Oak wood charcoals dated to Early Bronze Age II period in Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada Island
Year 2022,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 6 - 10, 30.12.2022
Barbaros Yaman
,
Halime Hüryılmaz
Abstract
The carbonized pieces of wood of various sizes found at various locations in the Pithos Magazine during the 2014 Yenibademli Hyk excavations belong to the Quercus (oak) genus (95%) of the Fagaceae family and to the Arbutus genus (5%) of the Ericaceae. All species referred to as oaks belong to the group of white oaks (section Quercus). It is predicted that these pieces of wood fell into the building, which is a warehouse, when the building's flat roof collapsed and the wooden pillars supporting the ceiling from below collapsed during the severe fire. The results of the analysis of the carbonized pieces of wood indicate that the Early Bronze Age II residents of Yenibademli Hyk used oak for both wooden pillars and flat roof structures. Yenibademli residents also made metal axes as well as stone axes with handle holes for woodworking. A small amount of carbonized wood of the genus Arbutus was also found during excavations in 2014. The 50 cm long and 8 cm thick wood found next to the bowl in the Pithos Magazine fell in the middle of the warehouse, possibly due to the flat roof collapsing. This specimen also shows that Arbutus trunks or branches were used as roofing material, albeit to a lesser extent.
References
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- Gaertner, H., Schweingruber, F. H., 2013. Microscopic Preparation Techniques for Plant Stem Analysis. Verlag Dr. Kessel, Remagen-Oberwinter, p.1-78.
- Goren-Inbar, N., Alperson, N., Kislev, M. E., Simchoni, O., Melamed, Y., Ben-Nun, A., Werker, E., 2004. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel. Science 304, 725–727.
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- Hüryılmaz, H., 2002. Yenibademli Mound: An Early Bronze Age Settlement on the North-East Aegean Sea. Hacettepe University, Journal of Faculty of Letters 19(1), 27–44 (in Turkish).
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2004. Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük’te Denizsel Troia I Kültürünün İzleri [Traces of the Maritime Troy I Culture at Yenibademli Höyük]. Anadolu/Anatolia, Ek Dizi I (1–2), 115–122.
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- Hüryılmaz, H., 2007. Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük: social life in a settlement of 5000 years. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / Manas Journal of Social Studies 9(17), 85-100.
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2017. Sap delikli taş baltalar özelinde Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük ve Balkan Yarımadası arasında ilişkiler, in: Erler, M. Y. (Ed.), 10. Balkan Tarihi Kongresi, 3-4 Aralık 2016, Uğur Ofset Matbaacılık, Samsun, s. 217-230.
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- IAWA Committee, 2004. IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. Richter H.G., D. Grosser, I. Heinz, P.E. Gasson (Eds). IAWA Journal, 25(1), 1-70.
- Kırnak-Ağcabay, M., 2006. Paleoetnobotanik biliminin tarihçesi ve çalışma yöntemleri: Anadolu’daki paleobotanik Çalışmalarına Genel Bir Bakış. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 15(3), 199-214.
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- Nesbitt, M., 1995. Plants and people in Ancient Anatolia. Biblical Archaeologist 58(2), 68-81.
- Oybak Dönmez, E., 2005. Early Bronze Age crop plants from Yenibademli Höyük (Gökçeada), Western Turkey. Environmental Archaeology 10(1), 39-49.
- Oybak Dönmez E., Hüryilmaz, H., 2022. Flax, Bupleurum and other plants at Early Bronze Age Yenibademli Höyük (Gökçeada), NW Turkey. Environmental Archaeology, DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2022.2063473.
- Schweingruber, F. H., 2012. Microtome sections of charcoal. IAWA J 33, 327–328.
- Seçmen, Ö., 1977. The Flora and Vegetation Analysis of Gökçeada and Bozcaada Islands. Tübitak, Tbag-211, Ankara.
- Werker, E., 2006. 780,000-year-old wood from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 54, 291-300.
- Willcox, G., 2002. Evidence for Ancient Forest Cover and Deforestation from Charcoal Analysis of Ten Archaeological Sites on the Euphrates, in: Thiébault, S. (Ed.), Charcoal Analysis, Methodological Approaches, Palaeoecological Results and Wood Uses. BAR Int. Series 1063, pp.141-145.
