey. Journal European Planning Studies, 16 (2), 253-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654310701814595
• Knudson, R. (1999). Cultural resource management in context. Archives and Museum Informatics, 13 (3-4), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012480729171
• Leask, A. (2006). World Heritage Site designation. In A. Leask and A. Fyall (Eds.), Managing World Heritage Sites, (pp.5-20). Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Ltd.
• Luke, C. (2013). Cultural sovereignty in the Balkans and Turkey: The politics of preservation and rehabilitation. Journal of Social Archaeology, 13 (3), 350-370.
• Macdonald, S., & Cheong, C. (2014). The role of public-private partnerships and the third sector in conserving heritage buildings, sites, and historic urban areas. Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/public_private.pdf
• Mangialardi, G. Corallo, A. Esposito, M. Fortunato, L., Monastero, A., & Schina, L. (2016). An integrated and networked approach for the cultural heritage lifecycle management. ENCATC Journal of Cultural Management and Policy, 1 (6), 80-95.
• Marzouk, M., Metawie, M., & Ali, M. (2016). Framework for HBIM Applications in Egyptian Heritage, Sustainable Vital Technologies in Engineering & Informatics, BUE ACE1. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), 4, 1-7.
• Mason, R., & Avrami, E. (2002). Heritage values and challenges of conservation planning. In J. M. Teutónico and G. Palumbo (Eds.), Management Planning for Archaeological Sites (pp.13 -26). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
• Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2018). General Directorate, World Heritage Temporary List, Turkey. Retrieved August 30, 2017, from http://www.kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/TR,44395/dunya-miras-gecici-listesi.html
• Nemaheni, T. (2003). A Cultural Heritage Resource Management Plan for Thulamela Heritage Site. Unpublished master's thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. Retrieved May 14, 2017, from https://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/27201/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1
• Nofal, E. (2011). Towards Management and Preservation of Egyptian Cultural Landscape Sites – Case Study: Siwa Oasis, conference. 5th International Congress “Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin”, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Orbaşlı, A. (2000). Tourists in Historic Towns: Urban Conservation and Heritage Management. London: E & FN Spon.
• Özdoğan, M. (2013). Dilemma in the archaeology of large scale development projects: A view from Turkey. Pia Journal: Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 23 (1), 1-8. http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.444
• Pedersen, A. (2002). Managing tourism at world heritage sites: A practical manual for world heritage site managers, Paris. Retrieved July 25, 2017, from http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-113-2.pdf
• Rowe, C. (2010). Heritage management of archaeological, historical and industrial resources on the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/27115/dissertation.pdf
• Saraç, D. (2003). History of archeological and cultural heritage management in Turkey and Europe: A look from the past to the present, Unpublished master' thesis, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Scheffler, N. (2011). The Road to Success integrated management of historic town's guidebook, Urbact II Project HerO - Heritage as Opportunity. Regensburg: European Union
• Seker, D. Z., Alkan, M., Kutoglu, H., Akcin, H., & Kahya, Y. (2010). Development of a GIS based information and management system for cultural heritage site: Case study of Safranbolu. FIG Congress 2010, Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity, Sydney, Australia.
• Somuncu, M., & Yiğit, T. (2010). World heritage sites in Turkey: Current status and problems of conservation and management. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi CBD, 8 (1), 1-26.
• Tassie, G. (2004). Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization. In F. A. Hassan, G. J. Tassie and J. van Wetering (Eds.), Managing Egypt’s Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the First Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization Conference on: Egyptian Cultural Heritage Management, (pp.9-14). UK: ECHO.
• Tassie, G., & Hassan, F. (2004). Cultural heritage management in Egypt: Who needs it? In F. A. Hassan, G. J. Tassie & J. van Wetering (Eds.), Managing Egypt’s Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the First Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization Conference on: Egyptian Cultural Heritage Management, (pp. 4-8). UK: ECHO.
• Tawab, A. (2012). Area-based conservation: The strengths and weaknesses of the Egyptian emerging experience in area-based conservation. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 51 (2), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2012.04.001
• Ulusan, E., & Yüncü, Z. (2016). Regulatory framework for managing World Heritage cultural sites in Turkey. In H. Aprile and G. Doubleday (Eds.), Special Issue Managing World Heritage cultural sites, No. 80 (pp. 42-47). UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved September 02, 2017, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245197e.pdf
• UNESCO (2016). Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from http://www.unesco.org.tr/?page=15:64:1:english
• UNESCO, Egypt. Retrieved July 20, 2017, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/eg
• UNESCO, Turkey. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tr
• Ünver, E. (2006). Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Management: Keklik Street andits surrounding conservation and development project. Unpublished master's thesis, The Graduate School of Engineering and Science of İzmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey. Retrieved June 14, 2017, from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/sehirplanlama/T000809.pdf
• Vacharopoulou, K. (2005). Conservation and management of archaeological monuments and sites in Greece and Turkey: A value-based approach to Anastylosis. Pia Journal, Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 16, 72–87. http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.246
• Yıldırım, A. (2015). The changing role of urban heritage: Governance and stakeholders’ perceptions in Turkey and The United Arab Emirates. METU JFA, 32(1), 121-145.
• Yildiz, S. (2010). The Model of Turkey in Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXVIII (5), 627-632.
• Zan, L. (2014). Cultural heritage in China: Between policies, development, professional discourse, and the issue of managing. Public Archaeology, 13 (1–3), 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1465518714Z.00000000058