GÜNLÜK YAŞAM ALANLARINDAKİ YÜKSEK FREKANSLI ELEKTROMANYETİK ALANLARIN İNCELENMESİ VE MARUZİYET ANALİZİ
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 24 - 34, 30.06.2024
Eda Yavuz Dirik
,
Kayhan Ateş
,
Niyazi İl
,
Şükrü Özen
Öz
Günümüzde giderek artan elektronik cihazların kullanımına paralel olarak, elektromanyetik alanlara (EMA) ve bunların potansiyel etkilerine dair yapılan çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada elektromanyetik çevre, günlük yaşam alanları için yüksek frekans bölgesine göre incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, ev ve ofislerde kullanılan elektrikli cihazların farklı mesafelerde biyolojik dokularda indüklediği özgül soğurma oranları (ÖSO) belirlenmiş ve yüksek frekanslı alanlar için ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elektromanyetik benzetimler, sonlu integrasyon tekniği (SİT) temelli çalışan CST Studio Suite programıyla yapılmıştır. Maruziyet analizi ise gerçekçi elektriksel özelliklerle anatomik voksel ailesi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Hesaplamalar sonucunda en yüksek ÖSO değeri çocuk (7 yaş, kadın) modelindeki göz ampülü ve göz lensinde 0,198 W/kg olarak elde edilmiştir. Ölçüm sonuçlarına göre en yüksek elektrik alan değeri, 13,55 V/m ile mikrodalga fırında ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, uluslararası standartlar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir ve söz konusu alanlardan korunmak için olası önlemler sunulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- [1] K. Ates, S. Ozen, and H.F. Carlak, Finite Element Method Based Simulations of the Magnetic Fields Around the Overhead Transmission Line and Its Dosimetric Analysis, 2019 11th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO). 642-645, 2019.
- [2] Ş. Özen, E. Uskun and O. Çerezci, Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Cep Telefonu Kullanımı ve Elektromanyetik Kirlilik Üzerine Bir Çalışma, Sakarya University Journal of Science. 6 (2), 153-159, 2002.
- [3] E. Katirci, E. Kirimlioglu, A.O. Oflamaz, E. Hidisoglu, A. Cernomorcenco, P. Yargıcoğlu, S. Ozen and N. Demir, Expression Levels of TAM Receptors and Ligands in the Testes of Rats Exposed to Short and Middle-Term 2100 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 45 (5), 235–248, 2024.
- [4] B.M. Girela-Serrano, A.D.V. Spiers, L. Rutong, S. Gangadia, M. B. Toledano and M. Di Simplicio, Impact of Mobile Phones and Wireless Devices Use on Children And Adolescents’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1621-1651, 2024.
- [5] ICNIRP, Guidelines For Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz To 100 kHz), Health Phys. 99 (6), 818-836, 2010.
- [6] IEEE C95.1-2019 Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz, 2019.
- [7] M. Gunes, K. Ates, B. Yalcin, S. Akkurt, S. Ozen and B. Kaya, An Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation at 90 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz Frequencies with a SMART Assay in Drosophila melanogaster, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 40 (2), 254-263, 2021.
- [8] Ş. Özen, T. Aydoğmuş, H.F. Carlak and K. Ateş, Endüstriyel Mikrodalga Kaynaklara Maruz Kalan Çalışanlar İçin Elektromanyetik Risk Analizi, Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi. 7 (3), 467-472, 2019.
- [9] L. N. Özdinc Polat, Ş. Özen, K. Ateş and H. İ. Keskin, Investigation of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in the Body with Metallic Orthopedic Implant. 2019 Medical Technologies Congress (TIPTEKNO’19). 434-437, 2019.
- [10] M. Abdul-Al, A. S.I. Amar, I. Elfergani, R. Littlehales, N.O. Parchin, Y. Al-Yasir, C.H. See, D. Zhou, Z.Z. Abidin, M. Alibakhshikenari vd. Wireless Electromagnetic Radiation Assessment Based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): A Review Case Study, Electronics. 11, 511, 2022.
- [11] A. R. O. Mumin, R. Alias, J. Abdullah, S. H. Dahlan and J. Ali, Assessment of Electromagnetic Absorption towards Human Head Using Specific Absorption Rate, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics. 7 (4), 657-664, 2018.
- [12] K. Ates and H. F. Carlak, Dosimetry Analysis of the Human Head Model due to Mobile Phone Usage at GSM-850 Frequency Band, 2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), Antalya, Türkiye, 2017.
- [13] K. Ateş, C. Yeter ve Ş. Özen, WLAN Uygulamaları için 4×4 MIMO Antenin Elektromanyetik Dozimetri Karakteristiğinin İncelenmesi, TIPTEKNO’20, Çevrimiçi, 19-20 Kasım 2020.
- [14] S. Helhel, S. Ozen, I.B. Basyigit, O. Kurnaz, Y.E. Yoruk, M. Bitirgan and Z. Colak, Radiated Susceptibility of Medical Equipment in Health Care Units: 2G and 3G Mobile Phones as an Interferer, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 53 (11), 2657-2661, 2011.
