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Reflexive Solidarity: Toward a Broadening of What It Means to be “Scientific” in Global IR Knowledge

Year 2022, , 107 - 122, 19.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1024925

Abstract

This article shows that the problem of “West-centrism” in the study of International Relations (IR) is synonymous with the problem of the dominance of positivism, a particular version of science that originated in the modern West. How can we open up this double parochialism in IR? The article calls for reflexive solidarity as a way out. This indicates that on-going Global IR projects need to revamp their geography-orientated approaches and instead seek solidarity with other marginalised scholars irrespective of their geographical locations or geocultural backgrounds to build wide avenues in which not only positivist (i.e., causal-explanatory) inferences but also normative theorising and ethnographically attuned approaches are all accepted as different but equally scientific ways of knowing in IR. As a useful way of going about this reflexive solidarity, this article suggests autobiography.

References

  • Acharya, Amitav. “Advancing Global IR: Challenges, Contentions, and Contributions.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 4–15.
  • ———. “From Heaven to Earth: ‘Cultural Idealism’ and ‘Moral Realism’ as Chinese Contributions to Global International Relations.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12, no. 4 (2019): 467–94.
  • ———. “Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds: A New Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2014): 647–59.
  • ———. “Theorising the International Relations of Asia: Necessity or Indulgence? Some Reflections.” The Pacific Review 30, no. 6 (2017): 816–28.
  • Acharya, Amitav, and Buzan Buzan, eds. Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspectives on and beyond Asia. London: Routledge, 2010.
  • ———. “Why Is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? An Introduction.” International Relations of Asia Pacific 7, no. 3 (2007): 285–86.
  • ———. “Why is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? Ten Years On,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 17, no. 3 (2017): 341–370.
  • Balzacq, Thierry, and Stéphane J. Baele. “The Third Debate and Postpositivism.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. 22 December 2017.
  • Bilgin, Pınar. “Contrapuntal Reading” as a Method, an Ethos, and a Metaphor for Global IR.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 134–46.
  • Breuning, Marijke, Ayal Feinberg, Benjamin Isaak Gross, Melissa Martinez, Ramesh Sharma, and John Ishiyama. “How International Is Political Science? Patterns of Submission and Publication in the American Political Science Review.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 4 (2018): 789–98.
  • Buzan, Buzan. “Could IR Be Different?” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 155–57.
  • Callahan, William A. “Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-Hegemonic or a New Hegemony.” International Studies Review 10, no. 4 (2008): 749–61.
  • Chen, Ching-Chang. “The Im/Possibility of Building Indigenous Theories in a Hegemonic Discipline: The Case of Japanese International Relations.” Asian Perspectives 36, no. 3 (2012): 463–92.
  • Cox, Robert W. “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory.” In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, 204–54. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
  • Daniel, Maliniak, Amy Oakes, Susan Peterson, and Michael J. Tierney. “International Relations in the US Academy.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 2 (2011): 437–64.
  • Eun, Yong-Soo. “Calling for IR as Becoming-Rhizomatic.” Global Studies Quarterly 1, no. 2 (2021): 1-12.
  • ———. “An Intellectual Confession from a Member of the ‘Non-Western’ IR Community: A Friendly Reply to David Lake’s “White Man’s IR.” PS: Political Science 52, no. 1 (2019): 78–84.
  • ———. “Global IR through Dialogue.” The Pacific Review 32, no. 2 (2019): 131–49.
