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DRAFT CONCLUSIONS ON IDENTIFICATION AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF PEREMPTORY NORMS OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW (JUS COGENS)

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 95 - 120, 15.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1676675

Abstract

There are some basic or primary rules in every society. Similarly, the international community also has such rules. Thus, international law has also chosen to establish some superior or peremptory rules that have placed some basic values above others. The “Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens)” is an important step in this direction. The Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens) were adopted by the International Law Commission at its seventy-third session in 2022 and submitted to the United Nations General Assembly as part of the International Law Commission’s report covering the work of that session.
The Draft Conclusions have brought more detailed regulations to the concept of mandatory norms regulated in Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The writing down of customary rules and peremptory norms that continue to exist has been an important step towards the codification of international law. It can be said that the Draft Conclusions have played an important role in clarifying questions such as how peremptory norms will be established, what their content and legal consequences will be.
The Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens) concern the peremptory norms of international law that are increasingly being resorted to by international and regional courts, national courts, states and other actors. The Draft Conclusions are divided into four parts. The first part contains introductory provisions. The second part deals with the rules for determining the peremptory norms of international law. The third part deals with the legal consequences of the peremptory norms of international law. The last part contains general provisions. Our study will be examined in this order, in accordance with the division of the Draft Results.
In our study, it is aimed to examine in detail the Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens). As a result of this examination, it will be evaluated whether the mentioned Draft Conclusions make any contribution to the development of the peremptory norms of international law.

References

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  • “Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Yearbook of the International Law Commission (2001)” Vol II, Part II, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf.
  • Başlar, Kemal. “Uluslararası Hukukta Erga Omnes Kavramı” Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, 22, 2 (2011): 75-108.
  • Charlesworth, Hilary /Christine, Chinkin. “The Gender of Jus Cogens”, Human Rights Quarterly, 15, 1 (1993): 63-76.
  • Colangelo, Anthony J.. “Procedural Jus Cogens”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 60, 2 (2022): 377-492.
  • “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”, 1948, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity- crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment% 20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
  • Czaplinski, Wladyslaw. “Is There a Space for Jus Cogens in Present International Law? Remarks in the Context of a Ban on the Use of Force”, Polish Review of International and European Law, 11, 2 (2022): 149-172.
  • Denk Erdem, “Uluslararası Andlaşmalar Hukukunda Jus Cogens Kurallar”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 56, 2 (2001): 43-70.
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  • International Law Commission, “Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens), with Commentaries”, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/ instruments/english/commentaries/1_14_2022.pdf.
  • “International Law Commission”, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/. Janis, Mark W.. “The Nature of Jus Cogens”, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 3, 2 (1988): 359-363.
  • Karakoç, İrem, “Uluslararası Hukukta Emredici Kural (Jus Cogens=Premtorary Norms) Olgusuna Tarihsel Bir Yaklaşım”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 1 (2006): 87-122.
  • Kawasaki, Kyoji, “A Brief Note on the Legal Effects of Jus Cogens in International Law”, Hitotsubashi Journal of Law and Politics, 34, 27-43 (2006): 27-43.
  • Kunz, Josef L.. “The Meaning and the Range of the Norm Pacta Sunt Servanda”, American Society of International Law, 39, 2 (1945): 180-197.
  • Linderfalk, Ulf, “What is So Special About Jus Cogens? - On the Difference between the Ordinary and the Peremptory International Law”, International Community Law Review, 14, 1 (2012): 3-18.
  • Mangır, Demet Şefika, Uluslararası Toplumun Anayasası Jus Cogens, Ankara: Nobel Yayınları, 2015.
  • Memeti, Ardit / Bekim, Nuhija. “The Concept of Erga Omnes Obligations in International Law”, New Balkan Politics, 14 (2013): 31-47.
  • Orakhelashvili, Alexander. “The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpretation and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions”, The European Journal of International Law, 16, 1 (2005): 59-88.
  • Özdan, Selman. “State Immunity or State Impunity in Cases of Violations of Human Rights Recognised as Jus Cogens Norms”, The International Journal of Human Rights, (2019): 1-25.
  • Öztürk, Yasin. “Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Egemen Eşitliği Kavramının Jus Cogens Niteliği”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 42, 1 (2017): 37-53.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri 1. Kitap, 13. Bası, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2016.
  • Petsche, Markus. “Jus Cogens as a Vision of the International Legal Order”, Penn State International Law Review, 29, 2 (2010): 233-274.
  • Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in theArea, Advisory Opinion, ITLOS [International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea] Reports 2011.
  • Saul, Matthew. “Identifying Jus Cogens Norms: The Interaction of Scholars and International Judges”, Asian Journal of International Law, 5, 1 (2015): 26-54.
  • Second Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Dire Tladi (69th session of the ILC (2017), UN Document A/CN.4/706, chap. VIII, para. 142-210.
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  • Tladi, Dire. “The UN ILC’s Draft Conclusions on the Peremptory Norms of General International Law: The Tale of the Annex”. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 12, 1 (2024): 1-10.
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ULUSLARARASI HUKUKUN EMREDİCİ NORMLARININ BELİRLENMESİ VE HUKUKİ SONUÇLARINA İLİŞKİN TASLAK SONUÇLAR (JUS COGENS)