- Yaman, B., 2011. Anatomy of archaeological wood charcoals from Yenibademli Mound (Imbros), Western Turkey. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 11, 33-39.
- Yaman, B., Hüryılmaz, H., 2014. The identification of wood charcoals from an Early Bronze Age Mound (Yenibademli) in Western Turkey. Drewno 57(193), 97-108.
- Yaman, B., Akyol, A. A., Erten, E., 2017. Olba Akropolisi kuzey kule kazısından ele geçen karbonize ahşap malzemenin anatomik analizi. Seleucia 7, 411-419.
- Yılmaz, H., 2014. Arbutus L., in: Akkemik, Ü. (Ed.), Türkiye’nin Doğal-Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları I. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, pp.511-513.
Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük’te bulunan Erken Bronz Çağ II Dönemi’ne ait karbonize meşe odunları
Year 2022,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 6 - 10, 30.12.2022
Barbaros Yaman
,
Halime Hüryılmaz
Abstract
Yenibademli Höyük 2014 yılı kazılarında Pithos Magazini içinde ele geçirilen farklı boyutlardaki karbonize olmuş ahşap parçalarının taksonomik olarak Fagaceae familyasından Quercus (meşe) cinsi (%95) ve Ericaceae familyasından Arbutus cinsine (%5) ait oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Meşe olarak teşhis edilenlerin tamamı Akmeşeler gurubuna (seksiyon Quercus) dahildir. Bu ahşap parçalarının şiddetli yangın sırasında ambar niteliği taşıyan yapının düz damının çökmesi ve tavanı alttan destekleyen ahşap dikmelerin devrilmesi sonucunda yapının içine düştükleri öngörülmektedir. Karbonize odun parçalarının analiz sonuçları, Erken Bronz Çağ II döneminde Yenibademli Höyük sakinlerinin meşeyi hem ahşap dikme hem de düz dam yapımında kullandıklarını göstermektedir. Ahşap malzemelerin işçiliğinde işlev kazanan ve farklı kazı dönemlerinde bulunan yassı ve sap delikli taş baltalardan başka, yerleşim yerinde iki adet madeni yassı balta da açığa çıkarılmıştır. 2014 yılı kazıları sırasında, az da olsa Arbutus cinsine ait karbonize ahşap örneklerine de rastlanılmıştır. Pithos Magazini içindeki çanağın yanında bulunan 50 cm uzunlukta ve 8 cm kalınlıktaki ahşap, muhtemelen düz damın çökmesiyle ambarın orta bölümüne düşmüştür. Bu örnek de Arbutus gövdelerinin az da olsa yapının üst örtüsünde kullanıldığına işaret etmektedir.
References
- Akkemik, Ü., Yaman, B., 2012. Wood Anatomy of Eastern Mediterranean Species. Kessel Publishing House, Remagen-Oberwinter, p.1-310.
- Benkova, V. E., Schweingruber F. H., 2004. Anatomy of Russian Woods. An Atlas for the Identification of Trees, Shrubs, Dwarf Shrubs and Woody Lianas from Russia. Birmensdorf, WSL, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien Haupt, p.1-456.
- Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., Serrallonga, J., Juan-Tresserras, J., Alcala, L., Luque, L., 2001. Woodworking activities by early humans: a plant residue analysis on both Acheulian stone tools from Peninj (Tanzania). Journal of Human Evolution 40, 289–299.
- Fahn, A., Werker, E., Baas, P., 1986. Wood Anatomy and Identification of Trees and Shrubs from Israel and Adjacent Regions. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, p.1-221.
- Gaertner, H., Schweingruber, F. H., 2013. Microscopic Preparation Techniques for Plant Stem Analysis. Verlag Dr. Kessel, Remagen-Oberwinter, p.1-78.
- Goren-Inbar, N., Alperson, N., Kislev, M. E., Simchoni, O., Melamed, Y., Ben-Nun, A., Werker, E., 2004. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel. Science 304, 725–727.
- Hüryılmaz, H., 1998. Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük 1996 Yılı Kurtarma Kazısı, [The 1996 Salvage Excavation of Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük], in: 19. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I [Excavation Results I], Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 247-258.
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2002. Yenibademli Mound: An Early Bronze Age Settlement on the North-East Aegean Sea. Hacettepe University, Journal of Faculty of Letters 19(1), 27–44 (in Turkish).
