Kimliklerin Söylemsel İnşası: ABD’nin YPG ve HTŞ’ye Yaklaşımı

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ABD’nin Halk Savunma Birlikleri (YPG) ve Hay’at Tahrir el-Şam (HTŞ) örgütlerine yönelik söylemlerini post-yapısalcı bir perspektifle incelemektedir. Post-yapısalcı yaklaşımla Michel Foucault’nun “hakikat rejimleri,” Judith Butler’ın “performatif kimlik inşası” ve Jacques Derrida’nın “yapısöküm” teorileri temel alınarak, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’nin bu iki gruba ilişkin güvenlik söylemlerinin nasıl inşa edildiği ve uluslararası politikadaki stratejik çıkarlarına nasıl hizmet ettiği analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma, ABD’nin söylemlerinde YPG’nin “demokratik müttefik” ve HTŞ’nin ise “terörist tehdit” olarak çerçevelendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu seçici çerçeveleme, kimliklerin ve kavramların sabit değil, bağlama ve güç ilişkilerine bağlı olarak yeniden üretildiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, dilin uluslararası politikada güç ilişkilerini ve hegemonik düzeni pekiştiren bir araç olarak nasıl kullanıldığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Söylemsel İnşa
• Post-Yapısalcılık
• YPG
• HTŞ
• Hakikat Rejimleri
• ABD

The Discursive Construction of Identities: The U.S. Approach to YPG and HTS

Abstract

This study examines the United States’ discourse on the People’s Protection Units (YPG) and Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) from a post-structuralist perspective. Grounded in the theories of Michel Foucault’s “regimes of truth,” Judith Butler’s “performative identity construction,” and Jacques Derrida’s “deconstruction,” it examines how the United States (US) constructs its security narratives about these two groups and how these narratives serve its strategic interests in international politics. The research reveals that in US discourse, the YPG is framed as a “democratic ally,” while HTS is depicted as a “terrorist threat.” This selective framing demonstrates that identities and concepts are not fixed but are constantly reproduced in relation to context and power dynamics. The study aims to reveal how language operates as a tool for reinforcing power relations and the hegemonic order in international politics.

Keywords

• Discursive Construction
• Post-Structuralism
• YPG
• HTS
• Regimes of Truth
• USA

References

1. Yayımlanmış Eserler
2. Allen, R. (2002). Terrorism and truth. Alternative Law Journal, 27(4), 157-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X0202700401
3. Butler, J. (1999). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
4. Cremonesi, L. (2016). Philosophy, critique and the present: The question of autonomy in Michel Foucault’s thought. In L. Cremonesi, O. Irrera, D. Lorenzini & M. Tazzioli (Eds.), Foucault and the making of subjects (ss. 97-110). Rowman & Littlefield International.
5. Derrida, J. (1978). Structure, sign, and play in the discourse of the human sciences. In J. Appleby, E. Covington, D. Hoyt, M. Latham & A. Sneider (Eds.), Knowledge and postmodernism in historical perspective (ss. 437-454). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315022086
6. Foucault, M. (1979). Power, truth, strategy. Feral Publication.
7. Foucault, M. (2002). Archaeology of knowledge. Routledge.
8. Foucault, M. (2012). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage Books.

9. Güneş, B. (2024). Halkların kendi kaderini tayin hakkı ve Cezayir bağımsızlık savaşı (1954-1962). Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 16(31), 441-456. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507865
10. Halibozek, E., Jones, A., & Kovacich, G. L. (2007). The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism. Elsevier.
11. Hindess, B. (1982). Power, interests and the outcomes of struggles. Sociology, 16(4), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038582016004002
12. Hoffman, A. J. (2016). Reflections: Academia’s emerging crisis of relevance and the consequent role of the engaged scholar. Journal of Change Management, 16(2), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2015.1128168
13. Horne, A. (1978). A savage war of peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. Penguin Books.
14. Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (2001). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. Verso.
15. Laqueur, W. (1987). The age of terrorism. Little Brown & Company.
16. Laqueur, W. (2001). A history of terrorism. Routledge.
17. Law, R. D. (2009). Terrorism: A history. Polity Press.
18. Lilley, K. (2012). A policy of violence: The case of Algeria. E-International Relations.
19. Lüdemann, S. (2014). Politics of deconstruction: A new introduction to Jacques Derrida. Stanford University Press.
20. Rajan, T. (2002). Deconstruction and the remainders of phenomenology: Sartre, derrida, foucault, baudrillard. Stanford University Press.
21. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
22. Salih, S. (2007). On judith butler and performativity. İçinde K. E. Lovaas & M. M. Jenkins (Eds.), Sexualities and communication in everyday life: A reader (ss. 55-68). SAGE Publishing.
23. Tower, C. (1895). The marquis de la fayette in the American revolution: With some account of the attitude of France toward the war of independence. JB Lippincott Company.
24. Weir, L. (2008). The concept of truth regime. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 33(2), 367-389.
25. İnternet Kaynakları
26. Ava, L., Aria, D., Marek, M., Julia, Z., Cora, L., & Ok, E. (2024). Terrorism or freedom fighting? Analyzing the criteria for legitimate armed resistance. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emmanuel-Ok-2/publication/386132923_Terrorism_or_Freedom_Fighting_Analyzing_the_Criteria_for_Legitimate_Armed_Resistance/links/674582c3b5bd9d17d6087dd1/Terrorism-or-Freedom-Fighting-Analyzing-the-Criteria-for-Legitimate-Armed-Resistance.pdf
27. BBC. (2025). Syrian leader addresses UN General Assembly for first time in almost 60 years. https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cjw7yy5l37no
28. CNN. (2017). America’s other soldiers. https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2017/12/world/americas-other-fighters/
29. CSIS. (2018). Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). https://www.csis.org/programs/former-programs/warfare-irregular-threats-and-terrorism-program-archives/terrorism-backgrounders/hayat-tahrir
30. Fassihi, F. (2025). Palestinian leader says Hamas will not govern Gaza after the war with Israel. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/09/25/world/united-nations-palestinian-abbas
31. National Review. (2017). The unknown American heroes of Syria’s civil war. https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/02/syria-civil-war-rojava-revolution-american-heroes-democracy-ypg/
32. Schmid, A. P. (2023). Defining terrorism. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. https://icct.nl/publication/defining-terrorism
33. TUDPAM. (2023). Terör örgütü PKK/YPG ile Arap aşiretleri arasında çıkan çatışmaların Türk dış politikasına etkisi. https://tudpam.org/teror-orgutu-pkk-ypg-ile-arap-asiretleri-arasinda-cikan-catismalarin-turk-dis-politikasina-etkisi
34. U.S. Department of Defense. (2018). Department of Defense press briefing by Brigadier General James F. Glynn via teleconference from Baghdad, Iraq. https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1416545/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-brig-gen-glynn-via-teleconference-from/
35. U.S. Department of Defense. (2024). Pentagon press secretary Maj. Gen. Pat Ryder holds press briefing. https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/4013765/pentagon-press-secretary-maj-gen-pat-ryder-holds-press-briefing/
36. U.S. Department of State. (2023). Country reports on terrorism 2023. https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2023/