- [15] K. Ates, H.F. Carlak and S. Ozen, Magnetic Field Exposures due to Underground Power Cables: a Simulation Study, 2nd World Congress on Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems and Science (EECSS'16). 2016.
- [16] K. Ates, H.F. Carlak and S. Ozen, Dosimetry Analysis of the Magnetic Field of Underground Power Cables and Magnetic Field Mitigation Using an Electromagnetic Shielding Technique, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 28 (3), 1672-1682, 2022.
- [17] M. Bedeloğlu, N. İl, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen, Measurement and Analysis of Electric and Magnetic Field Strength in Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power System Components, Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 194 (1), 57-64, 2021.
- [18] M. Erol, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen, Elektrikli Araçlarda Kablosuz Güç Transferi Sistemi Tasarımı ve Elektromanyetik Alan Maruziyetinin Değerlendirilmesi, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (1), 605-618, 2023.
- [19] E. Yavuz Dirik, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen Tipik Türk Evi ve İş Yerlerinde Düşük Frekanslı Elektromanyetik Alan Kaynakları İçin Elektromanyetik Risk Analizi, Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi. 1 (1), 1-14, 2023.
- [20] CST Studio Suite, https://www.cst.com/, 2019 [accessed 12 May 2024].
- [21] Ç. Gökçek-Saraç, G. Akçay, S. Karakurt, K. Ateş and Ş.Özen, Possible Effects of Different Doses of 2.1 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation on Learning, and Hippocampal Levels of Cholinergic Biomarkers in Wistar Rats, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 40 (1), 179-190, 2021.
- [22] N. İl, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen, Electromagnetic Field Exposure to Human Head Model with Various Metal Objects at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 42 (3), 114-122, 2023.
- [23] D. Andreuccetti, R. Fossi and C. Petrucci, An internet resource for the calculation of the dielectric properties of body tissues in the frequency range 10 Hz-100 GHz, http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop, 1996 [accessed 12 May 2024].
- [24] A. Vander Vorst, A. Rosen and Y. Kotsuka. RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
- [25] D. Bhargava, P. Rattanadecho and T. Wessapan, The Effect of Metal Objects on the SAR and Temperature Increase in the Human Head Exposed to Dipole Antenna (Numerical Analysis), Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 22, 100789, 2020.
- [26] T. Wessapan and P. Rattanadecho, Temperature Induced in Human Organs due to Near-Field and Far-Field Electromagnetic Exposure Effects, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 119, 65-76, 2018.
- [27] E. Yavuz Dirik, İş Yerleri ve Yaşam Alanlarında Bulunan Cihazların Elektromanyetik Alan Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi ve Elektromanyetik Risk Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 2022.
INVESTIGATIOIN OF HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN DAILY LIVING AREAS AND EXPOSURE ANALYSIS
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 24 - 34, 30.06.2024
Eda Yavuz Dirik
,
Kayhan Ateş
,
Niyazi İl
,
Şükrü Özen
Öz
As the use of electronic devices increases nowadays, studies on electromagnetic fields (EMF) and their potential effects have gained momentum. In this study, the electromagnetic environment has been investigated concerning the high-frequency region for daily living areas. Accordingly, the specific absorption rates (SAR) induced in biological tissues by electrical devices used in homes and offices were determined at different distances, and measurements were carried out for high-frequency fields. Electromagnetic simulations were performed using the CST Studio Suite program, which operates based on the finite integration technique (FIT). Exposure analysis was conducted using an anatomical voxel family with realistic electrical properties. As a result of the calculations, the highest SAR value was obtained as 0.198 W/kg in the eye bulb and lens of the child model. According to the measurement results, the highest electric field value was measured as 13.55 V/m in the microwave oven. Results were evaluated in light of international standards, and possible precautions to protect against these fields were proposed.
Kaynakça
- [1] K. Ates, S. Ozen, and H.F. Carlak, Finite Element Method Based Simulations of the Magnetic Fields Around the Overhead Transmission Line and Its Dosimetric Analysis, 2019 11th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO). 642-645, 2019.
- [2] Ş. Özen, E. Uskun and O. Çerezci, Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Cep Telefonu Kullanımı ve Elektromanyetik Kirlilik Üzerine Bir Çalışma, Sakarya University Journal of Science. 6 (2), 153-159, 2002.
- [3] E. Katirci, E. Kirimlioglu, A.O. Oflamaz, E. Hidisoglu, A. Cernomorcenco, P. Yargıcoğlu, S. Ozen and N. Demir, Expression Levels of TAM Receptors and Ligands in the Testes of Rats Exposed to Short and Middle-Term 2100 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 45 (5), 235–248, 2024.
- [4] B.M. Girela-Serrano, A.D.V. Spiers, L. Rutong, S. Gangadia, M. B. Toledano and M. Di Simplicio, Impact of Mobile Phones and Wireless Devices Use on Children And Adolescents’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1621-1651, 2024.
- [5] ICNIRP, Guidelines For Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz To 100 kHz), Health Phys. 99 (6), 818-836, 2010.
