An Bord Altranais Annual Reports, Ireland (2014) available at http://www.nmbi.ie/nmbi/media/NMBI/AR-2014.pdf?ext=.pdf
Bauder, H., (2012). The international mobility of academics: a labour market perspective. International Migration. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 2435.2012.00783.x.
Bauer, T., and A. Kunze. (2004). The Demand for High-Skilled Workers and Immigration Policy. Brussels Economic Review/Cahiers Economiques de Bruxelles, 47 (1), 57–75.
Bauer, T., and K. F. Zimmermann. (1999). Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46 (4), 419–36.
Becker, G.S. (1990). Opening the Golden Door wider: To newcomers with knowhow, Business week, No. 11.6.1990: 10.
Bonin, H., W. Eichhorst, C. Florman, M. O. Hansen, L. Skiöld, J. Stuhler, K. Tatsiramos, H. Thomasen, and K. F. Zimmermann. (2008). Geographic Mobility in the European Union: Optimising Its Economic and Social Benefits. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)Research Report no. 19.
Borjas, G. J. (2005). The labour market impact of high-skill immigration. American Economic Review, 95, 56–60.
Cairns, D., Krzaklewska, E., Cuzzocrea, V., & Allaste, A. A. (2018). Mobility, education and employability in the European Union: Inside Erasmus. Springer.
Carey, S. and Geddes, A. (2010). “Less is More: Immigration and European Integration a the 2010 General Election”, Parliamentary Affairs, 63 (4), 849-865
Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2003). The age of migration. London: The Guilford Press.
Cavanagh, M. (2011). Guest workers: Settlement, temporary economic migration and a critique of the government’s plans, London: IPPR. http://www.ippr.org/publications/55/8109/guest-workers- settlement- temporary-economic-migration-and-a-critique-of- the-governments-plans
Cerna, L. (2014). The EU Blue Card: preferences, policies, and negotiations between the Member States. Migration Studies, 2(1), 73-96.
Cremona, M. (2004). The Union as a global actor: roles, models and identity. Common Market Law Review, 41(2), 553-573.
Dabasi-Halász, Z., Lipták, K., Kiss, J., Manafi, I., Marinescu, D. E., Roman, M., & Lorenzo-Rodriguez, J. (2019). International youth mobility in Eastern and Western Europe–the case of the Erasmus+ programme. Migration Letters, 16(1), 61-72.
Devitt, C. (2012). Labour migration governance in contemporary Europe. The UK case. FIERI Working Papers, LAB-MIG-GOV Project.
Djajić, S., Michael, M. S., & Vinogradova, A. (2012). Migration of skilled workers: Policy interaction between host and source countries. Journal of Public Economics, 96(11), 1015-1024.
European Commission. 2009a. Council Directive 2009/50/EC, of 25 May 2009, on the conditions of Entry and Residence of Third-Country Nationals for the Purposes of Highly Qualified Employment. Official Journal of the European Union L155/17–29.
2009b. Five years of an Enlarged EU: Economic Achievements and Challenges. European Economy 1/2009, European Commission, Brussels.
European Migration Network (2010) “Temporary and Circular Migration: Empirical Evidence, Current Policy Practice and Future Options in the EU Member States” Sweden October 2010. Migrationsverket.
Ewers, M. C. (2007). Migrants, markets and multinationals: competition among world cities for the highly skilled. GeoJournal, 68(2-3), 119-130.
Fourth Coordination Meeting on International Migration (2005) “Highly Skilled Migration” International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Freeman, Garry P. (1995) Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States, International Migration Review, 29 (4), 881-902
Geddes, A. (2005). Getting the best of both worlds? Britain, the EU and migration policy. International Affairs, 81(4), 723-740.
Geddes, A. (2008). 'Il rombo dei cannoni? Immigration and the centre-right in Italy', Journal of European Public Policy, 15 (3), 349-366
Grant, C. (2003). Is Europe doomed to Fail as a Power? (with a response by Robert Cooper) Center for European Reform Essays available at https://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/essay_905-1273.pdf
Hill, C. (1997). Closing the Capability-Expectations Gap? Paper for the Fifth Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association of the United States, 29 May-1 June 1997, Seattle, Washington.
Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751-777.
Kahanec, M. and Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2010). Central European University and IZA, DIW Berlin Discussion Papers, Discussion paper no. 1096
Kofman, E. And Raghuram, P. (2010). Skilled Female Migrants in the Discourse of Labour Migration in Europe. Available at https://heimatkunde.boell.de/2010/03/01/skilled-female-migrants-discourse-labour-migration-europe
Krastev, I. (2010). A retired power. The American Interest. Available at http://www.the-american-interest.com/2010/07/01/a-retired-power/
Laïdi, Z. (Ed.). (2008). EU foreign policy in a globalized world: normative power and social preferences. Routledge.
