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How do Our Relations in Everyday Life Influence Our Trust in Strangers? Theory and Evidence From Twenty-Seven Democracies

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 66 - 83, 05.05.2017

Abstract

Generalized
trust is important in democratic societies because it fosters co-operative
norms which matter for citizen’s-level activism. Individual’s daily social
interactions are among the significant determinants of generalized trust. Yet
studies often measure social interactions at the group level such as those with
the family, colleagues and the neighbors. Present study suggests that rather
than group level relations, individual’s both the structure- the extent of the
weak and the strong ties-, and the content- whether they are mobilized for
expressive action or instrumental action- of informal relations provide better
explanations for generalized trust. Thus, the main objective of this study is
to explore the relational foundations of generalized trust with individual
level tie-based data. For this purpose, the study counts on International
Social Science Program’s (ISSP) survey of 2001 on social networks; hence the
hypotheses are tested within a comparative cross-country perspective. The
analysis suggests positive and significant influence of the kinship ties, which
are mobilized for power and wealth and the non-kinship ties, which are
mobilized for emotional support, on generalized trust. These findings, in turn,
invite for a re-consideration of the conceptual discussion social capital
literature posits between informal social relations and generalized trust.

References

  • Alesina, A. ve Giuliano, P. (2007). The Power of the Family. (NBER Working Paper 13051) URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13051.pdf Almond, G. ve Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. California: Sage Publications. Banfield, E. C. (1958). The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: The Free Press. Bjornskov, C. (2007). Determinants of Generalized trust: A Cross-Country Comparison. Public Choice, 130 (1), 1-21. Dekker, P. (2005). Social Capital of Individuals: Relational Assets or Personal Quality? (Der. Prakash, S. and Selle , P.), Investigating Social Capital içinde (s. 88-110) New Delhi: Sage Publications. Delhey, J. ve Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, 21 (4), 311-327. Farole, T. Rodriguez-Pose, A. ve Storper, M. (2007) Social Capital, Rules, and Institutions: A Cross-Country Investigation (Working Paper No. 12) Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Ciencias Sociales. Gambetta, D. (1988). Mafia: The price of Distrust. (Der. Gambetta, D.,) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations içinde (s.158-175) New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Gambetta, D. (1993). The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R. ve Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISSP Research Group (2003): International Social Survey Programme: Social Relations and Support Systems / Social Networks II - ISSP 2001. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA3680 Data file Version 1.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.3680 Knack, S. ve Keefer, P. (1997). “Does Social Capital Have an Economic Pay-off? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4), 1271-1274. Knack, S. (2003). Groups, Growth, and Trust: Cross-country Evidence for Olson and Putnam Hypotheses. Public Choice 117 (3-4), 341-355. Lin, Nan. (2007). Building a Network Theory of Social Capital. (Der. Lin, N. Cook, K. ve Burt, R. S.,) Social Capital içinde (3-31) New Jersey: Transaction Publications. Long, S. J. ve Freese, J. (2006). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. Texas: Stata Press Publication. Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and Power. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Luhmann, N. (1988). Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives. (Der. D. Gambetta), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations içinde (s. 94-109) New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2167). URL: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/989601468766526606/pdf/multi-page.pdf Norris, P. (1999). Critical Citizens. New York: Oxford University Press. Paxton, P. (2007). Association Memberships and Generalized Trust: A Multi-level Model Across 31 Countries. Social Forces 86 (1), 47-76. Pichler, F. ve Wallace, C. (2007). Patterns of Formal and Informal Social Capital in Europe. European Sociological Review, 23 (4), 423-435. Putnam, R. Nanetti, R. ve Leonardi, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. Putnam, R. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2), 137-174. Scott, J. (1991), Social Network Analysis. London: Sage Publications. Seligman, A. (1997). The Problem of Trust. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Simmel, G. (1955). The Web of Group Affiliations. R. Bendix (Çev.) Illinois: The Free Press. (İlk baskı. 1922). Stolle, D. ve Rochon, T. R. (1988). Are All Associations Alike? Member Diversity, Associational Type, and the Creation of Social Capital. The American Behavioral Scientist 42 (1), 47-65. Stolle, D. (2001). Getting to trust’: an analysis of the importance of institutions, families, personal experiences and group membership. (Der. Dekker, P. ve Uslaner, E.), Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life içinde (s.118-134). London and New York: Routledge. Van der Gaag, M. ve Snijders, T. (2005) The Resource Generator: Social Capital Quantification with Concrete Items. Social Networks 27 (1), 1-29. Uslaner, E. (2002). Moral Foundations of Trust. New York: Cambridge University Press. Woolcock, M. ve Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research and Policy. World Bank Research Observer 15 (2), 225-249.

