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Year 2022, , 177 - 192, 30.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1096556

Abstract

References

  • Ackers, Louise. “Moving People and Knowledge: Scientific Mobility in the European Union.” International Migration 43 (2005): 99–131.
  • Adi, Hakim. West Africans in Britain, 1900–1960: Nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and Communism. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998.
  • Adler, Emmanuel, and Michael Barnett. Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Allen, Neal. “The Power of the Segregationist One-Party South in National Politics.” n.d.
  • Arndt, Richard, and David Lee Rubin, eds. The Fulbright Difference: 1948-1992. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1993.
  • Bettie, Molly. “Fulbright Women in the Global Intellectual Elite.” In Brogi, Scott-Smith and Snyder, The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 32–45.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge, 1984.
  • ———. “ The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Capital, edited by J. Richardson, 241–58. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. Braithwaite, Lloyd. Colonial West Indian Students in Britain. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2001.
  • Brogi, Alessandro, Giles Scott-Smith, and David J. Snyder. The Legacy of J. William Fulbright: Policy, Power and Ideology, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2019.
  • Brooks, Chay. “‘The Ignorance of the Uneducated’: Ford Foundation Philanthropy, the IIE, and the Geographies of Educational Exchange.” Journal of Historical Geography 48 (2015): 36–46.
  • Cook, Donald. A Quarter-Century of Academic Exchange. Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago, 1971.
  • Deresiewicz, William. “ Faux Friendship.” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2009. https://www.chronicle.com/article/faux-friendship/.
  • Deutsch, Karl. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.
  • Engerman, David C. “Bernath Lecture: American Knowledge and Global Power.” Diplomatic History 31, no. 4 (2007): 599–622.
  • Erbsen, Heidi. “The Biopolitics of International Exchange: International Educational Exchange Programs – Facilitator or Victim in the Battle for Biopolitical Normativity?” Russian Politics 3 (2018): 68–87.
  • Fischer, Yael. “Measuring Success: Evaluating Educational Programs.” US-China Educational Review 7, no. 6 (2010): 1–15.
  • Fousek, John and To. Lead the Free World: American Nationalism and the Cultural Roots of the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
  • Fulbright, J. William. “Preface.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 491 (1987): 10 .
  • Garner, Alice, and Diane Kirby. Academic Ambassadors, Pacific Allies: Australia, America and the Fulbright Program. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018.
  • Gomez-Escalonilla, Lorenzo Delgado. Westerly Wind: The Fulbright Program in Spain. Madrid: LID Editorial Empresarial, 2009.
  • Grazia, Victoria. Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006.
  • Hargreaves, John. On ‘Capillary Power’ See John Hargreaves, Sport, Power and Culture: A Social and Historical Analysis of Popular Sports in Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986.
  • Heffernan, Michael, and Heike Jöns. “Research Travel and Disciplinary Identities in the University of Cambridge, 1885-1955.” British Journal for the History of Science 46 (2013): 255–86. Honkamäkilä, Hanna. “ Interest in Deepening U.S.– Finnish Scientific Co-Operation 1947–1952.” Faravid: Pohlois-Suomen Historiallisen Yhdistyken Vuosikirja 40 (2015): 195–212.
  • Johnson, Lonnie. “The Fulbright Program and the Philosophy and Geography of US Exchange Programs since World War II.” In Tournes and Scott-Smith, Global Exchanges, 173–87.
  • Jones, Calvert. “Exploring the Microfoundations of International Community: Toward a Theory of Enlightened Nationaism.” International Studies Quarterly 58 (2014): 682–705.
  • Jöns, Heike. “‘Brain Circulation’ and Transnational Knowledge Networks.” Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs 9 (2009): 315–38.
  • ———. “ Centre of Calculation.” In The SAGE Handbook of Geographical Knowledge, edited by John A. Agnew and David N. Livingstone, 158–70. London: Sage, 2011.
  • Jöns, Heike, Peter Meusburger, and Michael Heffernan, eds. Mobilities of Knowledge. Cham: Springer, 2017.
  • Kant, Immanuel. “ Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose.” In Kant: Political Writings, edited by Hans Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Koenis, Sjaak, and Janneke Plantenga, eds. In Amerika en de sociale wetenschappen in Nederland. Amsterdam, 1986.
  • König, Thomas. “Das Fulbright in Wien: Wissenschaftspolitik und Sozialwissenschaften am ‘versunkenen Kontinent’.” PhD dissertation, University of Vienna, 2008.
  • Kramer, Paul. “Is the World Our Campus? International Students and U.S. Global Power in the Long Twentieth Century.” Diplomatic History 33 (2009): 775–806.
  • Krotz, Ulrich. “Ties That Bind? The Parapublic Underpinnings of Franco-German Relations as Construction of International Value.” Working Paper 02.4, Program for the Study of Germany and Europe, Harvard, 2002.
  • Latour, Bruno. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
  • Lebovic, Sam. “From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950.” Diplomatic History 37, no. 2 (2013): 280–312.
  • ———. “The Meaning of Educational Exchange: The Nationalist Exceptionalism of Fulbright’s Liberal Internationalism.” In Brogi, Scott-Smith, and Snyder, The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 135–53.