Manners, I. (2006). Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads. Journal of European Public Policy, 13 (2), 182-199.
Mavroudi, E. and Warren, A. (2013). Highly skilled migration and the negotiation of immigration policy: Non-EEA postgraduate students and academic staff at English universities, Geoforum, 44, 261-270.
Meijering, L. And Hoven, B. V. (2003). Imagining difference: the experiences of ‘transnational’ Indian IT Professionals in Germany, Area, 35(2), 174-182
Mahroum, S. (2001). Europe and the Immigration of Highly Skilled Labor. International Migration, 39 (5), 27-43
Morris, L. (2003). Managing migration: Civic stratification and migrants rights. Routledge.
Otero, M. S. (2008). The socio-economic background of Erasmus students: A trend towards wider inclusion?. International review of education, 54(2), 135-154.
Özden, Ç. (2006). Educated migrants: is there brain waste?. International migration, remittances, and the brain drain, 227-244.
Rajkumar, D., Berkowitz, L., Vosko, L. F., Preston, V., & Latham, R. (2012). At the temporary–permanent divide: how Canada produces temporariness and makes citizens through its security, work, and settlement policies. Citizenship Studies, 16(3-4), 483-510.
Salt, J. (1983). High-Level Manpower Movements in Northwest Europe and the Role of Careers: An Explanatory Framework, International Migration Review, 17(4), 633-652
Salt, J. (1992). Migration Processes among the Highly Skilled in Europe. International Migration Review, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration, (26) 2, 484-505
Shachar A. (2006). The race for talent: Highly skilled migrants and competitive immigration regimes. New York University Law Review, 81, 148–206. Skeldon, R. (2009). Of Skilled Migration, Brain Drains and Policy Responses. International Migration, 47(4), 3-29.
Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Dal Poz, M. R., Adams, O., & Buchan, J. (2003). Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges. Human Resources for health, 1(1), 1.
Straubhaar, T., & Zimmermann, K. F. (1993). Towards a European migration policy. Population Research and Policy Review, 12(3), 225-241.
Vertovec, S. (2011). The Cultural Politics of Nation and Migration*. Annual Review of Anthropology, 40, 241-256.
Websites
http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/immigration/immigration_work_en.htm#blue accessed 14 July 2011
https://www.expatica.com/de/eu-blue-card-competing-with-the-us-green-card/ Accessed on 22nd of August 2019.
https://www.euractiv.com/section/social-europe-jobs/linksdossier/an-eu-blue-card-for-high-skilled-immigrants/ accessed on 14th of December 2016.
http://www.ukvisas.gov.uk/en/howtoapply/infs/inf21pbsgeneralmigrant#577856282 accessed on 16th of July. (Points-based system)
http://www.ukvisas.gov.uk/en/howtoapply/infs/inf21pbsgeneralmigrant#577856282 accessed on 16th of July 2011.
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/circular-migration/26a._sweden_national_report_circular_migration_final_version_9dec2010_en.pdf accessed on 12 December 2016.
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/circular-migration/26a._sweden_national_report_circular_migration_final_version_9dec2010_en.pdf accessed on 12 December 2016.
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-1221_en.htm accessed on 12 December 2016.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10430640 (28 June 2010) accessed on 16th of July 2011.
http://ec.europa.eu/cgi-bin/etal.pl accessed 14 July 2011 http://ec.europa.eu/cgi-bin/etal.pl accessed on 15th of July 2011
http://www.workpermit.com/news/2014-03-31/uk-will-issue-fewer-than-200-tier-1-exceptional-talent-tech-visas-per-year accessed on 1st of September 2015.
https://www.expatica.com/de/eu-blue-card-competing-with-the-us-green-card/ accessed on 22 August 2019.
