İnvaziv Olmayan Prenatal Teste Etik Bakış
Year 2022,
Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 60 - 69, 31.03.2022
Kadriye Esen
,
Emine Gerçek Öter
,
Hale Uyar Hazar
Abstract
İnvaziv olmayan prenatal test, tarama testi olarak çok yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllüğe sahip olmakla birlikte az da olsa yanlış pozitif ve yanlış negatif sonuçlar bildirilmektedir. Bu test gebeliğin erken haftalarında yapılmasından dolayı invaziv test girişim ihtiyacını azaltmakta, yaygınlığı ve kapsamı giderek artmaktadır. Ancak bu testin tıbbi sebepler dışında da yapılabiliyor olması önemli etik sorunlara ve tartışmaya sebep olmaktadır. Gebelere sunulan invaziv olmayan prenatal testin optimum olabilmesi için danışmanlık ve bilgilendirilmiş onam oldukça önemlidir. Zarar vermekten kaçınma, eşitlik, kapsayıcılık, gebe ve eşinin, özerk ve baskı altında kalmadan seçim yapması gibi etik konuların irdelenmesi gerekmektedir.
Supporting Institution
Yok
References
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- Katlan DC, Söylemez F. Prenatal Taramada Serbest Fetal DNA. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2017;2(3):165-73.
- Walsh JME, Goldberg JD. Fetal aneuploidy detection by maternal plasma DNA sequencing: a technology assessment. Prenat Diagn. 2013;33(6):514-20.
- Willems PJ, Dierickx H, Vandenakker ES, Bekedam D, Segers N, Deboulle K et al.. The first 3,000 non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT) with the harmony test in Belgium and the Netherlands. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2014;6(1):7-12.
- Gil MM, Accurti V, Santacruz B, Plana MN, Nicolaides KH. Analysis of cell-free DNA in maternal blood in screening for aneuploidies: Updated meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:302–14.
- Gadsbøll K, Petersen OB, Gatinois V, Strange H, Jacobsson B, Wapner R et al.. Current use of noninvasive prenatal testing in Europe, Australia and the USA: A graphical presentation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99:722-30.
- TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Sağlık Teknolojisi Değerlendirme Dairesi Başkanlığı. Ankara, 2020. Gebelikte Fetal Kromozomal Anomali Taraması Amacıyla Uygulanan Testlerin Etkililik Analizi. Erişim adresi: https://argestd.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/36631/0/gebeliktarama20200225pdf.pdf .Erişim tarihi: 9 Mart 2021.
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- Aypar Akbağ NN, Aluş Tokat M, Çiçek Ö. Non-İnvaziv prenatal testlerde güncel yaklaşımlar: Hemşirelik, danışmanlık ve etik. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2020;17(1):301-4.
- Miltoft CB, Rode L, Bundgaard JR, Johansen P, Tabor A. Cell-Free Fetal DNA in the Early and Late First Trimester. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2020;47(3):228-236.
- Bianchi DW, Platt LD, Goldberg JD, Abuhamad AZ, Sehnert AJ, Rava RP. Genome-wide fetal aneuploidy detection by maternal plasma DNA sequencing. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(5):890-901.
- Gil MM, Akolekar R, Quezada MS, Bregant B, Nicolaides KH. Analysis of cell-free DNA in maternal blood in screening for aneuploidies: meta-analysis. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;35:156-173.
- Stokowski R, Wang E, White K, Batey A, Jacobsson B, Brar H et al.. Clinical performance of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using targeted cell‐free DNA analysis in maternal plasma with microarrays or next generation sequencing (NGS) is consistent across multiple controlled clinical studies. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35:1243-6.
- Atar S, Yalım NY. Kişisel Nedenler ile Yapılan İnvaziv Olmayan Prenatal Test ve Etik Değerlendirme. Türkiye Biyoetik Dergisi. 2019;6(1):26-33.
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- Bozat R. Gen Analizlerinde Kişilik Haklarının Korunması (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2017.
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- Sachs A, Blanchard L, Buchanan A, Norwitz E, Bianchi DW. Recommended pre‐test counseling points for noninvasive prenatal testing using cell‐free DNA: a 2015 perspective. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35:968-971.
- Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales. 2010. Available from:https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/terminationpregnancyreport18may2010.pdf .Accessed: 30 November 2020.
- Piechan JL, Hines KA, Koller DL, Stone K, Quaid K, Torres-Martinez W et al.. NIPT and informed consent: an assessment of patient understanding of a negative NIPT result. J Genet Couns. 2016;25:1127-1137.
- Zaami S, Orrico A, Signore F, Cavaliere AF, Mazzi M, Marinelli E. Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) Associated with Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing: Reflections on the Evolution of Prenatal Diagnosis and Procreative Choices. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(2):204. doi: 10.3390/genes12020204.
- van Schendel RV, Dondorp WJ, Timmermans DRM, van Hugte EJH, de Boer A, Pajkrt E et al.. NIPT‐based screening for Down syndrome and beyond: what do pregnant women think?. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(6):598-604. doi: 10.1002/pd.4579.