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 95 - 120, 15.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1676675

Abstract

Her toplumda yer alan bir takım temel veya öncelikli kurallar vardır. Aynı şekilde uluslararası toplum da bu tür kurallara sahiptir. Nitekim uluslararası hukuk da bazı temel değerleri diğerlerinin üstünde tutmuş bir takım üstün veya emredici nitelikli kurallar koyma yoluna gitmiştir. “Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarının Belirlenmesi ve Hukuki Sonuçlarına İlişkin Taslak Sonuçlar (Jus Cogens)” da bu yolda atılmış önemli bir adımdır. Kısaca “Taslak Sonuçlar” olarak anılacak söz konusu düzenleme, Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu tarafından 2022 yılındaki yetmiş üçüncü oturumunda kabul edilmiş ve Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun o oturumdaki çalışmaları kapsayan raporunun bir parçası olarak Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu’na sunulmuştur.
Taslak Sonuçlar, 1969 Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin 53. maddesinde düzenlenen emredici norm kavramına daha ayrıntılı düzenlemeler getirmiştir. Örf âdet kuralları ile mevcudiyetini sürdüren emredici normların yazılı hale getirilmesi, uluslararası hukukun kodifikasyonunun sağlanması için önemli bir adım olmuştur. Emredici normların nasıl oluşturulacağı, içeriğinin ve hukuki sonuçlarının ne olacağı gibi soruların açıklığa kavuşmasında da Taslak Sonuçlar’ın önemli bir rol oynadığı söylenebilir.
Taslak Sonuçlar, uluslararası ve bölgesel mahkemeler, ulusal mahkemeler, devletler ve diğer aktörler tarafından giderek daha fazla başvurulan uluslararası hukukun emredici normlarıyla ilgilidir. Taslak Sonuçlar dört bölüme ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölümde giriş niteliğinde hükümler yer almaktadır. İkinci bölüm, uluslararası hukukun emredici normlarının belirlenmesine ilişkin kurallarla ilgilidir. Üçüncü bölüm, uluslararası hukukun emredici normlarının hukuki sonuçlarına ilişkindir. Son bölüm ise genel nitelikteki hükümler içermektedir. Çalışmamız da Taslak Sonuçlar’ın bölümlendirmesine uygun olarak bu sıra halinde incelenecektir.
Çalışmamızda, Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarının Belirlenmesi ve Hukuki Sonuçlarına İlişkin Taslak Sonuçlar (Jus Cogens)”ın ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu inceleme sonucunda bahsedilen Taslak Sonuçlar’ın uluslararası hukukun emredici normlarının gelişimine yaptığı katkılar değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Afacan, Ayşe Nur. Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlar. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2023.
  • “Analytical Guide to the Work of the International Law Commission”, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_14.shtml.
  • Anlar Güneş Şule. “Uluslararası Toplumun Ortak Değerleri Sorunu, Çevrenin Korunması ve Jus Cogens Doktrini”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 59, 4 (2004): 123-150.
  • “Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Yearbook of the International Law Commission (2001)” Vol II, Part II, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf.
  • Başlar, Kemal. “Uluslararası Hukukta Erga Omnes Kavramı” Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, 22, 2 (2011): 75-108.
  • Charlesworth, Hilary /Christine, Chinkin. “The Gender of Jus Cogens”, Human Rights Quarterly, 15, 1 (1993): 63-76.
  • Colangelo, Anthony J.. “Procedural Jus Cogens”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 60, 2 (2022): 377-492.
  • “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”, 1948, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity- crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment% 20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
  • Czaplinski, Wladyslaw. “Is There a Space for Jus Cogens in Present International Law? Remarks in the Context of a Ban on the Use of Force”, Polish Review of International and European Law, 11, 2 (2022): 149-172.
  • Denk Erdem, “Uluslararası Andlaşmalar Hukukunda Jus Cogens Kurallar”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 56, 2 (2001): 43-70.
  • Fifth Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Dire Tladi (73rd session of the ILC (2022), UN Document A/CN.4/747, chap. IV, para. 32-44.
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  • “International Court of Justice Reports of Judgments, Case Concerning the Barcelona Traction”, Light and Power Company, Limited (New Application: 1962) (Belgium V. Spaın) Second Phase Judgment of 5 February 1970, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/50/050-19700205-JUD-01-00- EN.pdf.
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  • International Court of Justice, “Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening)”, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 12, 2025, https://www.icj-cij.org/case/143.