  • Fierke, Karin M., and Vivienne Jabri. “Global Conversations: Relationality, Embodiment and Power in the Move towards a Global IR.” Global Constitutionalism 8, no. 3 (2019): 506–35.
  • Gençoğlu, Funda. “On the Construction of Identities: An Autoethnography from Turkey.” International Political Science Review 41, no. 4 (2020): 600-612.
  • Guzzini, Stefano. “The Concept of Power: A Constructivist Analysis.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, no. 3 (2005): 495–521.
  • ———. “The Ends of International Relations Theory: Stages of Reflexivity and Modes of Theorizing.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 3 (2013): 521–41.
  • Hagmann, Jonas, and Thomas J. Biersteker. “Beyond the Published Discipline: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of International Studies.” European Journal of International Relations 20, no. 2 (2014): 291–315.
  • Hamati-Ataya, Inanna. “Reflectivity, Reflexivity, Reflexivism: IR”s ‘Reflexive Turn’ and Beyond.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 4 (2012): 669–94.
  • ———. “Transcending Objectivism, Subjectivism, and the Knowledge In-between: The Subject in/of “strong Reflexivity.” Review of International Studies 40, no. 1 (2014): 153–75.
  • Hobson, John. The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760–2010.New. York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Hurrell, Andrew. “Beyond Critique: How to Study Global IR?” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 149–51.
  • Inayatullah, Naeem, ed. Autobiographical International Relations, I, IR. London and New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Inayatullah, Naeem, and Elizabeth Dauphinee, eds. Narrative Global Politics, Theory, History and the Personal in International Relations. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Jackson, Patrick. The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and Its Implications for the Study of World Politics. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • Joseph, Jonathan. “Philosophy in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Approach.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35, no. 2 (2007): 345–59.
  • Joseph, Jonathan, and Colin Wight, eds. Scientific Realism and International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Kim, Jong Young. Jibaebaeun Jibaeja. Paju: Dolbegae, 2015.
  • King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Kristensen, Peter M., and Ras T. Nielsen. “Constructing a Chinese International Relations Theory: A Sociological Approach to Intellectual Innovation.” International Political Sociology 7, no. 1 (2013): 19–40.
  • Kurki, Milja. Causation in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • ———. “Stretching Situated Knowledge: From Standpoint Epistemology to Cosmology and Back Again.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 43, no. 3 (2015): 779–97.
  • Lake, David. “Theory Is Dead, Long Live Theory: The End of the Great Debates and the Rise of Eclecticism.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 4 (2013): 567–87.
  • ———. “White man’s IR: An intellectual confession.” Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (2016): 1112–22.
  • Ling, L.H.M. “Worlds beyond Westphalia: Daoist Dialectics and the ‘China Threat.’” Review of International Studies 39, no. 3 (2013): 549–68.
  • Löwenheim, Oded. “The ‘I’ in IR: An Autoethnographic Account.” Review of International Studies 36, no. 4 (2010): 1025–48.
  • Lynch, Cecelia. “Reflexivity in Research on Civil Society: Constructivist Perspectives.” International Studies Review 10, no. 4 (2008): 708–21.
  • Maliniak, Daniel, Susan Peterson, and Michael J. Tierney. “TRIP Around the World: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries,” 2012. http://www.wm.edu/offices/itpir/_documents/trip/trip_around_the_world_2011.pdf.
  • Matthews, Elizabeth G., and Rhonda L. Callaway. “Where Have All the Theories Gone? Teaching Theory in Introductory Courses in International Relations.” International Studies Perspectives 16, no. 2 (2015): 190–209.