  • Li, Hongshan. U.S.-China Educational Exchange: State, Society, and Intercultural Relations, 1905–1950. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
  • Lindberg, Leon. “The European Community as a Political System: Notes toward the Construction of a Model.” Journal of Common Market Studies 5 (1967): 344–87. Liping Bu, Making the World like Us: Education, Cultural Expansion, and the American Century. Westport, CT: Prager, 2003.
  • Loayza, Matt. “A Curative and Creative Force: The Exchange of Persons Program and Eisenhower’s Inter-American Policies, 1953-1961.” Diplomatic History 37 (2013): 946–70.
  • Mathews-Aydinli, Julie. “ Introduction.” In International Education Exchanges and Intercultural Understanding: Promoting Peace and Global Relations, edited by Julie Mathews-Aydinli. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2017.
  • Medalis, Christopher. “The Strength of Soft Power: American Cultural Diplomacy and the Fulbright Program during the 1989-1991 Transition Period in Hungary.” International Journal of Higher Education and Democracy 3 (2012): 144–63.
  • Navarro, Juan José. “Public Foreign Aid and Academic Mobility: The Fulbright Program (1955-1973).” In The Politics of Academic Autonomy in Latin America, edited by Fernanda Beigel. London: Routledge, 2013. Oelsner, Andrea, and Simon Koschut. “A Framework for the Study of International Friendship.” In Friendship and International Relations, edited by Simon Koschut and Andrea Oelsner, 3–31. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Parmar, Inderjeet. “Challenging Elite Anti-Americanism in the Cold War: American Foundations.” In Kissinger’s Harvard Seminar and the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies, edited by Michael Cox and Inderjeet Parmar. London: Routledge, 2010.
  • Pietsch, Tamson. Empire of Scholars: Universities, Networks and the British Academic World 1850-1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015.
  • Rupp, Jan C.C. “The Fulbright Program; or, The Surplus Value of Officially Organized Academic Exchange.” Journal of Studies in International Education 3 (1999): 59–82.
  • Russett, Bruce. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post- Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Salamone, Frank. The Fulbright Experience in Benin, Studies in Third World Societies 53. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary, 1994.
  • Schmidt, Oliver. “No Innocents Abroad: The Origins of the Salzburg Seminar and American Studies in Europe.” In Here, There, and Everywhere: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Export of Popular Culture, edited by Reinhold Wagnleitner and Elaine Tyler May. Hanover: New England University Press, 2000.
  • Scott-Smith, Giles. “The Fulbright Program in the Netherlands: An Example of Science Diplomacy.” In Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge, edited by Jeroen van Dongen, 128–53. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • ———. “Mapping the Undefinable: Some Thoughts on the Relevance of Exchange Programs within International Relations Theory.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (2008): 173–95. ———. Networks of Empire: The US State Department’s Foreign Leader Program in the Netherlands, Britain and France 1950-1970. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2008.
  • ———. “The Ties That Bind: Dutch-American Relations, US Public Diplomacy and the Promotion of American Studies in the Netherlands since the Second World War.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2 (2007): 283–305.
  • Scott-Smith, Giles, Alessandro Brogi, and David J. Snyder. “Civil Rights in the Career of J. William Fulbright.” In Brogi, Scott-Smith, and Snyder, The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 32–45.
  • Singh, Amar Kumar. Indian Students in Britain. London: Asia Publishing House, 1963.
  • Smith, Richard Candida. Improvised Continent: Pan-Americanism and Cultural Exchange. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
  • Sussman, Leonard. The Culture of Freedom: The Small World of Fulbright Scholars. Lanham MA: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992.
  • Tournes, Ludovic, and Giles Scott-Smith, eds. In Global Exchanges: Scholarships and Transnational Exchanges in the Modern World. New York: Berghahn, 2017.
  • Tournès, Ludovic, and Giles Scott-Smith. “Introduction: Conceptualizing the History of International Scholarship Programs (19th-21st Centuries).” In Tournès and Scott-Smith, Global Exchanges, 1–30.
  • Walker, Vivian S., and Sonya Finley ed. “Teaching Public Diplomacy and the Information Instruments of Power in a Complex Media Environment: Maintaining a Competitive Edge.” US Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, Washington D.C., August 2020.
  • Wegener, Jens. “Creating an ‘International Mind’? The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Europe 1911-1940.” PhD Dissertation, European University Institute, 2015.
  • Welch, Antony. “The Peripatetic Professor: The Internationalization of the Academic Profession.” Higher Education 34 (1997): 323–45.
  • Wilson, Iain. International Exchange Programs and Political Influence: Manufacturing Sympathy? Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014.
  • Winks, Robin. “A Tissue of Clichés.” In The Fulbright Experience 1946-1986: Encounters and Transformations, edited by Arthur Power Dudden and Russell Dynes. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1987.
  • Xu, Guangqiu. “The Ideological and Political Impact of US Fulbrighters on Chinese Students: 1979-1989.” Asian Affairs 26 (1999): 139–57.
  • Ye, Weili. Seeking Modernity in China’s Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
  • Young, Francis. “Educational Exchanges and the National Interest.” ACLS Newsletter 20, no. 2 (1969): 1–18.