- Tamminga S, van Schendel RV, Rommers W, Bilardo CM, Pajkrt E, Dondorp WJ et al.. Changing to NIPT as a first‐tier screening test and future perspectives: opinions of health professionals. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(13):1316-23. doi: 10.1002/pd.4697.
- World Health Organization (WHO) Human Genetics Programme. Review of Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics, 2003 (document WHO/HGN/ETH/00.4). Available from: https://www.who.int/genomics/publications/en/ethical_issuesin_medgenetics%20report.pdf .Accessed: 4 April 2021.
- Devers PL, Cronister A, Ormond KE, Facio F, Brasington CK, Flodman P. Noninvasive prenatal testing/noninvasive prenatal diagnosis: the position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns. 2013;22(3):291-5.
- Türkiye Engelsiz Bilişim Platformu. Erişim adresi: https://www.engelsizbilisim.org/bm-engelli-haklari-sozlesmesi/ .Erişim tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Korkut S, Özel Ş, Şen Özyer Ş, Tayman C, Çakar EŞ, Engin Üstün Y. Down Sendromunda İzlem, Prenatal İzleminde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. Jinekoloji Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2018;15(2):90-93.
- Bunnik EM, Kater-Kuipers A, Galjaard RJH, de Beaufort I. Why NIPT should be publicly funded. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(11):783-4.
- Özgönül ML, Sezik M, Alparslan D, Alimoğlu MK. Bilgilendirmenin Non-İnvaziv Prenatal Test Hakkındaki Görüş ve Kaygılara Etkisinin Belirlenmesi. Türkiye Biyoetik Dergisi. 2020;7(2):34-46.
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. Doğum öncesi tarama testi, Nisan 2017. Available from: https://www.rivm.nl/sites/default/files/2018-11/LR_101908_009552_GH_Down_TR_V3.pdf .Accessed: 9 March 2021.
- Özgönül ML, Kırca N, Bademli K. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Etik Sorunlara Yaklaşım Durumlarının Belirlenmesi. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2020;19(59):18-28.
Ethical Overview of the Non-Invasive Prenatal Test
Year 2022,
Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 60 - 69, 31.03.2022
Kadriye Esen
,
Emine Gerçek Öter
,
Hale Uyar Hazar
Abstract
Although the non-invasive prenatal test has very high sensitivity and specificity as a screening test, few false positive and false negative results have been reported. Since it is performed in the early weeks of pregnancy, this test reduces the need for invasive testing, and its prevalence and scope are gradually increasing. However, the fact that this test can be performed outside of medical reasons causes important ethical problems and controversy. Consultancy and informed consent are very important for the optimum non-invasive prenatal test offered to pregnant women. Ethical issues such as avoidingharm, equality, inclusiveness, autonomyand freechoice of the pregnant woman and her partner should be addressed.
References
- Şirin FB. Prenatal Tarama Testleri ve Hücreden Bağımsız Fetal DNA. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2020;27(2):254-260.
- Katlan DC, Söylemez F. Prenatal Taramada Serbest Fetal DNA. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2017;2(3):165-73.
- Walsh JME, Goldberg JD. Fetal aneuploidy detection by maternal plasma DNA sequencing: a technology assessment. Prenat Diagn. 2013;33(6):514-20.
- Willems PJ, Dierickx H, Vandenakker ES, Bekedam D, Segers N, Deboulle K et al.. The first 3,000 non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT) with the harmony test in Belgium and the Netherlands. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2014;6(1):7-12.
- Gil MM, Accurti V, Santacruz B, Plana MN, Nicolaides KH. Analysis of cell-free DNA in maternal blood in screening for aneuploidies: Updated meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:302–14.
- Gadsbøll K, Petersen OB, Gatinois V, Strange H, Jacobsson B, Wapner R et al.. Current use of noninvasive prenatal testing in Europe, Australia and the USA: A graphical presentation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99:722-30.
- TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Sağlık Teknolojisi Değerlendirme Dairesi Başkanlığı. Ankara, 2020. Gebelikte Fetal Kromozomal Anomali Taraması Amacıyla Uygulanan Testlerin Etkililik Analizi. Erişim adresi: https://argestd.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/36631/0/gebeliktarama20200225pdf.pdf .Erişim tarihi: 9 Mart 2021.
- Karkucak M. Kromozom anomalileri ve fertilite problemleri. Androloji Bülteni. 2016;18(64):33–9.
- Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2017). Non-invasive prenatal testing: ethical issues. Available from: https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/publications/non-invasive-prenatal-testing .Accessed: 30 November 2020.
- Scott FP, Menezes M, Palma-Dias R, Nisbet D, Schluter P, da Silva Costa F et al.. Factors affecting cell-free DNA fetal fraction and the consequences for test accuracy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(14):1865-72.
