Research Article
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Year 2024, , 285 - 306, 16.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1511004

Abstract

References

  • Addis, Adeno. “Economic Sanctions and the Problem of Evil.” Human Rights Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2003): 573-623.
  • Adebahr, Cornelius. Europe, and Iran: The Nuclear Deal and Beyond. London: Routledge, 2017.
  • Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. Iran in World Politics, The Question of the Islamic Republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  • Ahdiyyih, Mohebat. “Ahmadinejad and the Mahdi.” Middle East Quarterly 15, no. 4 (2008): 27-36.
  • Ahmadinejad: Muslims ‘are not against Americans, Jews, Christians.’ NBC News. September 16, 2010. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39202371
  • Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. “Diagnosing an Illness.” In Decolonization: Perspectives from Now and Then. Edited by Prasenjit Duara, 56-63. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Alizadeh, Parvin and Hassan Hakimia. Iran, and the Global Economy: Petro Populism, Islam, and Economic Sanctions. London: Taylor and Francis, 2012.
  • Allen, Susan Hannah. “The Determinants of Economic Sanctions Success and Failure.” International Interactions 31, no. 2 (2005): 117-138.
  • “Ayatollah Khamenei Urges Concerted Action against US Sanctions.” Tasnim News Agency. March 14, 2023. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/03/14/2867433/ayatollah-khamenei-urges-concerted-action-against-us-sanctions
  • “Ayatollah Khamenei: No talks with US; Maximum Pressure Campaign Futile.” Press TV. September 17, 2019. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2019/09/17/606389/Iran-Ayatollah%C3%82%C2%A0Seyyed-Ali-Khamenei-US-talks
  • Ayoob, Mohammed. “Making Sense of Global Tensions: Dominant and Subaltern Concepts of Order and Justice in the International System.” International Studies 47, no. 2-4 (2010): 129-141.
  • Azizi, Hamidreza, Vali Golmohammadi, and Amir Hossein Vazirian. “Trump’s ‘Maximum Pressure’ and Anti-containment in Iran’s Regional Policy.” Digest of Middle East Studies 29, no. 2 (2020) 151.
  • Bapat, Navin A., et al. “Economic Sanctions, Transnational Terrorism and the Incentive to Misrepresentation.” The Journal of Politics 78, no. 1 (2016): 249-264.
  • Barmanghelidj, Esfandyr. “The Ins and Outs of Iranian Resilience Under Sanctions.” Muslim World 111, no. 1 (2021): 96-112.
  • Barzashka, Ivanka. “Using Enrichment Capacity to Estimate Iran’s Breakout Potential.” Federation of American Scientists Policy Brief. January 21, 2011. Accessed date June 1, 2024. https://pubs.fas.org/_docs/IssueBrief_Jan2011_Iran.pdf
  • Birnbaum, Ben and Eli Lake. “Iran Central Banker: Lift Sanctions or Face Spike in Oil Prices.” Washington Post. April 20, 2011. Accessed date April, 2024. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/apr/18/iranian-warns-retaliation-through-spike-price-oil/
  • Borszik, Oliver. “International Sanctions against Iran under President Ahmadinejad: Explaining Regime Persistence.” German Institute for Global Area Studies, no. 260 (2014): 1-25.
  • Bueya, Emmanuel. Stability in Postcolonial African States. Maryland: Lexington, 2018.
  • Chiacu, Doina. “Iran adds demands in nuclear talks, enrichment ‘alarming’ – US envoy.” Reuters. July 6, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-envoy-iran-adds-demands-nuclear-talks-makes-alarming-progress-enrichment-2022-07-05/
  • Crabtree, Steve. “Iranians Expect to Feel Sanctions; Many More Had Troubles Paying for Food and Shelter Last Year.” Gallup Poll News Service. February 7, 2012. Accessed date June, 2024. https://news.gallup.com/poll/152510/iranians-expect-feel-sanctions.aspx
  • Daugirdas, Kristina and Julian Davis. “Trump Administration Recertifies Iranian Compliance with JCPOA Notwithstanding Increasing Concern with Iranian Behaviour.” The American Journal of International Law 111, No. 4 (October 2017): 1056-1062.
  • Dehghanpisheh, Babak. “Iran says 200,000 took to streets in anti-government protests.” Reuters. November 28, 2019. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests/iran-says-200000-took-to-streets-in-anti-government-protests-idUSKBN1Y11PE/
  • Drezner, Daniel. “How Not to Sanction.” International Affairs 98 no. 5 (2022): 1533-1552.