Beyond the ‘Tissue of Clichés’?: The Purposes of the Fulbright Programme and New Pathways of Analysis

Year 2022, , 177 - 192, 30.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1096556

Abstract

This article critically explores some of the evaluative perspectives and models developed by social science scholars in order to further critical thinking on the function of exchange programmes, and particularly Fulbright, within international relations. It takes the concept of ‘educational exchange’ to mean the movement of individuals or groups between nations for the purpose of training of some kind, ranging from high school visits to professional skills. The Fulbright programme covers both student and scholar exchange and has the added element that academics are moving also to teach, taking their expertise with them. While there are many studies of bilateral exchange programmes, there is more to explore in terms of the function of educational exchange as a vector of transfer (be it of knowledge, material, people, or all three) in transnational or international history. The article first surveys the literature on the Fulbright programme to assess how its purposes in international relations have been presented. It then explores potentially innovative ways to conceptualise exchanges in international and transnational interactions: ‘geographies of exchange,’ ‘brain circulation,’ ‘centres of calculation,’ ‘enlightened nationalism,’ and ‘parapublics’.

References

  • Ackers, Louise. “Moving People and Knowledge: Scientific Mobility in the European Union.” International Migration 43 (2005): 99–131.
  • Adi, Hakim. West Africans in Britain, 1900–1960: Nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and Communism. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998.
  • Adler, Emmanuel, and Michael Barnett. Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Allen, Neal. “The Power of the Segregationist One-Party South in National Politics.” n.d.
  • Arndt, Richard, and David Lee Rubin, eds. The Fulbright Difference: 1948-1992. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1993.
  • Bettie, Molly. “Fulbright Women in the Global Intellectual Elite.” In Brogi, Scott-Smith and Snyder, The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 32–45.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge, 1984.
  • ———. “ The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Capital, edited by J. Richardson, 241–58. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. Braithwaite, Lloyd. Colonial West Indian Students in Britain. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2001.
  • Brogi, Alessandro, Giles Scott-Smith, and David J. Snyder. The Legacy of J. William Fulbright: Policy, Power and Ideology, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2019.
  • Brooks, Chay. “‘The Ignorance of the Uneducated’: Ford Foundation Philanthropy, the IIE, and the Geographies of Educational Exchange.” Journal of Historical Geography 48 (2015): 36–46.
  • Cook, Donald. A Quarter-Century of Academic Exchange. Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago, 1971.
  • Deresiewicz, William. “ Faux Friendship.” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2009. https://www.chronicle.com/article/faux-friendship/.
  • Deutsch, Karl. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.
  • Engerman, David C. “Bernath Lecture: American Knowledge and Global Power.” Diplomatic History 31, no. 4 (2007): 599–622.
  • Erbsen, Heidi. “The Biopolitics of International Exchange: International Educational Exchange Programs – Facilitator or Victim in the Battle for Biopolitical Normativity?” Russian Politics 3 (2018): 68–87.
  • Fischer, Yael. “Measuring Success: Evaluating Educational Programs.” US-China Educational Review 7, no. 6 (2010): 1–15.
  • Fousek, John and To. Lead the Free World: American Nationalism and the Cultural Roots of the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
  • Fulbright, J. William. “Preface.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 491 (1987): 10 .
  • Garner, Alice, and Diane Kirby. Academic Ambassadors, Pacific Allies: Australia, America and the Fulbright Program. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018.
  • Gomez-Escalonilla, Lorenzo Delgado. Westerly Wind: The Fulbright Program in Spain. Madrid: LID Editorial Empresarial, 2009.
  • Grazia, Victoria. Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006.