  • Monteiro, Nuno, and Keven G. Ruby. “IR and the False Promise of Philosophical Foundations.” International Theory 1 (2009): 15–48.
  • Murray, Christopher. “Imperial Dialectics and Epistemic Mapping: From Decolonisation to Anti-Eurocentric IR.” European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 2 (2020): 419–42.
  • Mykhalovskiy, Eric. “Reconsidering Table Talk: Critical Thoughts on the Relationship between Sociology, Autobiography, and Self-Indulgence.” Qualitative Sociology 19, no. 1 (1996): 131–51.
  • Patomäki, Heikki. “Back to the Kantian Idea for a Universal History? Overcoming Eurocentric Accounts of the International Problematic.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35, no. 3 (2007): 575–95.
  • Qin, Yaqing. “Development of International Relations Theory in China: Progress through Debates.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11, no. 2 (2011): 231–57.
  • ———. “Recent Developments toward a Chinese School of IR Theory,” 2016. http://www.e-ir.info/2016/04/26/recent-developments-toward-a-chinese-school-of-ir-theory.
  • ———. “A Relational Theory of World Politics.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 33–47.
  • ———. “Why Is There No Chinese International Relations Theory.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7, no. 3 (2007): 313–40.
  • Ree, Gerard van Der. “Saving the Discipline: Plurality, Social Capital, and the Sociology of IR Theorizing.” International Political Sociology 8, no. 2 (2014): 218–33.
  • Reus-Smit, Christian. “Beyond Metatheory?” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 3 (2013): 589–608.
  • Shahi, Deepshikha. “Foregrounding the Complexities of a Dialogic Approach to Global International Relations.” All Azimuth 9, no. 2 (2020): 163–76.
  • Song, Xinning. “Building International Relations Theory with Chinese Characteristics.” Journal of Contemporary China 10, no. 1 (2001): 61–74.
  • Tickner, Arlene B. “Core, Periphery and (Neo)Imperialist International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 3 (2013): 627–46.
  • Tickner, Arlene B., and Ole Waever, eds. International Relations Scholarship around the World. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Wang, Yuan-kang. Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chines Power Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
  • ———. “Introduction: Chinese Traditions in International Relations.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 17, no. 2 (2012): 105–9.
  • Wemheuer-Vogelaar, Wiebke, Nicholas J. Bell, Mariana Navarrete Morales, and Michael J. Tierney. “The IR of the Beholder: Examining Global IR Using the 2014 TRIP Survey.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 16–32.
  • Yamamoto, Kazuya. “International Relations Studies and Theories in Japan: A Trajectory Shaped by War, Pacifism, and Globalization.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11, no. 2 (2011): 259–78.
  • ———. “A Triad of Normative, Pragmatic, and Science-Oriented Approaches: The Development of International Relations Theory in Japan Revisited.” The Korean Journal of International Studies 16, no. 1 (2018): 121–42.
  • Yan, Xuetong. Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  • ———. “New Values for New International Norms.” China International Studies 38, no. 1 (2013): 1–17.
  • Zhang, Feng. “The Tsinghua Approach” and the Inception of Chinese Theories of International Relations.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 5, no. 1 (2012): 73–102.
  • Zhao, Tingyang. “A Political World Philosophy in Terms of All-under-Heaven (Tian-Xia.” Diogenes 56 (2009): 5–18.
  • ———. The Tianxia System: An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution. Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2005.
  • ———. “Tianxia: Can This Ancient Chinese Philosophy Save Us from Global Chaos?” In A Paper Presented at the Conference on ‘Global IR and Non-Western IR Theory.’ Beijing, 2018.
Year 2022, , 107 - 122, 19.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1024925