  • Erdbrink, Thomas. “Ahmadinejad admits impact of financial sanctions on Iran.” The Washington Post. November 5, 2011. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/ahmadinejad-admits-impact-of-sanctions-on-iran/2011/11/01/gIQAvBIacM_story.html
  • Fassihi, Farnaz. “Iranians Blame Smog on Wests Sanctions.” Wall Street Journal. December 11, 2010. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703727804576011722938628008
  • Gallagher, Nancy, Ebrahim Mohseni, and Clay Ramsay. Iranian Public Opinion under Maximum Pressure. Maryland: Centre for International and Security Studies Maryland, 2019.
  • Gheibi, Pardis. “The Rise and Fall of US Secondary Sanctions: the Iran Outcasting and Re-Outcasting Regime.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 50, no. 2 (2022): 389-440.
  • Golshanpazooh, Mahmoud Reza and Marzieh Kouhi Esfahani. “Culture, the Core of Soft Power: An Overview of Iran’s Cultural Component of Soft Power.” Hemispheres 29, no. 4 (2014): 79-88.
  • H.R. 6198 – Public Law: 109-293. Passed during 109th US Congress on 30 September, 2006.
  • Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim. “Sanctions and Export Deflection: Evidence from Iran.” Economic Policy 32, no.90 (2017): 319-355.
  • Hannah, Andrew. “Sanctions 5: Trump’s ‘Maximum Pressure’ Targets.” The Iran Primer. March 3, 2021. Accessed date November 22, 2023. https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2021/mar/03/sanctions-5-trumps-maximum-pressure-targets
  • Hinkson, Cara. “The Messianic Idea in Shi’I Islam and its Modern Politicization.” Arena Journal 43, no. 44 (2015): 135-155.
  • Hufbauer, Gary Clyde and Barbara Oegg. “Economic Sanctions: Goal and Private Compensation.” Chicago Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2003): 305-328.
  • Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, et al. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition. London: Pearson 2007.
  • “Iran top official reveals an economic agreement with UAE.” Middle East Monitor. March 20, 2023. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230320-iran-top-official-reveals-an-economic-agreement-with-uae/
  • “Iran vows ‘crushing response to US bullying’ after sanctions announcement.” BBC News. September 21, 2020. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54227052
  • “Iran: Ahmadinejad Sees Western Sanctions as ‘Psycho War.” Khabar Online. April 23, 2013. Accessed date June, 2024. https://english.khabaronline.ir/news/184642/Ahmadinejad-Sees-Western-Sanctions-as-Psycho-War
  • “Iran’s Economic Update – April 2020.” The World Bank. April 16, 2020. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/publication/economic-update-april-2020
  • “Iran’s Raisi says thwarting U.S. sanctions needs new solutions.” Reuters. September 16, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/irans-raisi-says-thwarting-us-sanctions-needs-new-solutions-2022-09-16/
  • Jahanbegloo, Ramin. “Iran and the Democratic Struggle in the Middle East.” Middle East Law and Governance 3, no. 1-2 (2011): 126-135.
  • Kahl, Colin H. “Not Time to Attack Iran: Why War Should Be a Last Resort,” Foreign Affairs 91, no. 2 (March/April 2012): 166-173.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. “Iran Sanctions.” Current Politics and Economics of the Middle East 2, no. 2 (2011): 209-243.
  • Kazemi Najaf Abadi, Majid and Razieh Zahedi. “Iran Economic Monitor – Adapting to the New Normal: A Protracted Pandemic and Ongoing Economic Sanctions.” World Bank Group. October 01, 2021. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/publication/iran-economic-monitor-fall-2021
  • Kazemzadeh, Masoud. “Ahmadinejad’s Foreign Policy.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27, no. 2 (2007): 423-449.
  • Kinzer, Steven. “Inside Iran’s Fury.” Smithsonian Magazine, October, 2008, accessed date September 4, 2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/inside-irans-fury-11823881/
  • Mahdavi, Amir. “Iran’s 2021 Election as a Turning Point from Electoral Authoritarianism to Hegemonic Autocracy.” The Muslim World 113, no. 1-2 (2023): 79-104.
  • Majidpour, Mehdi. “The Unintended Consequences of US-led Sanctions on Iranian Industries.” Iranian Studies 46, no. 1 (2013): 1-15.
  • Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Workers, and the Urban Poor. Centre for Human Rights in Iran. April 29, 2013. Accessed date April, 2023. https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2013/04/manufacturing-blue-collar-workers-and-the-urban-poor