  • Hargreaves, John. On ‘Capillary Power’ See John Hargreaves, Sport, Power and Culture: A Social and Historical Analysis of Popular Sports in Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986.
  • Heffernan, Michael, and Heike Jöns. “Research Travel and Disciplinary Identities in the University of Cambridge, 1885-1955.” British Journal for the History of Science 46 (2013): 255–86. Honkamäkilä, Hanna. “ Interest in Deepening U.S.– Finnish Scientific Co-Operation 1947–1952.” Faravid: Pohlois-Suomen Historiallisen Yhdistyken Vuosikirja 40 (2015): 195–212.
  • Johnson, Lonnie. “The Fulbright Program and the Philosophy and Geography of US Exchange Programs since World War II.” In Tournes and Scott-Smith, Global Exchanges, 173–87.
  • Jones, Calvert. “Exploring the Microfoundations of International Community: Toward a Theory of Enlightened Nationaism.” International Studies Quarterly 58 (2014): 682–705.
  • Jöns, Heike. “‘Brain Circulation’ and Transnational Knowledge Networks.” Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs 9 (2009): 315–38.
  • ———. “ Centre of Calculation.” In The SAGE Handbook of Geographical Knowledge, edited by John A. Agnew and David N. Livingstone, 158–70. London: Sage, 2011.
  • Jöns, Heike, Peter Meusburger, and Michael Heffernan, eds. Mobilities of Knowledge. Cham: Springer, 2017.
  • Kant, Immanuel. “ Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose.” In Kant: Political Writings, edited by Hans Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Koenis, Sjaak, and Janneke Plantenga, eds. In Amerika en de sociale wetenschappen in Nederland. Amsterdam, 1986.
  • König, Thomas. “Das Fulbright in Wien: Wissenschaftspolitik und Sozialwissenschaften am ‘versunkenen Kontinent’.” PhD dissertation, University of Vienna, 2008.
  • Kramer, Paul. “Is the World Our Campus? International Students and U.S. Global Power in the Long Twentieth Century.” Diplomatic History 33 (2009): 775–806.
  • Krotz, Ulrich. “Ties That Bind? The Parapublic Underpinnings of Franco-German Relations as Construction of International Value.” Working Paper 02.4, Program for the Study of Germany and Europe, Harvard, 2002.
  • Latour, Bruno. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
  • Lebovic, Sam. “From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950.” Diplomatic History 37, no. 2 (2013): 280–312.
  • ———. “The Meaning of Educational Exchange: The Nationalist Exceptionalism of Fulbright’s Liberal Internationalism.” In Brogi, Scott-Smith, and Snyder, The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 135–53.
  • Li, Hongshan. U.S.-China Educational Exchange: State, Society, and Intercultural Relations, 1905–1950. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
  • Lindberg, Leon. “The European Community as a Political System: Notes toward the Construction of a Model.” Journal of Common Market Studies 5 (1967): 344–87. Liping Bu, Making the World like Us: Education, Cultural Expansion, and the American Century. Westport, CT: Prager, 2003.
  • Loayza, Matt. “A Curative and Creative Force: The Exchange of Persons Program and Eisenhower’s Inter-American Policies, 1953-1961.” Diplomatic History 37 (2013): 946–70.
  • Mathews-Aydinli, Julie. “ Introduction.” In International Education Exchanges and Intercultural Understanding: Promoting Peace and Global Relations, edited by Julie Mathews-Aydinli. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2017.
  • Medalis, Christopher. “The Strength of Soft Power: American Cultural Diplomacy and the Fulbright Program during the 1989-1991 Transition Period in Hungary.” International Journal of Higher Education and Democracy 3 (2012): 144–63.
  • Navarro, Juan José. “Public Foreign Aid and Academic Mobility: The Fulbright Program (1955-1973).” In The Politics of Academic Autonomy in Latin America, edited by Fernanda Beigel. London: Routledge, 2013. Oelsner, Andrea, and Simon Koschut. “A Framework for the Study of International Friendship.” In Friendship and International Relations, edited by Simon Koschut and Andrea Oelsner, 3–31. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Parmar, Inderjeet. “Challenging Elite Anti-Americanism in the Cold War: American Foundations.” In Kissinger’s Harvard Seminar and the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies, edited by Michael Cox and Inderjeet Parmar. London: Routledge, 2010.