Abstract

References

  • Acharya, Amitav. “Advancing Global IR: Challenges, Contentions, and Contributions.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 4–15.
  • ———. “From Heaven to Earth: ‘Cultural Idealism’ and ‘Moral Realism’ as Chinese Contributions to Global International Relations.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12, no. 4 (2019): 467–94.
  • ———. “Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds: A New Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2014): 647–59.
  • ———. “Theorising the International Relations of Asia: Necessity or Indulgence? Some Reflections.” The Pacific Review 30, no. 6 (2017): 816–28.
  • Acharya, Amitav, and Buzan Buzan, eds. Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspectives on and beyond Asia. London: Routledge, 2010.
  • ———. “Why Is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? An Introduction.” International Relations of Asia Pacific 7, no. 3 (2007): 285–86.
  • ———. “Why is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? Ten Years On,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 17, no. 3 (2017): 341–370.
  • Balzacq, Thierry, and Stéphane J. Baele. “The Third Debate and Postpositivism.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. 22 December 2017.
  • Bilgin, Pınar. “Contrapuntal Reading” as a Method, an Ethos, and a Metaphor for Global IR.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 134–46.
  • Breuning, Marijke, Ayal Feinberg, Benjamin Isaak Gross, Melissa Martinez, Ramesh Sharma, and John Ishiyama. “How International Is Political Science? Patterns of Submission and Publication in the American Political Science Review.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 4 (2018): 789–98.
  • Buzan, Buzan. “Could IR Be Different?” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 155–57.
  • Callahan, William A. “Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-Hegemonic or a New Hegemony.” International Studies Review 10, no. 4 (2008): 749–61.
  • Chen, Ching-Chang. “The Im/Possibility of Building Indigenous Theories in a Hegemonic Discipline: The Case of Japanese International Relations.” Asian Perspectives 36, no. 3 (2012): 463–92.
  • Cox, Robert W. “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory.” In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, 204–54. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
  • Daniel, Maliniak, Amy Oakes, Susan Peterson, and Michael J. Tierney. “International Relations in the US Academy.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 2 (2011): 437–64.
  • Eun, Yong-Soo. “Calling for IR as Becoming-Rhizomatic.” Global Studies Quarterly 1, no. 2 (2021): 1-12.
  • ———. “An Intellectual Confession from a Member of the ‘Non-Western’ IR Community: A Friendly Reply to David Lake’s “White Man’s IR.” PS: Political Science 52, no. 1 (2019): 78–84.
  • ———. “Global IR through Dialogue.” The Pacific Review 32, no. 2 (2019): 131–49.
  • Fierke, Karin M., and Vivienne Jabri. “Global Conversations: Relationality, Embodiment and Power in the Move towards a Global IR.” Global Constitutionalism 8, no. 3 (2019): 506–35.
  • Gençoğlu, Funda. “On the Construction of Identities: An Autoethnography from Turkey.” International Political Science Review 41, no. 4 (2020): 600-612.
  • Guzzini, Stefano. “The Concept of Power: A Constructivist Analysis.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, no. 3 (2005): 495–521.
  • ———. “The Ends of International Relations Theory: Stages of Reflexivity and Modes of Theorizing.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 3 (2013): 521–41.
  • Hagmann, Jonas, and Thomas J. Biersteker. “Beyond the Published Discipline: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of International Studies.” European Journal of International Relations 20, no. 2 (2014): 291–315.
  • Hamati-Ataya, Inanna. “Reflectivity, Reflexivity, Reflexivism: IR”s ‘Reflexive Turn’ and Beyond.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 4 (2012): 669–94.
  • ———. “Transcending Objectivism, Subjectivism, and the Knowledge In-between: The Subject in/of “strong Reflexivity.” Review of International Studies 40, no. 1 (2014): 153–75.
  • Hobson, John. The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760–2010.New. York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Hurrell, Andrew. “Beyond Critique: How to Study Global IR?” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 149–51.
  • Inayatullah, Naeem, ed. Autobiographical International Relations, I, IR. London and New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Inayatullah, Naeem, and Elizabeth Dauphinee, eds. Narrative Global Politics, Theory, History and the Personal in International Relations. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Jackson, Patrick. The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and Its Implications for the Study of World Politics. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • Joseph, Jonathan. “Philosophy in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Approach.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35, no. 2 (2007): 345–59.
  • Joseph, Jonathan, and Colin Wight, eds. Scientific Realism and International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
  • Kim, Jong Young. Jibaebaeun Jibaeja. Paju: Dolbegae, 2015.
  • King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Kristensen, Peter M., and Ras T. Nielsen. “Constructing a Chinese International Relations Theory: A Sociological Approach to Intellectual Innovation.” International Political Sociology 7, no. 1 (2013): 19–40.
  • Kurki, Milja. Causation in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • ———. “Stretching Situated Knowledge: From Standpoint Epistemology to Cosmology and Back Again.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 43, no. 3 (2015): 779–97.
