Anadolu Karaçam (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana) meşcerelerinde kontrollü yakma uygulamalarının bazı ölü örtü, kül ve toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 82 - 89, 01.01.2024

Ayşegül Gözde Tiryaki Güngör , Mehmet Küçük , Ertugrul Bilgili , Ömer Küçük

https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1383034

Abstract

Orman yangınlarının birçok çalışmada olumsuz etki gösterdiği ifade edilse de kontrollü yakma uygulamalarının hem yangınlarla mücadelede hem de ekolojik bir araç olarak kullanıldığını ifade eden birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Özellikle ayrışmanın yavaş olduğu ekosistemlerde, örtü yangını uygulamaları yapılarak bu konunun olumlu tarafları olduğu gösterilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında karaçam meşcerelerinde kontrollü yakma uygulamalarının bazı toprak özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında karaçam alanlarından 10x10 m büyüklüğünde 9 örnekleme noktasından ibre, humus ve toprak örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Kontrollü yakma uygulaması yapıldıktan sonra aynı alanlardan yangın şiddetine göre düşük, orta ve yüksek şiddetli olan yerlerden kül ve toprak örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Toprak reaksiyonu (pH), Elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), karbon (C), azot (N) ve karbon/azot oranı (C/N) analizleri ibre, humus, kül ve toprak örneklerinde yapılırken, tekstür, kireç ve agregat stabilitesi analizleri ise sadece toprak örneklerinde yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, ölü örtü, humus ve kül örnekleri üzerinde yapılan analizler bakımından kontrollü yakma uygulamasının farklılığın önemli düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genel itibari ile kül örneklerinde pH, EC değerlerinde artma, karbon ve azot değerlerinde ise bir azalma söz konusudur. Toprak örneklerinde ise kum, pH ve azot değerlerinde artma diğer özelliklerde ise anlamlı bir azalma görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucu verilerine göre hem ölü örtünün ortamdan uzaklaşması hem de ölü örtünün yakma sonucunda kül olarak toprağa besin maddesi kazandırması gibi özellikler düşünüldüğünde kontrollü yakma uygulamalarının bir yönetim aracı olarak önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

Yangın, yangın şiddeti, karbon, azot

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

122O425

Thanks

Bu araştırma TÜBİTAK 1001 122O425 No.lu Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Projelerini Destekleme Programı tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Determination of the effects of prescribed burning applications on some soil properties in Anatolian Black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana) stand

Abstract

Although many studies show that forest fires have negative effects, there are also many studies that show that prescribed burning is used both for fire management and as an ecological tool. Especially in ecosystems where decomposition is slow, the use of prescribed burns has been shown to have positive aspects. In this study, the effects of prescribed burning practices on some soil properties were investigated in Anatolian black pine stands. Within the scope of this study, needle, humus and soil samples were taken from black pine stands at 9 sampling points, each 10x10 m, before the fire. After prescribed burning, ash and soil samples were taken from the same areas at low, medium and high burn severity. While soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) were analyzed on needle, humus, ash and soil samples, texture, lime and aggregate stability were analyzed on soil samples. Only soil samples were analyzed. As a result of the study, it was found that the difference in the application of prescribed burning was significant in terms of the analyses carried out on the litter, humus and ash samples. In general, there was an increase in pH and EC and a decrease in carbon and nitrogen in the ash samples. In the soil samples, an increase in sand, pH and nitrogen values and a significant decrease in other properties were observed. According to the result of the study, it can be said that prescribed burning practices have an important potential as a management tool, considering the features such as the removal of litter from the environment and the provision of nutrients to the soil as ash as a result of burning.

