Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 97 - 119, 01.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1068444

Abstract

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 261.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423.
  • Antanassopoulos, A., Gournaris, S. P., & Stathakopoulos, V. (2001). Behavioral response to customer satisfaction: An empirical study. European Journal of Marketing, 35(5/6), 687–708.
  • Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). “The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
  • Brodie R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Juric´, B. & Ilic´, A. (2011). Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3) 252-271.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanimi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483.
  • Calder, B. J., Malthouse, E. C., & Schädel, U. (2009). An experimental study of the relationship between online engagement and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(November), 321–331.
  • Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. Continuum: London.
  • Copans, V. (2021). What is 365 engagement and how will it impact events?. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/365-virtual-event-engagement
  • Copans, V. (2020). Ways to leverage virtual event design to increase engagement. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/virtual-event-design-for-virtual-engagement
  • Doyle, M. (2013). Virtual event definitions. Virtual Edge Community. Retrieved on August 01, 2021 from www.virtualedge.org/page/virtual-event-definition
  • Dolasinski M. J, Roberts, C., Reynolds, J., & Johanson, M. (2020). Defining the field of events. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 20(5), 1-20.
  • Doğan, N., & Başokçu, T. (2010). İstatistik tutum ölçeği için uygulanan faktör analizi ve aşamalı. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 1(2), 65-71.
  • Event Managers Blog. (2021). State of the event industry survey 2021 – Q1. Retrieved on September 1, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/state-of-the-event-industry-update/
  • Event Managers Blog. (2019). The new rules of attendee engagement, powering the audience voice. Retrieved on September 1, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/attendee-engagement-2020
  • Fryatt, J., Garriga, R., Janssen, R., John, R. & Smith, S.J. (2020). How to Guide: The strategic value of virtual meetings and events. Meeting International Professional Foundation. Retrieved on March 20, 2021 from https://www.mpi.org/docs/default-source/covid-19/virtual-meetings_howto.pdf?sfvrsn=eb1bfad3_2
  • Franceschini, M. (2021). The future of event industry 2021 Outlook. Retrieved on September 13, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/the-future-of-the-event-industry-2021-report
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39 –50.
  • Hanly, P. A. (2012). Measuring the economic contribution of the international association conference market: An Irish case study. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1574-1582.
  • Hahm, J., Breiter, D., Severt, K., Wang, Y., & Fjelstul, J. (2016). The relationship between sense of community and satisfaction on future intentions to attend an association’s annual meeting. Tourism Management, 52, 151–160.
  • Jung, S., & Tanford, S. (2017). What contributes to convention attendee satisfaction and loyalty? A meta-analysis. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(2), 118-134.
  • Kharouf, H., Biscaia, R., Garcia-Perez, A., & Hickman, H. (2020). Understanding online event experience: The importance of communication, engagement and interaction. Journal of Business Research, 121, 735-746.
  • Kim, W., & Malek, K. (2017). Understanding the relationship among motivation to attend, satisfaction, and loyalty of medical convention attendees. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(4), 1-18.
  • Kim, S., Lee, J. S., & Kim, M. (2012). How different are first-time attendees from repeat attendees in convention evaluation?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 544-553.
  • Lee, J., & Black, K.-J. (2009). An examination of attendee brand loyalty: Understanding the moderator of behavioral brand loyalty. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1), 30–50.
  • Luxford, A., & Dickinson, J. (2015). The role of mobile applications in the consumer experience at music festivals. Event Management, 19(1), 33–46.
  • Mair, J., & Thompson, K. (2009). The UK association conference attendance decision making process. Tourism Management, 30(3), 400–409.
  • Mair, J., Lockstone-Binney, L. & Whitelaw, P. A. (2018). The motives and barriers of association conference attendance: Evidence from an Australasian tourism and hospitality academic conference. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 34, 58-65.
  • Marriott, H. R., & Williams, M. D. (2018). Exploring consumers perceived risk and trust for mobile shopping: A theoretical framework and empirical study. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 42(1), 133-146.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. 1st ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oppermann, M., & Chon, K. S. (1997). Convention participation decision-making process. Annals of tourism Research, 24(1), 178-191.
  • Pearlman, D.M., & Gates, N.A. (2010), Hosting business meetings and special events in virtual worlds: A fad or the future?. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 11(4), 247-265.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.
  • Rittichainuwat, N.B., Beck, J. A., & Lalopa, J. (2001), “Understanding motivators, inhibitorsand facilitators of association members in attending international conferences”. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 3(3), 45-62.
  • Rose, N., & Steinbrink, S. (2011). Real and virtual meetings technology. Phocuswright Innovation Edition, 1–14.
  • Rose, S., Hair, N., & Clark, M. (2011). Online customer experience: A review of the business-to consumer online purchase context. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 24–39.
  • Severt, D., Wang, Y., Chen, P., & Breiter, D. (2007). Examining the motivation, perceived performance, and behavioral intentions of convention attendees: Evidence from a regional conference. Tourism Management, 28(2), 399–408.
  • Simons, I. (2019). Events and online interaction: the construction of hybrid event communities. Leisure Studies, 38(2), 145-159.
  • Sox, C., & Campbell, J. (2018). Virtually impossible? Assessing factors for technology acceptance within the meeting environment. Event Management, 22(4), 655–670.
  • Sox, C. B., Campbell, J. M., Kline, F. S., Strick, S. K., & Crews, T.B. (2017). Virtual and Hybrid Meetings: Gaining Generational Insight from Industry Experts, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 18(2), 133-170.
  • Sox, C. B., Crews, T.B., & Kline, F. S. (2014) Virtual and Hybrid Meetings for Generation X: Using the Delphi Method to Determine Best Practices, Opportunities, and Barriers, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 15(2), 150-169.
  • Society for Incentive Travel Excellence (SITE). (2020). Incentive Travel Industry Index 2020 Survey Highlights. Retrieved on September 9, 2021 from https://www.siteglobal.com/siteindex
  • Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Edition, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tanford, S., Montgomery, R., & Nelson, B. K. (2012). Factors that influence attendance, satisfaction, and loyalty for conventions. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 13(4), 290-318.
  • Talantis, S., Shin, Y. H., & Severt K. (2020). Conference mobile application: Participant acceptance and the correlation with overall event satisfaction utilizing the technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(2), 100-122.
  • Yoo, J. J. E., & Chon, K. (2008). Factors affecting convention participation decision-making: Developing a measurement scale. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 113-122.
  • Wreford, O., Willams, N.L., & Ferdinand, N. (2019). Together Alone: An Exploration of the Virtual Event Experience. Event Management, 23, 721- 732.
  • Wan, Y. K. P., & Chan, S. H. J. (2011). Factors that affect the levels of tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty towards food festivals: a Case Study of Macau. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15, 226–240.
  • Zhang, H. Q., Leung, V., & Qu, H. (2007). A refined model of factors affecting convention participation decision-making. Tourism Management, 28(4), 11- 23.

