Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

BEHAVIOUR OF MAMMALS AROUND ARTIFICIAL WATERHOLES in THE WAZA NATIONAL PARK (CAMEROON)

Year 2008, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 7 - 13, 01.06.2008

Abstract

A study was undertaken in the Waza National Park (WNP) from March to June, to monitor the behaviour of 9 mammals around the artificial waterholes named Anane and Louloumbaya. Observations were made all through the day. The frequency of observation visits to the waterholes was one per day and four times a month. The results showed three categories of animals in terms of food regime. The first group is represented by herbivorous, frugivorous such as Loxodonta africana Africana, Phacocheorus aethiopicus and Erythrocebus patas, the second group by represented by herbivorous like Giraffa camelopardalis, Hippotragus equines, Damaliscus korrigum and Gazella rufifirons and the third by group representing carnivorous like, Canis aureus and Herpestes hichneumon. Among these species, Loxodonta africana africana is the main consumer whereas Giraffa camelopardalis is the second in the Park. High temperatures reduce the activities of the animals during the dry season as well as the number of waterholes run off. Lack of water forces some animals to migrate to other localities and those which do not die in the course of time. February is the hottest month in the WNP where temperatures reach up to 48.8 ºC. The mean number of the animal visits varies with the species and from one waterhole to another. Loxodonta africana africana was the most frequently seen species around the waterholes (47.72%) followed by Hippotragus equinus (16.57%) and Damaliscus korrigum (14.77%). Balanites aegyptiaca Ziziphus spp and Tamarindus indica are the main species eaten by the animals. However, these plant species are equally consumed by the local population as fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to domesticate them with a view to maintain the biodiversity of the area.

References

  • Asibey E.O.A., 1974. Wildlife as a source of protein in Africa south of Sahara. Biology. Conservation, 6(1):32-39.
  • Bouvillain A., 1989. Nord-Cameroun. Crises et peuplements. Thèse de Doctorat. Lettre, Université, Rouen, 648p
  • Banque Mondiale., 1990. Living with wildlife: wildlife resources management with local participation in Africa. Document technique. Washington 130: 530p
  • Blacke S., 2000. Quand on essaie d’en savoir plus sur les éléphants de foret. Bulletin sur l’Environnement et en Afrique Centrale. Canopée. 19: 3p
  • Fryxell J.M. and Sinclair A.R.E., 1998. Seasonal migration of the white eared kob in relation to resources. Afr. J. Ecol. 26: 17-31.
  • Kingdon J., 1997. The kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London 44(15): 211-218.
  • Lemoine N et Katrin B.G., 2003. La migration des oiseaux affectés par le réchauffement climatique. Johannesburg Gutenberg. University (Mairiz, Allemagne), Centre International de Recherche Scientifique. http://www.ip.org./afr.
  • Letouzey R., 1968. Phytogéographie du Cameroun. Paris, France. Lechevalier (éd.). 511p.
  • Ngandjui G., 1997. Inventaire et utilisation durable de la faune mammalienne en milieu forestier équatorial. Cas du secteur ouest de la réserve de Biosphère de Dja (Sud Cameroun). Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paul Valery, Montpellier III, 215p.
  • Senzota K.B.M and Mtaliko., 1990. Effect of wildlife on a waterhole in Mekume’National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 28: 147-151.
  • Tefempa H.B, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem P.M, Mvondo A.J.P. et Dongmo F., 2006a. Démographie et stratégies alimentaires des éléphants dans le Parc National de Waza. Procédés Biologiques et Alimentaires, 3(1): 104- 116.
  • Tefempa H.B, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem P.M, and Dongmo F., 2006b. Disponibilité de l’eau et comportement des éléphants dans les zones sèches d’Afrique. Communication orale, Biosciences, Douala, du 14 au 16 Décembre 2006, 18p.
  • Tefempa H.B, Ngassam P and Mapongmetsem P.M., 2007. Utilisation de l’espace et de l’habitat par les éléphants dans les zones sèches du Cameroun. 18 ème congrès de Aetfat, Palais de congrès Yaoundé du 26 février 2006 au 3 mars 2007. 9p.
  • Trent D.P, Frenk L.L and Michael J.M., 2006. Meteorological effects on the activity of the giant burrowing frag (Heleioporus autraliacus) in South-eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Wildlife Research. 33: 35-40.
  • Tsagué L., 2004. Contribution à l’étude des ongulés Artiodactyles de la réserve de biosphère de la Bénoué (Cameroun): diversité spécifique, structure des peuplements et utilisation de l’espace. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat. Université de Yaoundé I. Faculté des Sciences 181p.
  • Tchamba N.H., 1993. Number and migration patterns of savanna elephant in northern Cameroon. Pachyderm 16 : 66-71.
  • UICN., 1997. Plan directeur d’aménagement du Parc National de Waza. 63p.
  • UICN., 1990. Ressources et espaces Naturels. Bulletins de la délégation régionale en Afrique de l’Ouest 5:269p.

Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları

Year 2008, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 7 - 13, 01.06.2008

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, mart ayından haziran ayına kadar gecen surede Wasa Ulusal Parkın’da (WNP) Anane ve Louloumbaya olarak adlandırılan yapay göletlerin çerçevesinde 9 memelinin davranışları incelenmiştir. Gözlemler gün boyunca yapılmıştır. Yapay göletlerde gözlem sıklığı günde bir ve ayda 4 defa yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, yiyecek rejimleri bakımından hayvanların 3 kategoriye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Birinci grup, Loxodonta africana Africana, Phacocheorus aethiopicus ve Erythrocebus pata olmak üzere ot obur ve meyve ile beslenenler olarak gruplandırılmış, ikinci grup Giraffa camelopardalis, Hippotragus equines, Damaliscus korrigum ve Gazella rufifirons gibi ot obur ve üçüncü grup ise Canis aureus ve Herpestes hichneumon gibi et obur olarak adlandırılmıştır. Parkta bu türler arasında, Loxodonta africana Africana ana ve Giraffa camelopardalis ise ikinci tuketici olarak saptanmıştır. Yüksek sıcaklık, kurak sezonda hayvanların aktivitesini azaltmış ve ayrıca yapay göletlerin kurumasına neden olmuştur. Suyun azlığı bazı hayvanların göç etmesine neden olmuş ve bu sure zarfında hayvanlar ölmemiştir, Şubat ayı WNP’de en sıcak ay olarak saptanmış ve bu ayda sıcaklık 48,8 ºC’nin üzerinde saptanmıştır. Hayvanların ortalama olarak bir yapay göletten diğerine seyahatleri türlere göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Loxodonta africana africana yapay göletler etrafında en yüksek oranda (%47.72) görülen tur olarak saptanmış ve bunu Hippotragus equinus (%16.57) ve Damaliscus korrigum (%14.77) izlemiştir. Balanites aegyptiaca Ziziphus spp ve Tamarindus indica hayvanlar tarafından yenen başlıca türler olarak saptanmıştır. Fakat bu bitki türleri, orada yasayan yerli halk tarafından da esit şekilde tüketilen meyve türleri olarak saptanmıştır. Bu nedenle, bu alanlarda genetik çeşitliliği artırmak acısından, bu türlerin kültüre alınmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır

References

  • Asibey E.O.A., 1974. Wildlife as a source of protein in Africa south of Sahara. Biology. Conservation, 6(1):32-39.
  • Bouvillain A., 1989. Nord-Cameroun. Crises et peuplements. Thèse de Doctorat. Lettre, Université, Rouen, 648p
  • Banque Mondiale., 1990. Living with wildlife: wildlife resources management with local participation in Africa. Document technique. Washington 130: 530p
  • Blacke S., 2000. Quand on essaie d’en savoir plus sur les éléphants de foret. Bulletin sur l’Environnement et en Afrique Centrale. Canopée. 19: 3p
  • Fryxell J.M. and Sinclair A.R.E., 1998. Seasonal migration of the white eared kob in relation to resources. Afr. J. Ecol. 26: 17-31.
  • Kingdon J., 1997. The kingdon field guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London 44(15): 211-218.
  • Lemoine N et Katrin B.G., 2003. La migration des oiseaux affectés par le réchauffement climatique. Johannesburg Gutenberg. University (Mairiz, Allemagne), Centre International de Recherche Scientifique. http://www.ip.org./afr.
  • Letouzey R., 1968. Phytogéographie du Cameroun. Paris, France. Lechevalier (éd.). 511p.
  • Ngandjui G., 1997. Inventaire et utilisation durable de la faune mammalienne en milieu forestier équatorial. Cas du secteur ouest de la réserve de Biosphère de Dja (Sud Cameroun). Thèse de Doctorat, Université Paul Valery, Montpellier III, 215p.
  • Senzota K.B.M and Mtaliko., 1990. Effect of wildlife on a waterhole in Mekume’National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 28: 147-151.
  • Tefempa H.B, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem P.M, Mvondo A.J.P. et Dongmo F., 2006a. Démographie et stratégies alimentaires des éléphants dans le Parc National de Waza. Procédés Biologiques et Alimentaires, 3(1): 104- 116.
  • Tefempa H.B, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem P.M, and Dongmo F., 2006b. Disponibilité de l’eau et comportement des éléphants dans les zones sèches d’Afrique. Communication orale, Biosciences, Douala, du 14 au 16 Décembre 2006, 18p.
  • Tefempa H.B, Ngassam P and Mapongmetsem P.M., 2007. Utilisation de l’espace et de l’habitat par les éléphants dans les zones sèches du Cameroun. 18 ème congrès de Aetfat, Palais de congrès Yaoundé du 26 février 2006 au 3 mars 2007. 9p.
  • Trent D.P, Frenk L.L and Michael J.M., 2006. Meteorological effects on the activity of the giant burrowing frag (Heleioporus autraliacus) in South-eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing. Wildlife Research. 33: 35-40.
  • Tsagué L., 2004. Contribution à l’étude des ongulés Artiodactyles de la réserve de biosphère de la Bénoué (Cameroun): diversité spécifique, structure des peuplements et utilisation de l’espace. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat. Université de Yaoundé I. Faculté des Sciences 181p.
  • Tchamba N.H., 1993. Number and migration patterns of savanna elephant in northern Cameroon. Pachyderm 16 : 66-71.
  • UICN., 1997. Plan directeur d’aménagement du Parc National de Waza. 63p.
  • UICN., 1990. Ressources et espaces Naturels. Bulletins de la délégation régionale en Afrique de l’Ouest 5:269p.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

H. B. Tefempa This is me

P. Ngassam This is me

P. M. Mapongmetsem This is me

B. A.nkongmeneck This is me

H. Gubbuk This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2008
Published in Issue Year 2008 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tefempa, H. B., Ngassam, P., Mapongmetsem, P. M., A.nkongmeneck, B., et al. (2008). Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 21(1), 7-13.
AMA Tefempa HB, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem PM, A.nkongmeneck B, Gubbuk H. Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. June 2008;21(1):7-13.
Chicago Tefempa, H. B., P. Ngassam, P. M. Mapongmetsem, B. A.nkongmeneck, and H. Gubbuk. “Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 21, no. 1 (June 2008): 7-13.
EndNote Tefempa HB, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem PM, A.nkongmeneck B, Gubbuk H (June 1, 2008) Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 21 1 7–13.
IEEE H. B. Tefempa, P. Ngassam, P. M. Mapongmetsem, B. A.nkongmeneck, and H. Gubbuk, “Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları”, Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2008.
ISNAD Tefempa, H. B. et al. “Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 21/1 (June 2008), 7-13.
JAMA Tefempa HB, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem PM, A.nkongmeneck B, Gubbuk H. Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 2008;21:7–13.
MLA Tefempa, H. B. et al. “Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, vol. 21, no. 1, 2008, pp. 7-13.
Vancouver Tefempa HB, Ngassam P, Mapongmetsem PM, A.nkongmeneck B, Gubbuk H. Waza (Camerun) Ulusal Parkında Yapay Su Göletleri Çevresinde Memelilerin Davranışları. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 2008;21(1):7-13.