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2004. Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük’te Denizsel Troia I Kültürünün İzleri [Traces of the Maritime Troy I Culture at Yenibademli Höyük]. Anadolu/Anatolia, Ek Dizi I (1–2), 115–122.
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2006. Mixed Food Economy of Gökçeada–Yenibademli Community in the Early Bronze Age, in: Avuç, B. (Ed.), Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflection. Homer Press, Istanbul (in Turkish), pp. 430-439.
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2007. Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük: social life in a settlement of 5000 years. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / Manas Journal of Social Studies 9(17), 85-100.
- Hüryılmaz, H., 2017. Sap delikli taş baltalar özelinde Gökçeada-Yenibademli Höyük ve Balkan Yarımadası arasında ilişkiler, in: Erler, M. Y. (Ed.), 10. Balkan Tarihi Kongresi, 3-4 Aralık 2016, Uğur Ofset Matbaacılık, Samsun, s. 217-230.
- IAWA Committee, 1989. IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. Wheeler, E.A., P. Baas, P.E. Gasson (Eds). IAWA Bulletin n.s., 10(3), 219-332.
- IAWA Committee, 2004. IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. Richter H.G., D. Grosser, I. Heinz, P.E. Gasson (Eds). IAWA Journal, 25(1), 1-70.
- Kırnak-Ağcabay, M., 2006. Paleoetnobotanik biliminin tarihçesi ve çalışma yöntemleri: Anadolu’daki paleobotanik Çalışmalarına Genel Bir Bakış. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 15(3), 199-214.
- Kłusek, M., Kneisel, J., 2021. Woodland management practices in Bronze Age, Bruszczewo, Poland. Forests 12, 1327.
- Lev-Yadun, S., 2007. Wood remains from archaeological excavations: A review with a Near Eastern perspective. Israel Journal of Earth Science 56, 139–162.
- Martinoli, D., 2009. Reconstruction of Local Woodland Vegetation and Use of Firewood at Two Epipalaeolithic Cave Sites in Southwest Anatolia (Turkey), in: Fairbairn, A., Weiss, E. (Eds), From Foragers to Farmers. Papers in Honour of Gordon C. Hillman. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 161-170.
- Nesbitt, M., 1986. The archaeobotany of Turkey: a review, in: 5th OPTIMA Meeting, Istanbul, 8-15 September, pp.329-349.
- Nesbitt, M., 1995. Plants and people in Ancient Anatolia. Biblical Archaeologist 58(2), 68-81.
- Oybak Dönmez, E., 2005. Early Bronze Age crop plants from Yenibademli Höyük (Gökçeada), Western Turkey. Environmental Archaeology 10(1), 39-49.
- Oybak Dönmez E., Hüryilmaz, H., 2022. Flax, Bupleurum and other plants at Early Bronze Age Yenibademli Höyük (Gökçeada), NW Turkey. Environmental Archaeology, DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2022.2063473.
- Schweingruber, F. H., 2012. Microtome sections of charcoal. IAWA J 33, 327–328.
- Seçmen, Ö., 1977. The Flora and Vegetation Analysis of Gökçeada and Bozcaada Islands. Tübitak, Tbag-211, Ankara.
- Werker, E., 2006. 780,000-year-old wood from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 54, 291-300.
- Willcox, G., 2002. Evidence for Ancient Forest Cover and Deforestation from Charcoal Analysis of Ten Archaeological Sites on the Euphrates, in: Thiébault, S. (Ed.), Charcoal Analysis, Methodological Approaches, Palaeoecological Results and Wood Uses. BAR Int. Series 1063, pp.141-145.
- Yaman, B., 2011. Anatomy of archaeological wood charcoals from Yenibademli Mound (Imbros), Western Turkey. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 11, 33-39.
- Yaman, B., Hüryılmaz, H., 2014. The identification of wood charcoals from an Early Bronze Age Mound (Yenibademli) in Western Turkey. Drewno 57(193), 97-108.
- Yaman, B., Akyol, A. A., Erten, E., 2017. Olba Akropolisi kuzey kule kazısından ele geçen karbonize ahşap malzemenin anatomik analizi. Seleucia 7, 411-419.
- Yılmaz, H., 2014. Arbutus L., in: Akkemik, Ü. (Ed.), Türkiye’nin Doğal-Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları I. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, pp.511-513.