Factors that Influence Attendance, Satisfaction, and Loyalty for Virtual Events

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 97 - 119, 01.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1068444

Abstract

This study assessed motivational factors that influence participants to attend to a virtual event and additionally together with these factors, the effect of online content engagement and perceived usefulness through overall satisfaction and future intention which specifically loyalty. Data was collected from attendees of different types of virtual events. Findings revealed that online content engagement, content of the event, being in a global community, meeting like-minded people and professionals, reputation of the event, keynote speakers, and usage of mobile apps are some of the significant factors for attendees` preferences for virtual events. Additionally, it was indicated that overall satisfaction affects future intention (loyalty) while the satisfaction also has a partial mediating effect between relationships of networking, and program and loyalty. It is further revealed, satisfaction acts as a full mediator between online content engagement, as well as perceived usefulness and loyalty. Relying on this outcome, the conclusion of this paper offers valuable recommendations for the event industry which makes this research one of the first studies about virtual events during pandemic period.

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 261.
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423.
  • Antanassopoulos, A., Gournaris, S. P., & Stathakopoulos, V. (2001). Behavioral response to customer satisfaction: An empirical study. European Journal of Marketing, 35(5/6), 687–708.
  • Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). “The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
  • Brodie R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Juric´, B. & Ilic´, A. (2011). Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3) 252-271.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanimi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483.
  • Calder, B. J., Malthouse, E. C., & Schädel, U. (2009). An experimental study of the relationship between online engagement and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(November), 321–331.
  • Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. Continuum: London.
  • Copans, V. (2021). What is 365 engagement and how will it impact events?. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/365-virtual-event-engagement
  • Copans, V. (2020). Ways to leverage virtual event design to increase engagement. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/virtual-event-design-for-virtual-engagement
  • Doyle, M. (2013). Virtual event definitions. Virtual Edge Community. Retrieved on August 01, 2021 from www.virtualedge.org/page/virtual-event-definition
  • Dolasinski M. J, Roberts, C., Reynolds, J., & Johanson, M. (2020). Defining the field of events. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 20(5), 1-20.
  • Doğan, N., & Başokçu, T. (2010). İstatistik tutum ölçeği için uygulanan faktör analizi ve aşamalı. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 1(2), 65-71.
  • Event Managers Blog. (2021). State of the event industry survey 2021 – Q1. Retrieved on September 1, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/state-of-the-event-industry-update/
  • Event Managers Blog. (2019). The new rules of attendee engagement, powering the audience voice. Retrieved on September 1, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/attendee-engagement-2020
  • Fryatt, J., Garriga, R., Janssen, R., John, R. & Smith, S.J. (2020). How to Guide: The strategic value of virtual meetings and events. Meeting International Professional Foundation. Retrieved on March 20, 2021 from https://www.mpi.org/docs/default-source/covid-19/virtual-meetings_howto.pdf?sfvrsn=eb1bfad3_2
  • Franceschini, M. (2021). The future of event industry 2021 Outlook. Retrieved on September 13, 2021 from https://www.eventmanagerblog.com/the-future-of-the-event-industry-2021-report
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39 –50.
  • Hanly, P. A. (2012). Measuring the economic contribution of the international association conference market: An Irish case study. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1574-1582.
  • Hahm, J., Breiter, D., Severt, K., Wang, Y., & Fjelstul, J. (2016). The relationship between sense of community and satisfaction on future intentions to attend an association’s annual meeting. Tourism Management, 52, 151–160.
  • Jung, S., & Tanford, S. (2017). What contributes to convention attendee satisfaction and loyalty? A meta-analysis. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(2), 118-134.
  • Kharouf, H., Biscaia, R., Garcia-Perez, A., & Hickman, H. (2020). Understanding online event experience: The importance of communication, engagement and interaction. Journal of Business Research, 121, 735-746.
  • Kim, W., & Malek, K. (2017). Understanding the relationship among motivation to attend, satisfaction, and loyalty of medical convention attendees. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(4), 1-18.