  • Lake, David. “Theory Is Dead, Long Live Theory: The End of the Great Debates and the Rise of Eclecticism.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 4 (2013): 567–87.
  • ———. “White man’s IR: An intellectual confession.” Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 4 (2016): 1112–22.
  • Ling, L.H.M. “Worlds beyond Westphalia: Daoist Dialectics and the ‘China Threat.’” Review of International Studies 39, no. 3 (2013): 549–68.
  • Löwenheim, Oded. “The ‘I’ in IR: An Autoethnographic Account.” Review of International Studies 36, no. 4 (2010): 1025–48.
  • Lynch, Cecelia. “Reflexivity in Research on Civil Society: Constructivist Perspectives.” International Studies Review 10, no. 4 (2008): 708–21.
  • Maliniak, Daniel, Susan Peterson, and Michael J. Tierney. “TRIP Around the World: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries,” 2012. http://www.wm.edu/offices/itpir/_documents/trip/trip_around_the_world_2011.pdf.
  • Matthews, Elizabeth G., and Rhonda L. Callaway. “Where Have All the Theories Gone? Teaching Theory in Introductory Courses in International Relations.” International Studies Perspectives 16, no. 2 (2015): 190–209.
  • Monteiro, Nuno, and Keven G. Ruby. “IR and the False Promise of Philosophical Foundations.” International Theory 1 (2009): 15–48.
  • Murray, Christopher. “Imperial Dialectics and Epistemic Mapping: From Decolonisation to Anti-Eurocentric IR.” European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 2 (2020): 419–42.
  • Mykhalovskiy, Eric. “Reconsidering Table Talk: Critical Thoughts on the Relationship between Sociology, Autobiography, and Self-Indulgence.” Qualitative Sociology 19, no. 1 (1996): 131–51.
  • Patomäki, Heikki. “Back to the Kantian Idea for a Universal History? Overcoming Eurocentric Accounts of the International Problematic.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35, no. 3 (2007): 575–95.
  • Qin, Yaqing. “Development of International Relations Theory in China: Progress through Debates.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11, no. 2 (2011): 231–57.
  • ———. “Recent Developments toward a Chinese School of IR Theory,” 2016. http://www.e-ir.info/2016/04/26/recent-developments-toward-a-chinese-school-of-ir-theory.
  • ———. “A Relational Theory of World Politics.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 33–47.
  • ———. “Why Is There No Chinese International Relations Theory.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7, no. 3 (2007): 313–40.
  • Ree, Gerard van Der. “Saving the Discipline: Plurality, Social Capital, and the Sociology of IR Theorizing.” International Political Sociology 8, no. 2 (2014): 218–33.
  • Reus-Smit, Christian. “Beyond Metatheory?” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 3 (2013): 589–608.
  • Shahi, Deepshikha. “Foregrounding the Complexities of a Dialogic Approach to Global International Relations.” All Azimuth 9, no. 2 (2020): 163–76.
  • Song, Xinning. “Building International Relations Theory with Chinese Characteristics.” Journal of Contemporary China 10, no. 1 (2001): 61–74.
  • Tickner, Arlene B. “Core, Periphery and (Neo)Imperialist International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 19, no. 3 (2013): 627–46.
  • Tickner, Arlene B., and Ole Waever, eds. International Relations Scholarship around the World. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Wang, Yuan-kang. Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chines Power Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
  • ———. “Introduction: Chinese Traditions in International Relations.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 17, no. 2 (2012): 105–9.
  • Wemheuer-Vogelaar, Wiebke, Nicholas J. Bell, Mariana Navarrete Morales, and Michael J. Tierney. “The IR of the Beholder: Examining Global IR Using the 2014 TRIP Survey.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 16–32.
  • Yamamoto, Kazuya. “International Relations Studies and Theories in Japan: A Trajectory Shaped by War, Pacifism, and Globalization.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11, no. 2 (2011): 259–78.
  • ———. “A Triad of Normative, Pragmatic, and Science-Oriented Approaches: The Development of International Relations Theory in Japan Revisited.” The Korean Journal of International Studies 16, no. 1 (2018): 121–42.
  • Yan, Xuetong. Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.
  • ———. “New Values for New International Norms.” China International Studies 38, no. 1 (2013): 1–17.
  • Zhang, Feng. “The Tsinghua Approach” and the Inception of Chinese Theories of International Relations.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 5, no. 1 (2012): 73–102.
  • Zhao, Tingyang. “A Political World Philosophy in Terms of All-under-Heaven (Tian-Xia.” Diogenes 56 (2009): 5–18.
  • ———. The Tianxia System: An Introduction to the Philosophy of a World Institution. Nanjing: Jiangsu Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2005.
  • ———. “Tianxia: Can This Ancient Chinese Philosophy Save Us from Global Chaos?” In A Paper Presented at the Conference on ‘Global IR and Non-Western IR Theory.’ Beijing, 2018.
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yong-soo Eun This is me 0000-0003-3411-8683

Publication Date January 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

Chicago Eun, Yong-soo. “Reflexive Solidarity: Toward a Broadening of What It Means to Be ‘Scientific’ in Global IR Knowledge”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 11, no. 1 (January 2022): 107-22. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1024925.

Widening the World of IR