İğne yapraklı orman ağaçlarında tohum ve kozalak zararlıları

Abstract

Bu çalışmada; iğne yapraklı orman ağaçları tohum ve kozalaklarında zarara yol açan böcek listesinin oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Gerek tohum ticareti gerekse orman ürünlerinde ülkeler arası ticaretin ivme kazanması birçok zararlının dünya genelinde daha da yayılmasına yol açmaktadır. Ayrıca, iklim değişikliğinin etkisi ile birçok tür yeni yayılış alanları bularak, istila alanlarını ve zarar boyutunu artırabilecektir. Bu nedenle, ağaçların kozalak gibi generatif organlarında olumsuz etki gösteren türlerin bilinmesi kaliteli tohum elde edilebilmesi açısından ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir. Yerli ve yabancı çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlara göre birçok ağaç türünde tohum ve kozalaklarda zarar yapan türler listelenmiştir. Buna göre; 12’si Türkiye odunsu florasındaki doğal iğne yapraklı orman ağacı türü olmak üzere, toplam 82 odunsu taksonda 71 tohum ve kozalak zararlısı listelenmiştir. Bu zararlıların 57’si konofag, 14’ü ise seminifag böcek türü olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bazı zararlı türlerinin birden çok ağaç türünde zarara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Ağaç türü çeşitliliği açısından zarar spektrumu en geniş türler sırasıyla; Hemiptera takımından Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (1910) (38 ağaç türü), Lepidoptera takımından Dioryctria abietella’yı (16 ağaç türü), 6’şar tür ile Dioryctria abietivorella, D. mendacella ve D. rubella takip etmektedir. En fazla tohum ve kozalak zararlısı 18 farklı herbivor türü ile Picea abies (L.) Karst. türünde tespit edilmiştir. Bu türü 9 zararlı ile Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, 7 türle Picea glauca (Moench) Voss ve Pinus sylvestris L. subsp. hamata (Steven), 6 türle Picea mariana [Mill] B.S.P. ve Pinus strobus L., 5 tür ile Abies alba Mill, Cedrus libani A. Rich ve Pinus pinaster Aiton, 4’er türle Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus pinea L., Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall, Pinus nigra Arnold ve Cupresus sempervirens L. takip etmiştir. Bu araştırmada ayrıca, ağaç türlerine en fazla zarar yapan türlerin mücadelesi üzerinde de durulmuştur. İklim değişimi etkilerinin her geçen gün daha şiddetli hissedildiği günümüz koşullarında plantasyon ve gençleştirme başarısı üzerinde dayanıklı klon, genotip ve popülasyonlarının seçim ve kullanımı daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu da geleceğin ıslah çalışmalarında resistant ıslahının daha yoğun ve etkin bir araç olarak kullanımını gündeme getirebilecektir.

Keywords

• Konifer türleri
• kozalak zararlıları
• tohum zararlıları
• Mücadele yöntemleri
• Coniferous forests
• cone pests
• seed pests
• control methods

Seeds and cone pests on conifer species

Abstract

In this study, it is aimed to create a list of insects that cause damage to the seeds and cones of coniferous forest trees. The acceleration of international trade in both seed trade and forest products leads to the spread of many pests around the world. In addition, with the effect of climate change, many species will be able to find new distribution areas and increase the invasion areas and the extent of damage. For this reason, knowing the species that negatively affect the generative organs of trees such as cones is of particular importance in terms of obtaining quality seeds. According to the results obtained from domestic and foreign literature studies, the species that damage seeds and cones in many tree species are listed. Accordingly, 71 seed and cone pests were listed in a total of 82 woody taxa, 12 of which are natural coniferous forest tree species in the woody flora of Turkey. Of these pests, 57 were identified as conofag and 14 as seminiphag insect species. It has been determined that some pest species cause damage to more than one tree species. In terms of tree species diversity, the species with the widest damage spectrum are respectively; Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (1910) (38 tree species) from Hemiptera, Dioryctria abietella (16 tree species) from Lepidoptera are followed by Dioryctria abietivorella, D. mendacella and D. rubella with 6 species each. The highest number of seed and cone pests were detected in 18 different herbivores and Picea abies (L.) Karst. species. This species includes Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco with 9 species, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Pinus sylvestris L. subsp. hamata (Steven) with 7 species, Picea mariana [Mill] B.S.P. and Pinus strobus L., with 6 species, Abies alba Mill, Cedrus libani A. Rich and Pinus pinaster Aiton with 5 species, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus pinea L., Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall, Pinus nigra Arnold and Cupressus sempervirens L. followed with 4 species each. This study also focused on the control of the species that cause the most damage to tree species. In today's conditions, where the effects of climate change are felt more and more severely, selection and use of resistant clones, genotypes and populations have become more important on plantation and rejuvenation success. This brings the use of resistant breeding as a more intensive and effective tool in future breeding studies.

Keywords

• Coniferous forests
• cone pests
• seed pests
• control methods

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