  • Pietsch, Tamson. Empire of Scholars: Universities, Networks and the British Academic World 1850-1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015.
  • Rupp, Jan C.C. “The Fulbright Program; or, The Surplus Value of Officially Organized Academic Exchange.” Journal of Studies in International Education 3 (1999): 59–82.
  • Russett, Bruce. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post- Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Salamone, Frank. The Fulbright Experience in Benin, Studies in Third World Societies 53. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary, 1994.
  • Schmidt, Oliver. “No Innocents Abroad: The Origins of the Salzburg Seminar and American Studies in Europe.” In Here, There, and Everywhere: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Export of Popular Culture, edited by Reinhold Wagnleitner and Elaine Tyler May. Hanover: New England University Press, 2000.
  • Scott-Smith, Giles. “The Fulbright Program in the Netherlands: An Example of Science Diplomacy.” In Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge, edited by Jeroen van Dongen, 128–53. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • ———. “Mapping the Undefinable: Some Thoughts on the Relevance of Exchange Programs within International Relations Theory.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (2008): 173–95. ———. Networks of Empire: The US State Department’s Foreign Leader Program in the Netherlands, Britain and France 1950-1970. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2008.
  • ———. “The Ties That Bind: Dutch-American Relations, US Public Diplomacy and the Promotion of American Studies in the Netherlands since the Second World War.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2 (2007): 283–305.
  • Scott-Smith, Giles, Alessandro Brogi, and David J. Snyder. “Civil Rights in the Career of J. William Fulbright.” In Brogi, Scott-Smith, and Snyder, The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 32–45.
  • Singh, Amar Kumar. Indian Students in Britain. London: Asia Publishing House, 1963.
  • Smith, Richard Candida. Improvised Continent: Pan-Americanism and Cultural Exchange. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
  • Sussman, Leonard. The Culture of Freedom: The Small World of Fulbright Scholars. Lanham MA: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992.
  • Tournes, Ludovic, and Giles Scott-Smith, eds. In Global Exchanges: Scholarships and Transnational Exchanges in the Modern World. New York: Berghahn, 2017.
  • Tournès, Ludovic, and Giles Scott-Smith. “Introduction: Conceptualizing the History of International Scholarship Programs (19th-21st Centuries).” In Tournès and Scott-Smith, Global Exchanges, 1–30.
  • Walker, Vivian S., and Sonya Finley ed. “Teaching Public Diplomacy and the Information Instruments of Power in a Complex Media Environment: Maintaining a Competitive Edge.” US Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, Washington D.C., August 2020.
  • Wegener, Jens. “Creating an ‘International Mind’? The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Europe 1911-1940.” PhD Dissertation, European University Institute, 2015.
  • Welch, Antony. “The Peripatetic Professor: The Internationalization of the Academic Profession.” Higher Education 34 (1997): 323–45.
  • Wilson, Iain. International Exchange Programs and Political Influence: Manufacturing Sympathy? Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014.
  • Winks, Robin. “A Tissue of Clichés.” In The Fulbright Experience 1946-1986: Encounters and Transformations, edited by Arthur Power Dudden and Russell Dynes. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1987.
  • Xu, Guangqiu. “The Ideological and Political Impact of US Fulbrighters on Chinese Students: 1979-1989.” Asian Affairs 26 (1999): 139–57.
  • Ye, Weili. Seeking Modernity in China’s Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
  • Young, Francis. “Educational Exchanges and the National Interest.” ACLS Newsletter 20, no. 2 (1969): 1–18.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Giles Scott-smith This is me 0000-0002-9089-7194

Publication Date July 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

Chicago Scott-smith, Giles. “Beyond the ‘Tissue of Clichés’?: The Purposes of the Fulbright Programme and New Pathways of Analysis”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 11, no. 2 (July 2022): 177-92. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1096556.

Widening the World of IR