- [6] IEEE C95.1-2019 Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz, 2019.
- [7] M. Gunes, K. Ates, B. Yalcin, S. Akkurt, S. Ozen and B. Kaya, An Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation at 90 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz Frequencies with a SMART Assay in Drosophila melanogaster, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 40 (2), 254-263, 2021.
- [8] Ş. Özen, T. Aydoğmuş, H.F. Carlak and K. Ateş, Endüstriyel Mikrodalga Kaynaklara Maruz Kalan Çalışanlar İçin Elektromanyetik Risk Analizi, Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi. 7 (3), 467-472, 2019.
- [9] L. N. Özdinc Polat, Ş. Özen, K. Ateş and H. İ. Keskin, Investigation of the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in the Body with Metallic Orthopedic Implant. 2019 Medical Technologies Congress (TIPTEKNO’19). 434-437, 2019.
- [10] M. Abdul-Al, A. S.I. Amar, I. Elfergani, R. Littlehales, N.O. Parchin, Y. Al-Yasir, C.H. See, D. Zhou, Z.Z. Abidin, M. Alibakhshikenari vd. Wireless Electromagnetic Radiation Assessment Based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): A Review Case Study, Electronics. 11, 511, 2022.
- [11] A. R. O. Mumin, R. Alias, J. Abdullah, S. H. Dahlan and J. Ali, Assessment of Electromagnetic Absorption towards Human Head Using Specific Absorption Rate, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics. 7 (4), 657-664, 2018.
- [12] K. Ates and H. F. Carlak, Dosimetry Analysis of the Human Head Model due to Mobile Phone Usage at GSM-850 Frequency Band, 2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), Antalya, Türkiye, 2017.
- [13] K. Ateş, C. Yeter ve Ş. Özen, WLAN Uygulamaları için 4×4 MIMO Antenin Elektromanyetik Dozimetri Karakteristiğinin İncelenmesi, TIPTEKNO’20, Çevrimiçi, 19-20 Kasım 2020.
- [14] S. Helhel, S. Ozen, I.B. Basyigit, O. Kurnaz, Y.E. Yoruk, M. Bitirgan and Z. Colak, Radiated Susceptibility of Medical Equipment in Health Care Units: 2G and 3G Mobile Phones as an Interferer, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 53 (11), 2657-2661, 2011.
- [15] K. Ates, H.F. Carlak and S. Ozen, Magnetic Field Exposures due to Underground Power Cables: a Simulation Study, 2nd World Congress on Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems and Science (EECSS'16). 2016.
- [16] K. Ates, H.F. Carlak and S. Ozen, Dosimetry Analysis of the Magnetic Field of Underground Power Cables and Magnetic Field Mitigation Using an Electromagnetic Shielding Technique, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 28 (3), 1672-1682, 2022.
- [17] M. Bedeloğlu, N. İl, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen, Measurement and Analysis of Electric and Magnetic Field Strength in Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power System Components, Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 194 (1), 57-64, 2021.
- [18] M. Erol, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen, Elektrikli Araçlarda Kablosuz Güç Transferi Sistemi Tasarımı ve Elektromanyetik Alan Maruziyetinin Değerlendirilmesi, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (1), 605-618, 2023.
- [19] E. Yavuz Dirik, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen Tipik Türk Evi ve İş Yerlerinde Düşük Frekanslı Elektromanyetik Alan Kaynakları İçin Elektromanyetik Risk Analizi, Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi. 1 (1), 1-14, 2023.
- [20] CST Studio Suite, https://www.cst.com/, 2019 [accessed 12 May 2024].
- [21] Ç. Gökçek-Saraç, G. Akçay, S. Karakurt, K. Ateş and Ş.Özen, Possible Effects of Different Doses of 2.1 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation on Learning, and Hippocampal Levels of Cholinergic Biomarkers in Wistar Rats, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 40 (1), 179-190, 2021.
- [22] N. İl, K. Ateş and Ş. Özen, Electromagnetic Field Exposure to Human Head Model with Various Metal Objects at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 42 (3), 114-122, 2023.
- [23] D. Andreuccetti, R. Fossi and C. Petrucci, An internet resource for the calculation of the dielectric properties of body tissues in the frequency range 10 Hz-100 GHz, http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop, 1996 [accessed 12 May 2024].
- [24] A. Vander Vorst, A. Rosen and Y. Kotsuka. RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
- [25] D. Bhargava, P. Rattanadecho and T. Wessapan, The Effect of Metal Objects on the SAR and Temperature Increase in the Human Head Exposed to Dipole Antenna (Numerical Analysis), Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 22, 100789, 2020.
- [26] T. Wessapan and P. Rattanadecho, Temperature Induced in Human Organs due to Near-Field and Far-Field Electromagnetic Exposure Effects, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 119, 65-76, 2018.
- [27] E. Yavuz Dirik, İş Yerleri ve Yaşam Alanlarında Bulunan Cihazların Elektromanyetik Alan Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi ve Elektromanyetik Risk Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 2022.