Toprak Faunasının Kurak Ekosistemlerdeki Görevleri

Abstract

Enerji akışı ve besin maddesi döngüleri önemli ekosistem süreçleri olup bakteriler, mantarlar, nematodlar, solucanlar ve eklembacaklılar gibi toprak canlılarının aktiviteleri ile kontrol edilmektedir. Toprak içerisindeki süreçlerin işleyişi ve toprak verimliliği bu canlıların faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak devam etmektedir. Dünyadaki toplam karasal alanın %30’u kurak alanlar olup eklembacaklılar, kurak ekosistemlerde yaşayan toprak canlıları içerisinde büyük çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Bu ekosistemlerdeki hassas döngülerin sürdürülebilmesinde önemli görevleri olan canlıların ve fonksiyonlarının bilinmesi hayati önem taşımaktadır. Kurak alanlardaki toprak canlılarının besin ağındaki fonksiyonel yapılarını abiyotik faktörlerden özellikle sıcaklık ve toprak nemi etkilemektedir.  Eklembacaklıların düşük enerji ihtiyaçları da kuraklık gibi ekstrem şartlarda hayatta kalmalarını sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte ölüörtü-toprak ilişkisi hem termal hem de hidrolik özellikleri etkileyerek hızlı değişimlere neden olabilmekte ve özellikle toprak faunasının dağılımını ve çeşitliliğini etkilemektedir. Genel olarak ölüörtü ayrışması üzerinde yağışın etkisi baskınken kurak alanlarda ayrışma üzerinde ışıl bozunmanın etkisi hakimdir. Eklembacaklıların ölüörtü ayrışmasına; ölüörtüyü toprakaltına taşıyarak doğrudan veya karmaşık trofik ilişkiler ile dolaylı etkisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Küresel değişim senaryolarında yer alan ekosistem fonksiyonları için toprak altı biyoçeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi, giderek artan araştırma konuları içinde yer almaktadır.Toprak faunasının miktar ve çeşitliliği ile ekosistem servisleri arasında kuvvetli bir ilişki vardır. Toprakaltı biyoçeşitliliğinin azalması bu servislerin aksamasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, toprak faunasının biyoçeşitliliğine ve ekosistem fonksiyonlarına olan etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Keywords

• Toprak faunası,kurak alan,eklembacaklılar,ayrışma,biyoçeşitlilik

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