  • Mararike, Munoda. “Zimbabwe Economic Sanctions and Post-Colonial Hangover: A Critique of Zimbabwe Democracy Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA).” International Journal of Social Sciences 7, no.1 (2019): 28-39.
  • McCurdy, Meghan. “Unilateral Sanctions with a Twist: The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996.” American University International Law Review 13, no. 2 (1998): 397-438.
  • McLan, Elena V. and Taehee Whang. “Designing Foreign Policy: Voters, Special Interest Groups, and Economic Sanctions.” Journal of Peace Research 51, no. 5 (2014): 589-602.
  • Miadzvetskaya, Yulija and Celia Challet. “Are the EU Restrictive Measures Really Targeted, Temporary and Preventive? The Case of Belarus.” Europe and the World 6, no. 1 (2022): 1-20.
  • Mostafavi, Ramin. “Ahmadinejad Calls Sanctions Against Iran Pathetic.” Reuters, July 3, 2010, accessed date July 31, 2017. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-sanctions-ahmadinejad-idUSTRE66211K20100703
  • Niblock, Tim. “The Regional and Domestic Political Consequences of Sanctions Imposed on Iraq Libya and Sudan.” Arab Studies Quarterly 23, no. 4 (2001): 59-67.
  • Niblock, Tim. Pariah States and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, and Sudan. London: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
  • Parsa, Misagh. Democracy in Iran: Why It Failed and How It Might Succeed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
  • Patterson, Ruari. “EU Sanctions on Iran: The European Political Context.” Middle East Policy Journal 20, no. 1 (2013): 135-146.
  • President Donald J. Trump is Ending United States Participation in an Unacceptable Iran Deal. Trump White House Archives. May 8, 2018. Accessed date November 22, 2023. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-ending-united-states-participation-unacceptable-iran-deal/
  • Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, Eskander. “Gharbzadeghi, Colonial Capitalism, and the Racial State in Iran.” Postcolonial Studies 24, no. 2, (2021): 173-194.
  • Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad. “The Impact of Sanctions on Household Welfare and Employment in Iran.” Middle East Development Journal 15, no. 2 (2023): 189-221.
  • “Sanctions are ‘US way of war,’ Iranian President at UN.” UN News. September 21, 2018. Accessed date April, 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100572
  • “Security Council Demands Iran Suspend Uranium Enrichment by 31 August, or Face Possible Economic, Diplomatic Sanctions – SC/8792.” United Nations. July 21, 2006. Accessed date May 25, 2017. https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8792.doc.htm
  • “Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for Failure to Halt Uranium Enrichment, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1737 – SC/8928.” United Nations. December 23, 2006. Accessed date May 25, 2023. http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8928.doc.htm
  • “Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for Failure to Halt Uranium Enrichment, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1737 – SC/8928.” United Nations. December 23, 2006. Accessed date May 25, 2017. https://press.un.org/en/2006/sc8928.doc.htm
  • Seliktar, Ofira and Farhad Rezaei. Iran, Israel, and the United States: The Politics of Counter-proliferation Intelligence. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018.
  • Shahi, Afshin. “Paradoxes of Iranian Messianic Politics.” Digest of Middle Eastern Studies 21, no. 1 (2012) 108-125.
  • Takeyh, Ray and Susan Maloney. “The Self-Limiting Success of Iran Sanctions.” International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2011): 1297-1312.
  • “United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929.” United Nations. June 09, 2010. Accessed date June 03, 2024. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n10/396/79/pdf/n1039679.pdf?token=9ITubi684krxsYHwk0&fe=true
  • Vira, Vaun. “Sanctions on Iran: Reaction and Impact.” Critical Threats, 28 September 2010, accessed date June 1, 2024. https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/sanctions-on-iran-reactions-and-impact#_ednddec69bf699a706e9fb678f9409a065f25
  • “Year One: Raisi on the Nuclear Deal.” The Iran Primer. September 21, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/sep/14/year-one-raisi-nuclear-deal