AVRUPA BIRLIĞI’NIN NITELIKLI GÖÇMENLERE YÖNELIK GÖÇ POLITIKALARI: ELEŞTIREL BIR DEĞERLENDIRME
There have been many scholarly discussions if
EU can be a global power or not. Global power normatively has to have certain
conditions and properties. Being a great military power would not make a
country become a global power, in contrast with what some scholars argue. A
global power also has the best of the brains, is attractive to researchers,
provides freedom of expression and leaves space for creativity as much as gives
the tools for novelty. All these cases might be provided but access to them
might be limited by the immigration policies. Even though the EU and member
countries in particular have achieved great accomplishments in their migration
policies for the highly skilled, they do not seem to be sufficient and
farsighted. The perspective towards immigration affects the whole approach to
the high skilled: promoting circular migration, difficulty in transitions to
permanent statuses and lack of consideration of skill losses. It is assumed
that the high-skilled migrants automatically integrate and so integration
policies are not devised specifically for them. It is also believed that they
would bring the know-how to their home countries as a result of return
migration but many of them after four or five years, hesitate to turn back to
their homes. They would rather lead transnational lives. These details are not
considered in EU migration policy for the highly skilled. I suggest that the EU
policies on high-skilled migration should be combined with other integration
policy tools. Otherwise, EU will remain behind the traditional brain attracting
countries such as Australia, Canada and the USA and will never be a
full-fledged global power. I tried to answer this question indeed: are the
high-skilled migration policies of the EU sufficient in their design to turn EU
into a global power? The answer is “no” and I explain why in this paper.
An Bord Altranais Annual Reports, Ireland (2014) available at http://www.nmbi.ie/nmbi/media/NMBI/AR-2014.pdf?ext=.pdf
Bauder, H., (2012). The international mobility of academics: a labour market perspective. International Migration. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 2435.2012.00783.x.
Bauer, T., and A. Kunze. (2004). The Demand for High-Skilled Workers and Immigration Policy. Brussels Economic Review/Cahiers Economiques de Bruxelles, 47 (1), 57–75.
Bauer, T., and K. F. Zimmermann. (1999). Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46 (4), 419–36.
Becker, G.S. (1990). Opening the Golden Door wider: To newcomers with knowhow, Business week, No. 11.6.1990: 10.
Bonin, H., W. Eichhorst, C. Florman, M. O. Hansen, L. Skiöld, J. Stuhler, K. Tatsiramos, H. Thomasen, and K. F. Zimmermann. (2008). Geographic Mobility in the European Union: Optimising Its Economic and Social Benefits. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)Research Report no. 19.
Borjas, G. J. (2005). The labour market impact of high-skill immigration. American Economic Review, 95, 56–60.
Cairns, D., Krzaklewska, E., Cuzzocrea, V., & Allaste, A. A. (2018). Mobility, education and employability in the European Union: Inside Erasmus. Springer.
Carey, S. and Geddes, A. (2010). “Less is More: Immigration and European Integration a the 2010 General Election”, Parliamentary Affairs, 63 (4), 849-865
Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2003). The age of migration. London: The Guilford Press.
Cavanagh, M. (2011). Guest workers: Settlement, temporary economic migration and a critique of the government’s plans, London: IPPR. http://www.ippr.org/publications/55/8109/guest-workers- settlement- temporary-economic-migration-and-a-critique-of- the-governments-plans
Cerna, L. (2014). The EU Blue Card: preferences, policies, and negotiations between the Member States. Migration Studies, 2(1), 73-96.
Cremona, M. (2004). The Union as a global actor: roles, models and identity. Common Market Law Review, 41(2), 553-573.
Dabasi-Halász, Z., Lipták, K., Kiss, J., Manafi, I., Marinescu, D. E., Roman, M., & Lorenzo-Rodriguez, J. (2019). International youth mobility in Eastern and Western Europe–the case of the Erasmus+ programme. Migration Letters, 16(1), 61-72.
Devitt, C. (2012). Labour migration governance in contemporary Europe. The UK case. FIERI Working Papers, LAB-MIG-GOV Project.
Djajić, S., Michael, M. S., & Vinogradova, A. (2012). Migration of skilled workers: Policy interaction between host and source countries. Journal of Public Economics, 96(11), 1015-1024.
European Commission. 2009a. Council Directive 2009/50/EC, of 25 May 2009, on the conditions of Entry and Residence of Third-Country Nationals for the Purposes of Highly Qualified Employment. Official Journal of the European Union L155/17–29.
2009b. Five years of an Enlarged EU: Economic Achievements and Challenges. European Economy 1/2009, European Commission, Brussels.
European Migration Network (2010) “Temporary and Circular Migration: Empirical Evidence, Current Policy Practice and Future Options in the EU Member States” Sweden October 2010. Migrationsverket.
Ewers, M. C. (2007). Migrants, markets and multinationals: competition among world cities for the highly skilled. GeoJournal, 68(2-3), 119-130.
Fourth Coordination Meeting on International Migration (2005) “Highly Skilled Migration” International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Freeman, Garry P. (1995) Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States, International Migration Review, 29 (4), 881-902
Geddes, A. (2005). Getting the best of both worlds? Britain, the EU and migration policy. International Affairs, 81(4), 723-740.