Keywords

Key Words: Fire, fire severity, carbon, nitrogen

Project Number

122O425

References

• Afif, E., Oliveira, P., 2006. Efectos del fuego prescrito sobre el matorral en las propiedades del suelo. Investig. Agrar. Sist. Recur. For. 15(3), 262–270.
• Akburak, S., Son, Y., Makineci, E., Çakir, M., 2018. Impacts of low intensity prescribed fre on microbial and chemical soil properties in a Quercus frainetto forest. J for Res, 29(3), 687–696.
• Alcañiz, M., Outeiro, L., Francos, M., Farguell, J., Úbeda, X., 2016. Long-term dynamics of soil chemical properties after a prescribed fire in a Mediterranean forest (Montgrí Massif, Catalonia, Spain). Sci. Total Environ., 572, 1329–1335.
• Alcañiz, M., Outeiro, L., Francos, M., Úbeda, X., 2018. Effects of prescribed fires on soil properties: a review. Sci. Total Environ., 613–614, 944–957.
• Are, K.S., Oluwatosin, G.A., Adeyolanu, O.D., Oke, A.O., 2009. Slash and burn effects on soil quality of an Alfisol: soil physical properties. Soil Tillage Res., 103, 4–10.
• Armas-Herrera, C.M., Martí, C., Badía, D., Ortiz-Perpiñá, O., Girona-García, A., Porta, J., 2016. Immediate effects of prescribed burning in the Central Pyrenees on the amount and stability of topsoil organic matter. Catena, 147, 238–244.
• Aroncena, J.M., Opio, C., 2003. Prescribed fire-induced changes in properties of sub-boreal forest soils. Geoderma, 113, 1–16.
• Badía, D., Martí C., Aguirre, AJ., Aznar, J.M., González-Pérez, J.A., De la Rosa, J.M., León J, Ibarra P., Echeverría, T., 2014. Wildfre efects on nutrients and organic carbon of a Rendzic Phaeozem in NE Spain: changes at cm-scale topsoil. Catena, 113,267–275.
• Badía, D., López-García, S., Martí, C., Ortíz-Perpiñá, O., Girona-García, A., Casanova-Gascón, J., 2017. Burn effects on soil properties associated to heat transfer under contrasting moisture content. Sci. Total Environ., 601–602,1119–1128.
• Bennett, L., Aponte, C., Baker, T., Tolhurst, K., 2014. Evaluating effects of prescribed fire regimes on carbon stocks in a temperate eucalypt forest. For. Ecol. Manag., 328, 219–228.
• Brye, K.R., 2006. Soil physicochemical changes following 12 years of annual burning in a humidsubtropical tallgrass prairie: a hypothesis. Acta Oecol., 30, 407–413.
• Buhk, C., Meyn, A., Jenthsch, A., 2007. The challenge of plant regeneration after a fire in the Mediterranean Basin: scientific gaps in our knowledge on plant strategies and evolution of traits. Plant Ecol., 192, 1–19.
• Caon, L., Vallejo, V.R., Ritsema, C.J., Geissen, V., 2014. Effects of wildfire on soil nutrients in Mediterranean ecosystems. Earth Sci. Rev., 139, 47–58.
• Çepel N., 1988. Orman Ekolojisi. İ.Ü. Orman Fakülteleri Yayınları No:287, İstanbul.
• Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., 2009. Efecto de los incendios forestales sobre los suelos en España: El estado de la cuestión visto por los científicos españoles. Cátedra de Divulgación de la Ciencia-Fuegored, Valencia, p. 529. Certini, G., 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 43, 1–10.
• Fernández-García, V., Marcos, E., Fernández-Guisuraga, J.M., Taboada, A., Suárez-Seoane, S., Calvo, L., 2019a. Impact of burn severity on soil properties in a Pinus pinaster ecosystem immediately after fire. Int J Wildland Fire, 28(5),354–364.
• Fernández-García, V., Miesel, J., Baeza, M.J., Marcos, E., Calvo, L., 2019b. Wildfire effects on soil properties in fire-prone pine ecosystems: Indicators of burn severity legacy over the medium term after fre. Appl. Soil Ecol., 135,147–156.
• Ferrer, I., Thurman, E.M., Zweigenbaum, J.A., Murphy, S.F., Webster, J.P., Rosario-Ortiz, F.L., 2021. Wildfres: Identifcation of a new suite of aromatic polycarboxylic acids in ash and surface water. Sci Total Environ, 770:144661.
• Fonseca, F., Leite, M., Figueiredo, T., 2011. Soil properties in burned and unburned Mediterranean shrublands of Montesinho Natural Park, Northeast Portugal. In: Gonçalves, A.B., Vieira, A. (Eds.), Fire Effects on Soil Properties. University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
• Fontúrbel, M.T., Fernández, C., Vega, J.A., 2016. Prescribed burning versus mechanical treatments as shrubland management options in NW Spain: mid-term soil microbial response. Appl. Soil Ecol., 107, 334–346.
• Francos, M., Pereira, P., Alcañiz, M., Mataix-Solera, J., Úbeda, X., 2016. Impact of an intense rainfall event on soil properties following a wildfire in a Mediterranean environment (North-East Spain). Sci. Total Environ., 572, 1353–1362.