Sanctions and Postcolonial Statecraft in Iran: Resisting the Iran Libya Sanctions Act and Beyond

Year 2024, , 285 - 306, 16.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1511004

Abstract

Though economic sanctions are designed to weaken and isolate their target for the stated purpose of policy change, in the case of Iran they have often invigorated its desire to defy Western coercion and domination. Since the Islamic revolution this has led to multiple political standoffs, including notably during the Mahmoud Ahmadinejad administration and the post-nuclear deal standoff with the United States (US). Through sanctions, the West has often been unwilling to accept little less than a grand bargain on Iranian foreign policy, which has informed and contributed to a postcolonial narrative of resistance in the Iranian state. This narrative has served as an integral tool of Iranian statecraft in an effort to bolster the leadership’s legitimacy. By looking at elite discourse and Iranian government responses to the Iran Libya Sanctions Act during Ahmadinejad’s government and the Trump Administration’s Maximum Pressure campaign, this article highlights narratives of postcolonial resistance in Iran’s response to US sanctions, in an effort to explain why sanctions often push them further away from acquiescence to international norms.

References

  • Addis, Adeno. “Economic Sanctions and the Problem of Evil.” Human Rights Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2003): 573-623.
  • Adebahr, Cornelius. Europe, and Iran: The Nuclear Deal and Beyond. London: Routledge, 2017.
  • Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. Iran in World Politics, The Question of the Islamic Republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  • Ahdiyyih, Mohebat. “Ahmadinejad and the Mahdi.” Middle East Quarterly 15, no. 4 (2008): 27-36.
  • Ahmadinejad: Muslims ‘are not against Americans, Jews, Christians.’ NBC News. September 16, 2010. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39202371
  • Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. “Diagnosing an Illness.” In Decolonization: Perspectives from Now and Then. Edited by Prasenjit Duara, 56-63. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Alizadeh, Parvin and Hassan Hakimia. Iran, and the Global Economy: Petro Populism, Islam, and Economic Sanctions. London: Taylor and Francis, 2012.
  • Allen, Susan Hannah. “The Determinants of Economic Sanctions Success and Failure.” International Interactions 31, no. 2 (2005): 117-138.
  • “Ayatollah Khamenei Urges Concerted Action against US Sanctions.” Tasnim News Agency. March 14, 2023. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/03/14/2867433/ayatollah-khamenei-urges-concerted-action-against-us-sanctions
  • “Ayatollah Khamenei: No talks with US; Maximum Pressure Campaign Futile.” Press TV. September 17, 2019. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2019/09/17/606389/Iran-Ayatollah%C3%82%C2%A0Seyyed-Ali-Khamenei-US-talks
  • Ayoob, Mohammed. “Making Sense of Global Tensions: Dominant and Subaltern Concepts of Order and Justice in the International System.” International Studies 47, no. 2-4 (2010): 129-141.
  • Azizi, Hamidreza, Vali Golmohammadi, and Amir Hossein Vazirian. “Trump’s ‘Maximum Pressure’ and Anti-containment in Iran’s Regional Policy.” Digest of Middle East Studies 29, no. 2 (2020) 151.
  • Bapat, Navin A., et al. “Economic Sanctions, Transnational Terrorism and the Incentive to Misrepresentation.” The Journal of Politics 78, no. 1 (2016): 249-264.
  • Barmanghelidj, Esfandyr. “The Ins and Outs of Iranian Resilience Under Sanctions.” Muslim World 111, no. 1 (2021): 96-112.
  • Barzashka, Ivanka. “Using Enrichment Capacity to Estimate Iran’s Breakout Potential.” Federation of American Scientists Policy Brief. January 21, 2011. Accessed date June 1, 2024. https://pubs.fas.org/_docs/IssueBrief_Jan2011_Iran.pdf