  • Kim, S., Lee, J. S., & Kim, M. (2012). How different are first-time attendees from repeat attendees in convention evaluation?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 544-553.
  • Lee, J., & Black, K.-J. (2009). An examination of attendee brand loyalty: Understanding the moderator of behavioral brand loyalty. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1), 30–50.
  • Luxford, A., & Dickinson, J. (2015). The role of mobile applications in the consumer experience at music festivals. Event Management, 19(1), 33–46.
  • Mair, J., & Thompson, K. (2009). The UK association conference attendance decision making process. Tourism Management, 30(3), 400–409.
  • Mair, J., Lockstone-Binney, L. & Whitelaw, P. A. (2018). The motives and barriers of association conference attendance: Evidence from an Australasian tourism and hospitality academic conference. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 34, 58-65.
  • Marriott, H. R., & Williams, M. D. (2018). Exploring consumers perceived risk and trust for mobile shopping: A theoretical framework and empirical study. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 42(1), 133-146.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. 1st ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oppermann, M., & Chon, K. S. (1997). Convention participation decision-making process. Annals of tourism Research, 24(1), 178-191.
  • Pearlman, D.M., & Gates, N.A. (2010), Hosting business meetings and special events in virtual worlds: A fad or the future?. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 11(4), 247-265.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.
  • Rittichainuwat, N.B., Beck, J. A., & Lalopa, J. (2001), “Understanding motivators, inhibitorsand facilitators of association members in attending international conferences”. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 3(3), 45-62.
  • Rose, N., & Steinbrink, S. (2011). Real and virtual meetings technology. Phocuswright Innovation Edition, 1–14.
  • Rose, S., Hair, N., & Clark, M. (2011). Online customer experience: A review of the business-to consumer online purchase context. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 24–39.
  • Severt, D., Wang, Y., Chen, P., & Breiter, D. (2007). Examining the motivation, perceived performance, and behavioral intentions of convention attendees: Evidence from a regional conference. Tourism Management, 28(2), 399–408.
  • Simons, I. (2019). Events and online interaction: the construction of hybrid event communities. Leisure Studies, 38(2), 145-159.
  • Sox, C., & Campbell, J. (2018). Virtually impossible? Assessing factors for technology acceptance within the meeting environment. Event Management, 22(4), 655–670.
  • Sox, C. B., Campbell, J. M., Kline, F. S., Strick, S. K., & Crews, T.B. (2017). Virtual and Hybrid Meetings: Gaining Generational Insight from Industry Experts, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 18(2), 133-170.
  • Sox, C. B., Crews, T.B., & Kline, F. S. (2014) Virtual and Hybrid Meetings for Generation X: Using the Delphi Method to Determine Best Practices, Opportunities, and Barriers, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 15(2), 150-169.
  • Society for Incentive Travel Excellence (SITE). (2020). Incentive Travel Industry Index 2020 Survey Highlights. Retrieved on September 9, 2021 from https://www.siteglobal.com/siteindex
  • Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Edition, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tanford, S., Montgomery, R., & Nelson, B. K. (2012). Factors that influence attendance, satisfaction, and loyalty for conventions. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 13(4), 290-318.
  • Talantis, S., Shin, Y. H., & Severt K. (2020). Conference mobile application: Participant acceptance and the correlation with overall event satisfaction utilizing the technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(2), 100-122.
  • Yoo, J. J. E., & Chon, K. (2008). Factors affecting convention participation decision-making: Developing a measurement scale. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 113-122.
  • Wreford, O., Willams, N.L., & Ferdinand, N. (2019). Together Alone: An Exploration of the Virtual Event Experience. Event Management, 23, 721- 732.
  • Wan, Y. K. P., & Chan, S. H. J. (2011). Factors that affect the levels of tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty towards food festivals: a Case Study of Macau. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15, 226–240.
  • Zhang, H. Q., Leung, V., & Qu, H. (2007). A refined model of factors affecting convention participation decision-making. Tourism Management, 28(4), 11- 23.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ozen Kırant Yozcu 0000-0001-5533-8066

Hülya Kurgun 0000-0002-1745-1452

Demet Bağıran 0000-0002-4520-3333

Publication Date March 1, 2023
Submission Date February 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kırant Yozcu, O., Kurgun, H., & Bağıran, D. (2023). Factors that Influence Attendance, Satisfaction, and Loyalty for Virtual Events. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 11(1), 97-119. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1068444


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