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Uluslararası Hukukta Davet ile Müdahale Konsepti Çerçevesinde Bir Örnek Olay İncelemesi: Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesi

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 179 - 190, 05.05.2017

Abstract

Bu çalışma,
Rusya’nın Suriye’deki askeri varlığını uluslararası hukuktaki davet ile
müdahale konsepti çervesinde ele almaktadır. Anarşik uluslararası ilişkiler
sisteminin en tartışmalı konularından kuvvet kullanımı, iç savaş nedeni ile zor
günler geçiren Suriye’de tartışmaya neden olmuştur. Beşar Esad yönetiminin BM
Antlaşması Md. 2/4’e getirilen bir istisna olan müşterek meşru müdafaa konsepti
dahilindeki daveti üzerine Rusya Eylül 2015’ten bu yana Suriye’de askeri
varlığını sürdürmekte ve Esad rejimine karadan ve havadan destek
sağlamaktadır.  Her ne kadar Esad
yönetimi tarafından davet edilse de, bazıları Rusya’nın Suriye’deki varlığının
müşterek meşru müdaafa kapsamında değerlendirilemeyeceğini, dolaysıyla
Suriye’deki Rus askeri varlığının uluslararası hukuku ihlal ettiğini iddia
etmiştir. Bu iddianın doğruluğunu uluslararası hukuk açısından analiz eden
çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm uluslararası hukuktaki davet
ile müdahale konseptini açıklamakta olup hangi hallerde geçerli bir davet
olacağını ele almaktadır. İkinci bölüm ise, kısaca Suriye iç savaşına ve Rusya
müdahalesine değindikten sonra, müdahalenin uluslararası hukuka uygunluğunu
analiz edecektir. Jus ad bellum ve jus in bello’nun uluslararası hukukun
birbirini ilgilendiren ancak birbirinden bağımsız iki farklı yasal rejim olduğu
gerçeğinden hareket eden çalışma, Rusya’nın savaş suçu işlediği kabul edilse
dahi, bu müdahalenin kuvvet kullanma yasağını da ihlal ettiği anlamına
gelmeyeceğeni önermektedir.

