Toprak Tuzluluğu ve Bitki Gelişimi

Year 2001, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 171 - 1179, 01.06.2001

Hakan Turhan İsmet Başer

Abstract

Tarım alanlarında bitki gelişiminin ve verimliliğinin azalmasına yol açan en önemli çevre faktörlerinden birisi toprak tuzluluğudur. Ülkemizde ve dünyada tuzluluk problemi olan alanların miktarı günden güne artmaktadır. Tuzluluk problemine daha çok kurak ve yarı-kurak bölgelerde rastlanmakla birlikte aşırı nemli bölgeler, bataklıklar ve deniz kenarlarında da görülebilmektedir. Yanlış sulamanın yanında toprakta tuz birikimine neden olan diğer etmenlere bakıldığında kurak ve yarı-kurak bölgelerde ormanların yok olması, aşırı otlatma, çevre kirliliği, hava ve su yolu ile tuz taşınması sayılabilir. Tuzlu topraklarda bitkisel üretimin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için günümüzde iki önemli yaklaşım; 1) doğal olarak tuzluluğa dayanıklı yabani bitkilerin (halofitler) kültüre alınıp kullanılması ve 2) kültür bitkilerinin genetik olarak tuzluluğa toleranslarının arttırılmasıdır. Tuzluluk nedeniyle henüz zarar görmemiş bölgelerde, stres faktörlerinin ortadan kaldırılması gerekir. Tuzluluğun giderilemediği veya toprak ıslahının mümkün olmadığı ekonomik olarak tam anlamıyla toprağa bağımlı olunduğu durumlarda tuza dayanıklı bitkilerden yararlanılabilir. Klasik ıslah yöntemleri ile birlikte gen transferi, somoklonal varyasyon, mutasyon gibi biyoteknolojik yöntemler ile bitkilerde tuzluluğa tolerans arttırılmaya çalışılmaktadır, fakat tam bir dayanıklılık sağlanamamıştır. Sonuç olarak tuzluluğa dayanıklılık için fizyolojik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler genetik çalışmaları hep birlikte içeren bir ıslah programının uygulaması başarı oranını arttıracaktır.

Keywords

Tuzluluk, Osmotik Stres, İyan Zehirlenmesi, Bitki Islahı, Tuzluluğa Tolerans

Salinity and Plant Growth

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most severe environmental factors in agriculture that limits plant growth and productivity. There is an increase in amount of salt affected soils in the World and Turkey. The salinity problem occurs in arid and semiarid regions; sometimes it can also occur in high humidity climate, marshes and seashores. In addition to mismanagement irrigation, deforestation in arid and semiarid areas, overgrazing, contamination with chemicals as a result of environmental pollution, transportation of air-borne and water-borne salts could cause salinization in the soil. Today two important approaches for sustaining sufficient plant production in salt-affected soils, these include; 1) cultivation and use of potential wild plants and crops, 2) improvement of salinity tolerance in crop plants. In the areas that have not yet diminished by salinization, stress factors should be eliminated. The soils in where preventive and reclamation procedures can not be undertaken and economically depending on agricultural production, in these areas salt tolerant crops could be grown. Salinity tolerance of crops was partially, but not completely, increased by using conventional plant breeding methods combining with biotechnological methods such as genetic transformation, somoclonal variation and mutation. As a result, a plant-breeding programme with integration of physiology, biochemistry and molecular genetics aspects would be more appropriate for the development of salt tolerant crops.

Keywords

Salinity, osmotic stress, ion toxicity, plant breeding, salt tolerance

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