- Aypar Akbağ NN, Aluş Tokat M, Çiçek Ö. Non-İnvaziv prenatal testlerde güncel yaklaşımlar: Hemşirelik, danışmanlık ve etik. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2020;17(1):301-4.
- Miltoft CB, Rode L, Bundgaard JR, Johansen P, Tabor A. Cell-Free Fetal DNA in the Early and Late First Trimester. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2020;47(3):228-236.
- Bianchi DW, Platt LD, Goldberg JD, Abuhamad AZ, Sehnert AJ, Rava RP. Genome-wide fetal aneuploidy detection by maternal plasma DNA sequencing. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(5):890-901.
- Gil MM, Akolekar R, Quezada MS, Bregant B, Nicolaides KH. Analysis of cell-free DNA in maternal blood in screening for aneuploidies: meta-analysis. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;35:156-173.
- Stokowski R, Wang E, White K, Batey A, Jacobsson B, Brar H et al.. Clinical performance of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using targeted cell‐free DNA analysis in maternal plasma with microarrays or next generation sequencing (NGS) is consistent across multiple controlled clinical studies. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35:1243-6.
- Atar S, Yalım NY. Kişisel Nedenler ile Yapılan İnvaziv Olmayan Prenatal Test ve Etik Değerlendirme. Türkiye Biyoetik Dergisi. 2019;6(1):26-33.
- Chetty S, Garabedian MJ, Norton ME. Uptake of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in women following positive aneuploidy screening. Prenat Diagn. 2013;33:542-6.
- Bozat R. Gen Analizlerinde Kişilik Haklarının Korunması (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2017.
- Smith M, Lewis KM, Holmes A, Visootsak J. A case of false negative NIPT for Down syndrome-lessons learned. Case reports in genetics. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Case Rep Genet. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/823504 Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crig/2014/823504/ .Accessed: 10 May 2021.
- Sachs A, Blanchard L, Buchanan A, Norwitz E, Bianchi DW. Recommended pre‐test counseling points for noninvasive prenatal testing using cell‐free DNA: a 2015 perspective. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35:968-971.
- Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales. 2010. Available from:https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/terminationpregnancyreport18may2010.pdf .Accessed: 30 November 2020.
- Piechan JL, Hines KA, Koller DL, Stone K, Quaid K, Torres-Martinez W et al.. NIPT and informed consent: an assessment of patient understanding of a negative NIPT result. J Genet Couns. 2016;25:1127-1137.
- Zaami S, Orrico A, Signore F, Cavaliere AF, Mazzi M, Marinelli E. Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) Associated with Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing: Reflections on the Evolution of Prenatal Diagnosis and Procreative Choices. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(2):204. doi: 10.3390/genes12020204.
- van Schendel RV, Dondorp WJ, Timmermans DRM, van Hugte EJH, de Boer A, Pajkrt E et al.. NIPT‐based screening for Down syndrome and beyond: what do pregnant women think?. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(6):598-604. doi: 10.1002/pd.4579.
- Tamminga S, van Schendel RV, Rommers W, Bilardo CM, Pajkrt E, Dondorp WJ et al.. Changing to NIPT as a first‐tier screening test and future perspectives: opinions of health professionals. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(13):1316-23. doi: 10.1002/pd.4697.
- World Health Organization (WHO) Human Genetics Programme. Review of Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics, 2003 (document WHO/HGN/ETH/00.4). Available from: https://www.who.int/genomics/publications/en/ethical_issuesin_medgenetics%20report.pdf .Accessed: 4 April 2021.
- Devers PL, Cronister A, Ormond KE, Facio F, Brasington CK, Flodman P. Noninvasive prenatal testing/noninvasive prenatal diagnosis: the position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns. 2013;22(3):291-5.
- Türkiye Engelsiz Bilişim Platformu. Erişim adresi: https://www.engelsizbilisim.org/bm-engelli-haklari-sozlesmesi/ .Erişim tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Korkut S, Özel Ş, Şen Özyer Ş, Tayman C, Çakar EŞ, Engin Üstün Y. Down Sendromunda İzlem, Prenatal İzleminde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. Jinekoloji Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi. 2018;15(2):90-93.
- Bunnik EM, Kater-Kuipers A, Galjaard RJH, de Beaufort I. Why NIPT should be publicly funded. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(11):783-4.
- Özgönül ML, Sezik M, Alparslan D, Alimoğlu MK. Bilgilendirmenin Non-İnvaziv Prenatal Test Hakkındaki Görüş ve Kaygılara Etkisinin Belirlenmesi. Türkiye Biyoetik Dergisi. 2020;7(2):34-46.
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. Doğum öncesi tarama testi, Nisan 2017. Available from: https://www.rivm.nl/sites/default/files/2018-11/LR_101908_009552_GH_Down_TR_V3.pdf .Accessed: 9 March 2021.
- Özgönül ML, Kırca N, Bademli K. Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Etik Sorunlara Yaklaşım Durumlarının Belirlenmesi. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2020;19(59):18-28.