Molecular and morphological identification of Cortinarius eucaeruleus Rob. Henry (subgenus Phlegmacium) from Türkiye

Abstract

Cortinarius eucaeruleus is identified from central Black Sea region of Türkiye based on morphological characteristics and ribosomal DNA gene sequence analyses. This species was found on calcareous soil associated with Quercus in autumn season from Tokat province in Türkiye. It has distinctive morphological features such as strong and deep violaceous blue pileus, ellipsoid and densely verrucose spores. In addition to the morphological features, the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and LSU (large subunit ribosomal) sequence analyses indicated that the studied specimen is C. eucaeruleus that is identified for the first time from Türkiye.

Keywords

• Cortinariaceae
• molecular taxonomy
• ITS
• LSU
• Türkiye

Türkiye’den Cortinarius eucaeruleus Rob. Henry (subgenus Phlegmacium)’un moleküler ve morfolojik belirlenmesi

Abstract

Cortinarius eucaeruleus, Türkiye'nin Orta Karadeniz bölgesinden morfolojik özellikler ve ribozomal DNA gen dizi analizlerine dayalı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu tür, Türkiye'de Tokat ilinden sonbahar mevsiminde Quercus ile ilişkili kalkerli topraklarda bulunmuştur. Güçlü ve derin morumsu mavi tüy, elipsoid ve yoğun verrukoz sporları gibi ayırt edici morfolojik özelliklere sahiptir. Morfolojik özelliklere ek olarak, ITS (internal transcribed spacer) ve LSU (large subunit) ribosomal dizi analizleri, incelenen örneğin Türkiye'den ilk kez teşhis edilen C. eucaeruleus olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

• Cortinariaceae
• moleküler taksonomi
• ITS
• LSU
• Türkiye

References

1. Bas C (1969). Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5: 285-579.
2. Brandrud TE, Schmidt-Stohn G, Liimatainen K, Niskanen T, Frøslev TG, Soop K, Bojantchev D, Kytövuori I, Jeppesen TS, Bellù F, Saar G, Oertel B, Ali T, Thines M, Dima B (2018). Cortinarius sect. Riederi: taxonomy and phylogeny of the new section with European and North American distribution. Mycological Progress 17: 1323-1354.
3. Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (2000). Fungi of Switzerland. Vol: 5, Agarics Part 3. Luzern: Verlag Mykologia.
4. CABI (2021). https://www.cabi.org/ [accessed 10 December 2021].
5. Garnica S, Weiß M, Oertel B, Ammirati J, Oberwinkler F (2003). Phylogenetic relationships of European Phlegmacium species (Cortinarius, Agaricales). Mycologia 95: 1155-1170.
6. Garnica S, Weiß M, Oertel B, Oberwinkler F (2005). A framework for a phylogenetic classification in the genus Cortinarius (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data. Canadian Journal of Botany 83: 1457-1477.
7. Garnica S, Schön ME, Abarenkov K, Riess K, Liimatainen K, Niskanen T, Dima B, Soop K, Frøslev TG, Jeppesen TS, Peintner U, Kuhnert-Finkernagel R, Brandrud TE, Saar G, Oertel B, Ammirati JJ (2016). Determining threshold values for barcoding fungi: lessons from Cortinarius (Basidiomycota), a highly diverse and widespread ectomycorrhizal genus. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92(4): 1-16.
8. Henry R (1989). Novitates - Validations, combinaisons et typifications. Documents Mycologiques 20: 68-70.

9. Høiland K, Holst-Jensen A (2000). Cortinarius phylogeny and possible taxonomic implications of ITS rDNA sequences. Mycologia 92: 694-710.
10. Index Fungorum (2021). http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp. [accessed 10 December 2021].
11. Kalmer A, Acar İ, Dizkırıcı Tekpınar A (2019). Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Studies on Cortinarius caerulescens (Schaeff.) Fr. a New Record for Turkish Mycota. The Journal of Fungus 10: 8-16.
12. Index Fungorum (2021). Available from: http://www.indexfungorum.org/ [accessed 10 December 2021].
13. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CAB International.
14. Knudsen H, Vesterholt J (2008). Funga Nordica, vol 2, 2nd edition. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp.
15. Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016). MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33: 1870-1874.
16. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG (2007). Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23: 2947-2948.
17. Liimatainen K, Niskanen T, Dima B, Kytövuori I, Ammirati JF, Frøslev TG (2014). The largest type study of Agaricales species to date: bringing identification and nomenclature of Phlegmacium (Cortinarius) into the DNA era. Persoonia 33: 98-140.
18. Moser M (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
19. Moser M, Horak E (1975). Cortinarius Fr. und nahe verwandte Gattungen in Südamerika. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 52: 1-628.
20. Muñoz Sánchez JA (2018). Sociedad Micológica Barakaldo. Available from: https://micologica-barakaldo.org/cortinarius-eucaeruleus/ [accessed 10 December 2021]
21. MycoBank (2021). Fungal Databases, Nomenclature and Species Banks. Available from: http://www.mycobank.org/ [accessed 10 December 2021].
22. Osmundson TW, Robert VA, Schoch CL, Baker LJ, Smith A, Robich G, Garbelotto MM (2013). Filling gaps in biodiversity knowledge for macrofungi: contributions and assessment of an herbarium collection DNA barcode sequencing project. PloS ONE 8: e62419.
23. Peintner U, Horak E, Moser MM, Vilgalys R (2002). Phylogeny of Rozites, Cuphocybe and Rapacea inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. Mycologia 94: 620-629.
24. Peintner U, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R (2004). Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in Cortinarius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). Mycologia 96: 1042-1058.
25. Sesli E, Asan A, Selçuk F (eds.) Abacı Günyar Ö, Akata I, Akgül H, Aktaş S, Alkan S, Allı H, Aydoğdu H, Berikten D, Demirel K, Demirel R, Doğan HH, Erdoğdu M, Ergül C, Eroğlu G, Giray G, Halikî Uztan A, Kabaktepe Ş, Kadaifçiler D, Kalyoncu F, Karaltı İ, Kaşık G, Kaya A, Keleş A, Kırbağ S, Kıvanç M, Ocak İ, Ökten S, Özkale E, Öztürk C, Sevindik M, Şen B, Şen İ, Türkekul, İ, Ulukapı M, Uzun Ya, Uzun Yu, Yoltaş A 2020. The Checklist of Fungi of Turkey, Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı Yayını, İstanbul.
26. Ślusarczyk T, Gryc M, Wantoch-Rekowski M (2015). New locations of webcap fungi Cortinarius in Poland. Przegląd Przyrodniczy 26: 3-21.
27. Soop K (2014). Cortinarius in Sweden I + II. 14. edition. Sweden: Editions scientrix.
28. Soop K, Dima B, Cooper JA, Park D, Oertel B (2019). A phylogenetic approach to a global supraspecific taxonomy of Cortinarius (Agaricales) with an emphasis on the southern mycota. Persoonia 42: 261-290.
29. Tamura K, Nei M (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10: 512-526.
30. Tanchaud P (2020a). Available from: https://www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/8%202103%201 %20.pdf [accessed 10 December 2021].
31. Tanchaud P (2020b). Available from: https://www.mycocharentes.fr/pdf1/2703.pdf [accessed 10 December 2021].
32. Tortelli M (2011). Cortinarius moenne-locozii, a new British record. Field Mycology 12: 122-123.
33. Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990). Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238-4246.
34. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. New York: Academic Press. pp. 315-322.