Research Article

Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems

Number: 12 June 22, 2026
TR EN

Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems

Abstract

Background and Aims Non-wood forest products constitute a critical component of rural livelihoods in Mediterranean regions; however, empirical evidence elucidating household-level income dependency remains limited. This study aims to examine the contribution of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income to total household income and to identify the socio-economic determinants influencing this dependence. Method The study utilizes cross-sectional survey data obtained from 377 small-scale producer households. An econometric regression model was employed to assess the effects of household income level, labour structure, and production scale on the relative importance of bay laurel income. Results The findings reveal significant heterogeneity in household dependency on bay laurel income. While low-income households were found to rely more heavily on this resource, households with more diversified income portfolios exhibited lower levels of dependency. In addition, production scale was found to significantly increase the income share; specifically, a 10% increase in sales volume was associated with an approximate 0.77 percentage point rise in the share of bay laurel income. Conclusion These results highlight the heterogeneous role of non-wood forest products in rural economies and underscore the necessity of household-level analyses to better understand income dependency within small-scale production systems.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors declare that no financial resources or other support, including grants, have been received to prepare this manuscript.

Ethical Statement

All authors have read, understood, and complied, as applicable, with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as described in the Instructions for Authors.

Thanks

This study builds on survey data collected within the MSc thesis of Muhammet Ali Keleş (supervised by Gökhan Şen). A preliminary version of related findings was presented at 6th International Conference on Frontiers in Academic Research (ICFAR 2025).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Forestry Politics, Economics and Law

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 22, 2026

Submission Date

April 21, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 18, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 12

APA
Şen, G., & Keleş, M. A. (2026). Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12, 1933226. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1933226
AMA
1.Şen G, Keleş MA. Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems. AJFR. 2026;(12):1933226. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1933226
Chicago
Şen, Gökhan, and Muhammet Ali Keleş. 2026. “Socioeconomic Determinants of Bay Laurel (Laurus Nobilis L.) Income Dependence in Mediterranean Small-Scale Production Systems”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, nos. 12: 1933226. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1933226.
EndNote
Şen G, Keleş MA (June 1, 2026) Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 1933226.
IEEE
[1]G. Şen and M. A. Keleş, “Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems”, AJFR, no. 12, p. 1933226, June 2026, doi: 10.53516/ajfr.1933226.
ISNAD
Şen, Gökhan - Keleş, Muhammet Ali. “Socioeconomic Determinants of Bay Laurel (Laurus Nobilis L.) Income Dependence in Mediterranean Small-Scale Production Systems”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi. 12 (June 1, 2026): 1933226. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1933226.
JAMA
1.Şen G, Keleş MA. Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems. AJFR. 2026;:1933226.
MLA
Şen, Gökhan, and Muhammet Ali Keleş. “Socioeconomic Determinants of Bay Laurel (Laurus Nobilis L.) Income Dependence in Mediterranean Small-Scale Production Systems”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 12, June 2026, p. 1933226, doi:10.53516/ajfr.1933226.
Vancouver
1.Gökhan Şen, Muhammet Ali Keleş. Socioeconomic determinants of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) income dependence in Mediterranean small-scale production systems. AJFR. 2026 Jun. 1;(12):1933226. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1933226