• Francos, M., Úbeda, X., Pereira, P., Alcañiz, M., 2018. Long-term impact of wildfire on soils exposed to different fire severities. A case study in Cadiretes massif (NE Iberian Peninsula). Sci. Total Environ., 615, 664–671.
• Gimeno-Garcıa, E., Andreu, V., Rubio, J.L., 2004. Spatial patterns of soil temperatures during ex- ́ perimental fires. Geoderma, 118,17–38.
• Goberna, M., García, C., Insam, H., Hernández, M.T., Verdú, M., 2012. Burning fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands: immediate changes in soil microbial community structure and ecosystem functions. Microb. Ecol., 64(1),242–255.
• Granged, A.J.P., Jordán, A., Zavala, L.M., Muñoz-Rojas, M., Mataix-Solera, J., 2011a. Short-term effects of experimental fire for a soil under eucalyptus forest (SE Australia). Geoderma, 167–168, 125–134.
• Granged, A., Zavala, L., Jordán, A., Barcenas-Moreno, G., 2011b. Post-fire evolution of soil properties and vegetation cover in a Mediterranean heathland after experimental burning: a 3-year study. Catena, 164, 85–94.
• Guinto, D.F., Xu, Z.H., APN, H., Saffigna, P., 2001. Soil chemical properties and forest floor nutrients under repeated prescribed-burning in eucalypt forests of south-east Queensland, Australia. N. Z. J. For. Sci., 31(2), 170–187.
• Gülcur, F., 1974. Toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal analiz metodları. İ.Ü.Orman Fakültesi Yayın No:201, İstanbul.
• Heydari, M., Rostamy, A., Najafi, F., Dey, D.C., 2017. Effect of fire severity on physical and biochemical soil properties in Zagros oak (Quercus brantii lindl.) forests in Iran. J. For. Res., 28, 95–104.
• Hosseini, M., Geissen, V., González-Pelayo, O., Serpa, D., Machado, A.I., Ritsema, C., Keizer, J.J., 2017. Efects of fre occurrence and recurrence on nitrogen and phosphorus losses by overland fow in maritime pine plantations in north-central Portugal. Geoderma, 289,97–106.
• Hu, M., Song, J., Li, S., Li, Z., Hao, Y., Di, M., Wan, S., 2020. Understanding the efects of fre and nitrogen addition on soil respiration of a feld study by combining observations with a meta-analysis. Agric. for Meteorol., 292,108106.
• Hubbert, K.R., Preisler, H.K., Wohlgemuth, P.M., Graham, R.C., Narog, M.G., 2006. Prescribed burning on soil physical properties and soil water repellency in a steep chaparral watershed, southern California, USA. Geoderma, 130, 284–298.
• Inbar, A., Lado, M., Sternberg, M., Tenau, H., Ben-Hur, M., 2014. Forest fre efects on soil chemical and physicochemical properties, infltration, runof, and erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Geoderma, 221,131–138.
• Kacar, B., 2009. Toprak analizleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Kalra, Y.P., Maynard, D.G., 1991. Methods manual for forest soil and plant analysis. Forestry Canada Northern Forestry Publication. Alberta, Canada.
• Knicker, H., 2007. How does fire affect the nature and stability of soil organic nitrogen and carbon? A review. Biogeochemistry, 85(1),91–118.
• Lavoie, M., Starr, G., Mack, M.C., Martin, T.A., Gholz, H.L., 2010. Effects of a prescribed fire on understory vegetation, carbon pools, and soil nutrients in a longleaf pine-slash pine forest in Florida. Nat. Areas J., 30(1), 82–94.
• Liu, J., Qiu, L., Wang, X., Wei, X., Gao, H., Zhang, Y., Cheng, J., 2018. Efects of wildfre and topography on soil nutrients in a semiarid restored grassland. Plant Soil, 428(1),123–136.
• Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrero, C., Arcenegui, V., Bárcenas, G., Zornoza, R., Perez-Bejarano, A., Bodi, M.B., Mataix-Beneyto, J., Gómez, I., Garcia-Orenes, F., Navarro-Pedreño, M.M., Cerdá, A., Doerr, S.H., Úbeda, X., Outeiro, L., Pereira, P., Jordán, A., Z, L.M., 2009. Los incendios forestales y el suelo: un resumen de la investigación realizada por el Grupo de Edafología Ambiental de la UHM en colaboración con otros grupos. In: Cerdá, A., Mataix-Solera, J. (Eds.), Efectos de los incendios forestales sobre los suelos en España. Estado de la cuestión visto por los científicos españoles. Càtedra de Divulgació de la Ciència. Universitat de València, pp. 185–217.
• Meira-Castro, A., Shakesby, R.A., Espinha Marques, J., Doerr, S., Meixedo, J.P., Teixeira, J., Chaminé, H.I., 2014. Effects of prescribed fire on surface soil in a Pinus pinaster plantation, northern Portugal. Environ. Earth Sci., 73(6), 3011–3018.
• Meira-Castro, A., Shakesby, R.A., Marques, J.E., Doerr, S.H., Meixedo, J.P., Teixeira, J., Chaminé, H.I., 2015. Efects of prescribed fre on surface soil in a Pinus pinaster plantation, northern Portugal. Environ. Earth Sci., 73(6), 3011–3018.