Günlük Hayattaki İlişkilerimiz Yabancılara Güvenimizi Nasıl Etkiler? Teori ve Yirmi Yedi Demokrasiden Bulgular

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 66 - 83, 05.05.2017

Abstract

Kişiler arası güven, demokratik toplumlarda 
vatandaşların siyasete aktif 
katılımları için gerekli olan iş birliği normlarını geliştirdiği için
önemlidir. Günlük ilişkiler, kişiler arası güven belirteçlerinden bir
tanesidir. Çalışmaların bir çoğu bu ilişkileri, genellikle, aile, iş arkadaşı
ya da komşularla ilişkiler gibi, grup seviyesinde ölçülen değişkenlerle analiz
eder. Bu çalışma, kişilerin sahip olduğu ilişkilerin yapısı- güçlü ya da zayıf
bağların sayısı- ve içeriğinin-bu bağların kendini ifade etme ya da araçsal
sebeplerle mobilize edilmesi-  kişiler
arası güveni daha iyi açıkladığını öne sürmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın
temel amacı kişiler arası güvenin ilişkisel temellerini bağ seviyesinde ölçülen
verileri kullanarak araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, 2001 yılında Uluslararası Sosyal
Bilimler Programı’nın (USBP) sosyal ağlar üzerine yaptığı anket verisi
kullanılmıştır. Bu veri, hipotezlerin uluslararası bir perspektifle
değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Analiz, güç ve zenginlik için
mobilize edilen akrabalık ilişkileri ile duygusal destek için mobilize edilen
aile ve akrabalık bağı dışında oluşan ikincil 
ilişkilerin, kişiler arası güveni pozitif ve anlamlı şekilde
etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur.  Bu
bulgular ışığında, sosyal sermaye literatürünün günlük ilişkiler ve kişiler
arası güven arasında öngördüğü nedenselliğin kavramsal tartışması tekrar ele
alınmalıdır.



 

References

  • Alesina, A. ve Giuliano, P. (2007). The Power of the Family. (NBER Working Paper 13051) URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13051.pdf Almond, G. ve Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. California: Sage Publications. Banfield, E. C. (1958). The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: The Free Press. Bjornskov, C. (2007). Determinants of Generalized trust: A Cross-Country Comparison. Public Choice, 130 (1), 1-21. Dekker, P. (2005). Social Capital of Individuals: Relational Assets or Personal Quality? (Der. Prakash, S. and Selle , P.), Investigating Social Capital içinde (s. 88-110) New Delhi: Sage Publications. Delhey, J. ve Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, 21 (4), 311-327. Farole, T. Rodriguez-Pose, A. ve Storper, M. (2007) Social Capital, Rules, and Institutions: A Cross-Country Investigation (Working Paper No. 12) Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Ciencias Sociales. Gambetta, D. (1988). Mafia: The price of Distrust. (Der. Gambetta, D.,) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations içinde (s.158-175) New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Gambetta, D. (1993). The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R. ve Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISSP Research Group (2003): International Social Survey Programme: Social Relations and Support Systems / Social Networks II - ISSP 2001. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA3680 Data file Version 1.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.3680 Knack, S. ve Keefer, P. (1997). “Does Social Capital Have an Economic Pay-off? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (4), 1271-1274. Knack, S. (2003). Groups, Growth, and Trust: Cross-country Evidence for Olson and Putnam Hypotheses. Public Choice 117 (3-4), 341-355. Lin, Nan. (2007). Building a Network Theory of Social Capital. (Der. Lin, N. Cook, K. ve Burt, R. S.,) Social Capital içinde (3-31) New Jersey: Transaction Publications. Long, S. J. ve Freese, J. (2006). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. Texas: Stata Press Publication. Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and Power. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Luhmann, N. (1988). Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives. (Der. D. Gambetta), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations içinde (s. 94-109) New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2167). URL: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/989601468766526606/pdf/multi-page.pdf Norris, P. (1999). Critical Citizens. New York: Oxford University Press. Paxton, P. (2007). Association Memberships and Generalized Trust: A Multi-level Model Across 31 Countries. Social Forces 86 (1), 47-76. Pichler, F. ve Wallace, C. (2007). Patterns of Formal and Informal Social Capital in Europe. European Sociological Review, 23 (4), 423-435. Putnam, R. Nanetti, R. ve Leonardi, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. Putnam, R. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2), 137-174. Scott, J. (1991), Social Network Analysis. London: Sage Publications. Seligman, A. (1997). The Problem of Trust. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Simmel, G. (1955). The Web of Group Affiliations. R. Bendix (Çev.) Illinois: The Free Press. (İlk baskı. 1922). Stolle, D. ve Rochon, T. R. (1988). Are All Associations Alike? Member Diversity, Associational Type, and the Creation of Social Capital. The American Behavioral Scientist 42 (1), 47-65. Stolle, D. (2001). Getting to trust’: an analysis of the importance of institutions, families, personal experiences and group membership. (Der. Dekker, P. ve Uslaner, E.), Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life içinde (s.118-134). London and New York: Routledge. Van der Gaag, M. ve Snijders, T. (2005) The Resource Generator: Social Capital Quantification with Concrete Items. Social Networks 27 (1), 1-29. Uslaner, E. (2002). Moral Foundations of Trust. New York: Cambridge University Press. Woolcock, M. ve Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research and Policy. World Bank Research Observer 15 (2), 225-249.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cerem I. Cenker-özek

Publication Date May 5, 2017
Submission Date February 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA I. Cenker-özek, C. (2017). How do Our Relations in Everyday Life Influence Our Trust in Strangers? Theory and Evidence From Twenty-Seven Democracies. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 66-83.

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Akdeniz University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences (AKSOS)