  • International Law Commission, “Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens)”, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_ articles/1_14_2022.pdf.
  • International Law Commission, “Draft Conclusions on Identification and Legal Consequences of Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens), with Commentaries”, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/ instruments/english/commentaries/1_14_2022.pdf.
  • “International Law Commission”, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/. Janis, Mark W.. “The Nature of Jus Cogens”, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 3, 2 (1988): 359-363.
  • Karakoç, İrem, “Uluslararası Hukukta Emredici Kural (Jus Cogens=Premtorary Norms) Olgusuna Tarihsel Bir Yaklaşım”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 1 (2006): 87-122.
  • Kawasaki, Kyoji, “A Brief Note on the Legal Effects of Jus Cogens in International Law”, Hitotsubashi Journal of Law and Politics, 34, 27-43 (2006): 27-43.
  • Kunz, Josef L.. “The Meaning and the Range of the Norm Pacta Sunt Servanda”, American Society of International Law, 39, 2 (1945): 180-197.
  • Linderfalk, Ulf, “What is So Special About Jus Cogens? - On the Difference between the Ordinary and the Peremptory International Law”, International Community Law Review, 14, 1 (2012): 3-18.
  • Mangır, Demet Şefika, Uluslararası Toplumun Anayasası Jus Cogens, Ankara: Nobel Yayınları, 2015.
  • Memeti, Ardit / Bekim, Nuhija. “The Concept of Erga Omnes Obligations in International Law”, New Balkan Politics, 14 (2013): 31-47.
  • Orakhelashvili, Alexander. “The Impact of Peremptory Norms on the Interpretation and Application of United Nations Security Council Resolutions”, The European Journal of International Law, 16, 1 (2005): 59-88.
  • Özdan, Selman. “State Immunity or State Impunity in Cases of Violations of Human Rights Recognised as Jus Cogens Norms”, The International Journal of Human Rights, (2019): 1-25.
  • Öztürk, Yasin. “Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Egemen Eşitliği Kavramının Jus Cogens Niteliği”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 42, 1 (2017): 37-53.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri 1. Kitap, 13. Bası, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2016.
  • Petsche, Markus. “Jus Cogens as a Vision of the International Legal Order”, Penn State International Law Review, 29, 2 (2010): 233-274.
  • Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in theArea, Advisory Opinion, ITLOS [International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea] Reports 2011.
  • Saul, Matthew. “Identifying Jus Cogens Norms: The Interaction of Scholars and International Judges”, Asian Journal of International Law, 5, 1 (2015): 26-54.
  • Second Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Dire Tladi (69th session of the ILC (2017), UN Document A/CN.4/706, chap. VIII, para. 142-210.
  • Third Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Dire Tladi (70th session of the ILC (2018), UN Document A/CN.4/714, chap. VIII, para. 91-163.
  • Tladi, Dire. “The International Law Commission’s Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (jus cogens): Making Wine from Water or More Water than Wine”. Nordic Journal of International Law, 89, 2, (2020): 1-17.
  • Tladi, Dire. “The UN ILC’s Draft Conclusions on the Peremptory Norms of General International Law: The Tale of the Annex”. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 12, 1 (2024): 1-10.
  • Tuoris, Kaius. “Pacta Sunt Servanda”, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, 2, 1 (2023): 44-57.
  • “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://www.unclos.org/.
  • “United Nations, United Nations Charter”, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://www. un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text.
  • United Nations, “Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties”, 1969, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025, https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969. pdf.
  • Weatherall, Thomas. Jus Cogens, International Law and Social Contract, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Law (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Figen Tabanlı 0000-0002-9290-0350

Submission Date April 15, 2025
Acceptance Date May 21, 2025
Publication Date July 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tabanlı, F. (2025). ULUSLARARASI HUKUKUN EMREDİCİ NORMLARININ BELİRLENMESİ VE HUKUKİ SONUÇLARINA İLİŞKİN TASLAK SONUÇLAR (JUS COGENS). Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 95-120. https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1676675

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.