• Molina, D., 2009. Fuego prescrito y planes de quema. (Coord.). In: Vélez, R. (Ed.), La defensa contra incendios forestales: fundamentos y experiencias, 2nd ed. McGrawHill, Madrid.
• Moya, D., González-De Vega, S., Lozano, E., García-Orenes, F., MataixSolera, J., Lucas-Borja, ME., de Las, H.J., 2019. The burn severity and plant recovery relationship afect the biological and chemical soil properties of Pinus halepensis Mill. stands in the short and mid-terms after wildfre. J Environ Manage., 235, 250–256.
• Muqaddas, B., Zhou, X., Lewis, T., Wild, C., Chen, C., 2015. Long-term frequent prescribed fre decreases surface soil carbon and nitrogen pools in a wet sclerophyll forest of Southeast Queensland, Australia. Sci. Total Environ., 536, 39–47. Neary, D.G., Ryan, K.C., DeBano, L.F., 2005. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on soils and water (No. RMRS-GTR-42-V4), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins.
• Neill, C., Patterson, W.A., Crary, D.W., 2007. Responses of soil carbon, nitrogen and cations to the frequency and seasonality of prescribed burning in a Cape Cod oak-pine forest. For. Ecol. Manag., 250, 234–243.
• O'Dea, M.E., 2007. Fungal mitigation of soil erosion following burning in a semi-arid Arizona savanna. Geoderma, 138, 79–85.
• Outeiro, L., Asperó, F., Úbeda, X., 2008. Geostatistical methods to study spatial variability of soil cations after a prescribed fire and rainfall. Catena, 74, 310–320.
• Pereira, P., Úbeda, X., Martin, D., Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrero, C., 2011. Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a cork oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Environ. Res., 111, 237–247.
• Rein, G., Cleaver, N., Ashton, C., Pironi, P., Torero, J.L., 2008. The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil. Catena, 74, 304–309.
• Ryan, K.C. (2002). Dynamic interactions between forest structure and fire behavior in boreal ecosystems. Silva Fennica 36: 13–39.
• Santín, C., Otero, X.L., Doerr, S.H., Chafer, C.J., 2018. Impact of a moderate/ high-severity prescribed eucalypt forest fre on soil phosphorous stocks and partitioning. Sci. Total Environ., 621, 1103–1114.
• Scharenbroch, B.C., Nix, B., Jacobs, K.A., Bowles, M.L., 2012. Two decades of low-severity prescribed fre increases soil nutrient availability in a Midwestern, USA oak (Quercus) forest. Geoderma, 183, 80–91.
• Shakesby, R.A., Bento, C.P.M., Ferreira, C.S.S., Ferreira, A.J.D., Stoof, C.R., Urbanek, E., Walsh, R.P.D., 2015. Impacts of prescribed fire on soil loss and soil quality: an assessment based on an experimentally-burned catchment in central Portugal. Catena, 128, 278–293.
• Switzer, J.M., Hope, G.D., Grayston, S.J., Prescott, C.E., 2012. Changes in soil chemical and biological properties after thinning and prescribed fire for ecosystem restoration in a Rocky Mountain Douglas fire forest. For. Ecol. Manag., 275, 1–13.
• Terefe, T., Mariscal-Sancho, I., Peregrina, F., Espejo, R., 2008. Influence of heating on various properties of six Mediterranean soils. A laboratory study. Geoderma, 143, 273–280.
• Úbeda, X., Lorca, M., Outeiro, L., Bernia, S., Castellnou, M., 2005. Effects of prescribed fire on soil quality in Mediterranean grassland (Prades Mountains, north-east Spain). Int. J. Wildland Fire, 14, 379–384.
• Valkó, O., Deák, B., Magura, T., Török, P., Kelemen, A., Tóth, K., Horváth, R., Nagy, D.D., Debnár, Z., Zsigrai, G., Kapocsi, I., Tóthmérész, B., 2016. Supporting biodiversity by prescribed burning in grasslands—a multi-taxa approach. Sci. Total Environ., 572, 1377–1384.
• Vega, J.A., Fernández, C., Fontúrbel, T., 2005. Throughfall, runoff and soil erosion after prescribed burning in gorse shrubland in Galicia (NW Spain). Land Degrad. Dev., 16 (1), 37–51.
• Vélez, R., 2000. In: Vélez, R. (Ed.), Los incendios forestales en la cuenca mediterránea. Introducción. La defensa contra incendios forestales. Fundamentos y experiencias. McGraw-Hill, Spain, pp. 31–315.
• Wan, X., Li, C., Parikh, S.J., 2021. Chemical composition of soil-associated ash from the southern California Thomas fre and its potential inhalation risks to farmworkers. J. Environ. Manage., 278, 111570.
• Yusiharni, E., Gilkes, R.J., 2012. Changes in the mineralogy and chemistry of a lateritic soil due to a bushfire at wundowie, Darling range, Western Australia. Geoderma, 191, 140–150.