References

  • Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, 1945. Bjola, Corneliu (2008), “Legitimacy and the Use of Force: Bridging the Analytical - Normative Divide”, Review of International Studies, 34, 627-644. Byrne, Max (2016). “Consent and the Use of Force: An Examination of ‘Intervention by Invitation’ as a Basis for US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen”, Journal on the Use Of Force And International Law, 3(1), 97-125. Caner, Cantürk (2012), “Suriye’de Baas Partisi: İdeolojisi, Örgüt ve İktidar”, (Ed.) Barış Adıbelli, Emperyalizmin Oyununda İkinci Perde: Arap Baharı ve Suriye, IQ Kültür, İstanbul, 15-46. Daily News (2015), “Syrian Government Invites Russia to Send in Ground Troops to Protect Assad Regime from ISIS”, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/russia-launches-attacks-syria-day-article-1.2382933, Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2016. Doswald-Beck, Louise (1985). “The Legal Validity of Military Intervention by Invitation of the Government”, British Yearbook of International Law, 56, 189-252. Fox, Gregory (1992), “The Right to Political Participation in International Law”, Yale Journal of International Law, 17(2), 539-607. Georgia Report (2009), “Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia”, http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf4/IIFFMCG_Volume_II1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:11.10.2016. Hall, Edward (1880). International Law, Oxford University Press, New York. Hargrove, John Lawrence (1991). “Intervention by Invitation and the Politics of the New World Order” (Ed.) Lori Fisler Damrosch ve David Scheffer, Law And Force In The New Internatıonal Order, 113-126, Westview Press Boulder. Hayman, P.A. ve Williams, John (2006), “Westphalian Sovereignty: Rights, Intervention, Meaning and Context”, Global Society, 20(2), 521-542. Heselhaus, Sebastien (2009), “International Law and the Use of Force”, (Ed.) Aaron Schwabach ve Arthur John Cockfield, The Role of International Law and Institutions, EOLSS Publishers, Paris. Hurd, Ian (2011), “Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World”, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3), 293-113. International Law Commission (2001), “Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”, http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:09.09.2016. Jamnejad, Maziar ve Wood, Michael (2009), “Current Legal Developments: The Principle of Non-Intervention”, Leiden Journal of International Law, 22(2), 345-381. Kuras, Fatih (2012), “Suriye’de Baas Hareketi”, (Ed.) Ümit Özdağ, Küçük Orta Doğu Suriye, Kripto, Ankara, 39-60. Le Mon, Christopher (2003), “Unilateral Intervention by Invitation in Civil Wars: The Effective Control Test Tested”, International Law and Politics, 35, 741-793. Milojević, Mimor (2001), “Prohibition of Use of Force and Threats in International Relations”, Law and Politics, 1(5), 581-604. Nolte, George (2012), “Intervention by Invitation”, (Ed.) Rüdiger Wolfrum, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, online edition. Özel, Merve Suna (2012), “Rusya’nın Sıcak Denizlerdeki Son Kalesi: Suriye”, (Ed.) Ümit Özdağ, Küçük Orta Doğu Suriye, Kripto, Ankara, 123-150. Solak, Hacer (2016). “Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesinin Uluslararası Hukukta ‘Kuvvet Kullanımı’ ve ‘Müşterek Meşru Müdafaa’ Prensipleri Açısından Analizi”, V. Türkiye Lisansüstü Çalışmaları Kongresi, Isparta. Şahin, Okan (2016), “Suriyeli Mültecilerin Dağılımı ve Son Rakamlar” Stratejik Ortak, Nisan 20, 2016, http://www.stratejikortak.com/2016/04/suriyeli-multecilerin-sayisi.html, Erişim Tarihi:08.10.2016. Taşdemir, Fatma (2006). Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi, Usak Yayınları, Ankara. Taşdemir, Fatma (2009), Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışma Hukuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara. The American Presidency Project (1986), “Ronald Reagan: Radio Address to the Nation on Terrorism”, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37376, Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2016. The Guardian (2016), “Report on Syria Conflict Finds 11.5% of Population Killed or Injured”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/11/report-on-syria-conflict-finds-115-of-population-killed-or-injured, Erişim Tarihi: 08.10.2016. Thomas, Aaron Joshua ve Thomas, Ann Van Wynen (1956), Non-intervention: The Law and Its Import in the Americas, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. Värk, René (2003), “The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force”, Baltic Defence Review, 10(2), 27-44. Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, 1969. Yazıcı, Nevin (2012), “Suriye Siyasi Tarihi”, (Ed.) Ümit Özdağ, Küçük Orta Doğu Suriye, Kripto, Ankara, 13-38.

A Case Study Under The Intervention by Invitation Concept in International Law: The Russian Intervention in Syria

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 179 - 190, 05.05.2017

Abstract

This study deals
with the military presence of Russia in Syria under the concept of intervention
by invitation in international law. The use of force, one of the most
controversial issues in the anarchic international relations system, has caused
controversy in Syria having a difficult time because of the civil war. Based
upon the invitation by the al-Assad administration, Russia has maintained its
military presence in Syria since September 2015, and provided land and air
support to the regime. Although invited by the Assad administration, some have
argued that Russia’s presence in Syria cannot be regarded as a collective
self-defense intervention, and that the Russian intervention has, in fact,
violated international law. The study analyzing the validity of this claim
consists of two parts. While the first part explains the concept of
intervention by invitation and discusses where it will be a valid invitation, the
second part analyzes the compliance of the Russian intervention with
international law. Moving forward from the fact that jus ad bellum and jus in
bello
are two different legal regimes of international law, the study
suggests that even if Russia is considered to be a war criminal, it does not necessarily
mean that the intervention violates the law on the use of force.