Geddes, A. (2008). 'Il rombo dei cannoni? Immigration and the centre-right in Italy', Journal of European Public Policy, 15 (3), 349-366
Grant, C. (2003). Is Europe doomed to Fail as a Power? (with a response by Robert Cooper) Center for European Reform Essays available at https://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/essay_905-1273.pdf
Hill, C. (1997). Closing the Capability-Expectations Gap? Paper for the Fifth Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association of the United States, 29 May-1 June 1997, Seattle, Washington.
Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751-777.
Kahanec, M. and Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2010). Central European University and IZA, DIW Berlin Discussion Papers, Discussion paper no. 1096
Kofman, E. And Raghuram, P. (2010). Skilled Female Migrants in the Discourse of Labour Migration in Europe. Available at https://heimatkunde.boell.de/2010/03/01/skilled-female-migrants-discourse-labour-migration-europe
Krastev, I. (2010). A retired power. The American Interest. Available at http://www.the-american-interest.com/2010/07/01/a-retired-power/
Laïdi, Z. (Ed.). (2008). EU foreign policy in a globalized world: normative power and social preferences. Routledge.
Manners, I. (2006). Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads. Journal of European Public Policy, 13 (2), 182-199.
Mavroudi, E. and Warren, A. (2013). Highly skilled migration and the negotiation of immigration policy: Non-EEA postgraduate students and academic staff at English universities, Geoforum, 44, 261-270.
Meijering, L. And Hoven, B. V. (2003). Imagining difference: the experiences of ‘transnational’ Indian IT Professionals in Germany, Area, 35(2), 174-182
Mahroum, S. (2001). Europe and the Immigration of Highly Skilled Labor. International Migration, 39 (5), 27-43
Morris, L. (2003). Managing migration: Civic stratification and migrants rights. Routledge.
Otero, M. S. (2008). The socio-economic background of Erasmus students: A trend towards wider inclusion?. International review of education, 54(2), 135-154.
Özden, Ç. (2006). Educated migrants: is there brain waste?. International migration, remittances, and the brain drain, 227-244.
Rajkumar, D., Berkowitz, L., Vosko, L. F., Preston, V., & Latham, R. (2012). At the temporary–permanent divide: how Canada produces temporariness and makes citizens through its security, work, and settlement policies. Citizenship Studies, 16(3-4), 483-510.
Salt, J. (1983). High-Level Manpower Movements in Northwest Europe and the Role of Careers: An Explanatory Framework, International Migration Review, 17(4), 633-652
Salt, J. (1992). Migration Processes among the Highly Skilled in Europe. International Migration Review, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration, (26) 2, 484-505
Shachar A. (2006). The race for talent: Highly skilled migrants and competitive immigration regimes. New York University Law Review, 81, 148–206. Skeldon, R. (2009). Of Skilled Migration, Brain Drains and Policy Responses. International Migration, 47(4), 3-29.
Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Dal Poz, M. R., Adams, O., & Buchan, J. (2003). Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges. Human Resources for health, 1(1), 1.
Straubhaar, T., & Zimmermann, K. F. (1993). Towards a European migration policy. Population Research and Policy Review, 12(3), 225-241.
Vertovec, S. (2011). The Cultural Politics of Nation and Migration*. Annual Review of Anthropology, 40, 241-256.
Websites
http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/immigration/immigration_work_en.htm#blue accessed 14 July 2011
https://www.expatica.com/de/eu-blue-card-competing-with-the-us-green-card/ Accessed on 22nd of August 2019.
https://www.euractiv.com/section/social-europe-jobs/linksdossier/an-eu-blue-card-for-high-skilled-immigrants/ accessed on 14th of December 2016.
http://www.ukvisas.gov.uk/en/howtoapply/infs/inf21pbsgeneralmigrant#577856282 accessed on 16th of July. (Points-based system)
http://www.ukvisas.gov.uk/en/howtoapply/infs/inf21pbsgeneralmigrant#577856282 accessed on 16th of July 2011.
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/circular-migration/26a._sweden_national_report_circular_migration_final_version_9dec2010_en.pdf accessed on 12 December 2016.
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/circular-migration/26a._sweden_national_report_circular_migration_final_version_9dec2010_en.pdf accessed on 12 December 2016.
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-1221_en.htm accessed on 12 December 2016.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10430640 (28 June 2010) accessed on 16th of July 2011.
http://ec.europa.eu/cgi-bin/etal.pl accessed 14 July 2011 http://ec.europa.eu/cgi-bin/etal.pl accessed on 15th of July 2011
http://www.workpermit.com/news/2014-03-31/uk-will-issue-fewer-than-200-tier-1-exceptional-talent-tech-visas-per-year accessed on 1st of September 2015.
https://www.expatica.com/de/eu-blue-card-competing-with-the-us-green-card/ accessed on 22 August 2019.