References

  • Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, 1945. Bjola, Corneliu (2008), “Legitimacy and the Use of Force: Bridging the Analytical - Normative Divide”, Review of International Studies, 34, 627-644. Byrne, Max (2016). “Consent and the Use of Force: An Examination of ‘Intervention by Invitation’ as a Basis for US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen”, Journal on the Use Of Force And International Law, 3(1), 97-125. Caner, Cantürk (2012), “Suriye’de Baas Partisi: İdeolojisi, Örgüt ve İktidar”, (Ed.) Barış Adıbelli, Emperyalizmin Oyununda İkinci Perde: Arap Baharı ve Suriye, IQ Kültür, İstanbul, 15-46. Daily News (2015), “Syrian Government Invites Russia to Send in Ground Troops to Protect Assad Regime from ISIS”, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/russia-launches-attacks-syria-day-article-1.2382933, Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2016. Doswald-Beck, Louise (1985). “The Legal Validity of Military Intervention by Invitation of the Government”, British Yearbook of International Law, 56, 189-252. Fox, Gregory (1992), “The Right to Political Participation in International Law”, Yale Journal of International Law, 17(2), 539-607. Georgia Report (2009), “Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia”, http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf4/IIFFMCG_Volume_II1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:11.10.2016. Hall, Edward (1880). International Law, Oxford University Press, New York. Hargrove, John Lawrence (1991). “Intervention by Invitation and the Politics of the New World Order” (Ed.) Lori Fisler Damrosch ve David Scheffer, Law And Force In The New Internatıonal Order, 113-126, Westview Press Boulder. Hayman, P.A. ve Williams, John (2006), “Westphalian Sovereignty: Rights, Intervention, Meaning and Context”, Global Society, 20(2), 521-542. Heselhaus, Sebastien (2009), “International Law and the Use of Force”, (Ed.) Aaron Schwabach ve Arthur John Cockfield, The Role of International Law and Institutions, EOLSS Publishers, Paris. Hurd, Ian (2011), “Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World”, Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3), 293-113. International Law Commission (2001), “Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”, http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:09.09.2016. Jamnejad, Maziar ve Wood, Michael (2009), “Current Legal Developments: The Principle of Non-Intervention”, Leiden Journal of International Law, 22(2), 345-381. Kuras, Fatih (2012), “Suriye’de Baas Hareketi”, (Ed.) Ümit Özdağ, Küçük Orta Doğu Suriye, Kripto, Ankara, 39-60. Le Mon, Christopher (2003), “Unilateral Intervention by Invitation in Civil Wars: The Effective Control Test Tested”, International Law and Politics, 35, 741-793. Milojević, Mimor (2001), “Prohibition of Use of Force and Threats in International Relations”, Law and Politics, 1(5), 581-604. Nolte, George (2012), “Intervention by Invitation”, (Ed.) Rüdiger Wolfrum, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, online edition. Özel, Merve Suna (2012), “Rusya’nın Sıcak Denizlerdeki Son Kalesi: Suriye”, (Ed.) Ümit Özdağ, Küçük Orta Doğu Suriye, Kripto, Ankara, 123-150. Solak, Hacer (2016). “Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesinin Uluslararası Hukukta ‘Kuvvet Kullanımı’ ve ‘Müşterek Meşru Müdafaa’ Prensipleri Açısından Analizi”, V. Türkiye Lisansüstü Çalışmaları Kongresi, Isparta. Şahin, Okan (2016), “Suriyeli Mültecilerin Dağılımı ve Son Rakamlar” Stratejik Ortak, Nisan 20, 2016, http://www.stratejikortak.com/2016/04/suriyeli-multecilerin-sayisi.html, Erişim Tarihi:08.10.2016. Taşdemir, Fatma (2006). Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi, Usak Yayınları, Ankara. Taşdemir, Fatma (2009), Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışma Hukuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara. The American Presidency Project (1986), “Ronald Reagan: Radio Address to the Nation on Terrorism”, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37376, Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2016. The Guardian (2016), “Report on Syria Conflict Finds 11.5% of Population Killed or Injured”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/11/report-on-syria-conflict-finds-115-of-population-killed-or-injured, Erişim Tarihi: 08.10.2016. Thomas, Aaron Joshua ve Thomas, Ann Van Wynen (1956), Non-intervention: The Law and Its Import in the Americas, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. Värk, René (2003), “The Use of Force in the Modern World: Recent Developments and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force”, Baltic Defence Review, 10(2), 27-44. Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, 1969. Yazıcı, Nevin (2012), “Suriye Siyasi Tarihi”, (Ed.) Ümit Özdağ, Küçük Orta Doğu Suriye, Kripto, Ankara, 13-38.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şahin Eray Kırdım

Publication Date May 5, 2017
Submission Date March 13, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kırdım, Ş. E. (2017). Uluslararası Hukukta Davet ile Müdahale Konsepti Çerçevesinde Bir Örnek Olay İncelemesi: Rusya’nın Suriye Müdahalesi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 179-190.

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Akdeniz University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences (AKSOS)