  • Birnbaum, Ben and Eli Lake. “Iran Central Banker: Lift Sanctions or Face Spike in Oil Prices.” Washington Post. April 20, 2011. Accessed date April, 2024. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/apr/18/iranian-warns-retaliation-through-spike-price-oil/
  • Borszik, Oliver. “International Sanctions against Iran under President Ahmadinejad: Explaining Regime Persistence.” German Institute for Global Area Studies, no. 260 (2014): 1-25.
  • Bueya, Emmanuel. Stability in Postcolonial African States. Maryland: Lexington, 2018.
  • Chiacu, Doina. “Iran adds demands in nuclear talks, enrichment ‘alarming’ – US envoy.” Reuters. July 6, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-envoy-iran-adds-demands-nuclear-talks-makes-alarming-progress-enrichment-2022-07-05/
  • Crabtree, Steve. “Iranians Expect to Feel Sanctions; Many More Had Troubles Paying for Food and Shelter Last Year.” Gallup Poll News Service. February 7, 2012. Accessed date June, 2024. https://news.gallup.com/poll/152510/iranians-expect-feel-sanctions.aspx
  • Daugirdas, Kristina and Julian Davis. “Trump Administration Recertifies Iranian Compliance with JCPOA Notwithstanding Increasing Concern with Iranian Behaviour.” The American Journal of International Law 111, No. 4 (October 2017): 1056-1062.
  • Dehghanpisheh, Babak. “Iran says 200,000 took to streets in anti-government protests.” Reuters. November 28, 2019. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests/iran-says-200000-took-to-streets-in-anti-government-protests-idUSKBN1Y11PE/
  • Drezner, Daniel. “How Not to Sanction.” International Affairs 98 no. 5 (2022): 1533-1552.
  • Erdbrink, Thomas. “Ahmadinejad admits impact of financial sanctions on Iran.” The Washington Post. November 5, 2011. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/ahmadinejad-admits-impact-of-sanctions-on-iran/2011/11/01/gIQAvBIacM_story.html
  • Fassihi, Farnaz. “Iranians Blame Smog on Wests Sanctions.” Wall Street Journal. December 11, 2010. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703727804576011722938628008
  • Gallagher, Nancy, Ebrahim Mohseni, and Clay Ramsay. Iranian Public Opinion under Maximum Pressure. Maryland: Centre for International and Security Studies Maryland, 2019.
  • Gheibi, Pardis. “The Rise and Fall of US Secondary Sanctions: the Iran Outcasting and Re-Outcasting Regime.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 50, no. 2 (2022): 389-440.
  • Golshanpazooh, Mahmoud Reza and Marzieh Kouhi Esfahani. “Culture, the Core of Soft Power: An Overview of Iran’s Cultural Component of Soft Power.” Hemispheres 29, no. 4 (2014): 79-88.
  • H.R. 6198 – Public Law: 109-293. Passed during 109th US Congress on 30 September, 2006.
  • Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim. “Sanctions and Export Deflection: Evidence from Iran.” Economic Policy 32, no.90 (2017): 319-355.
  • Hannah, Andrew. “Sanctions 5: Trump’s ‘Maximum Pressure’ Targets.” The Iran Primer. March 3, 2021. Accessed date November 22, 2023. https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2021/mar/03/sanctions-5-trumps-maximum-pressure-targets
  • Hinkson, Cara. “The Messianic Idea in Shi’I Islam and its Modern Politicization.” Arena Journal 43, no. 44 (2015): 135-155.
  • Hufbauer, Gary Clyde and Barbara Oegg. “Economic Sanctions: Goal and Private Compensation.” Chicago Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2003): 305-328.
  • Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, et al. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition. London: Pearson 2007.
  • “Iran top official reveals an economic agreement with UAE.” Middle East Monitor. March 20, 2023. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230320-iran-top-official-reveals-an-economic-agreement-with-uae/
  • “Iran vows ‘crushing response to US bullying’ after sanctions announcement.” BBC News. September 21, 2020. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54227052
  • “Iran: Ahmadinejad Sees Western Sanctions as ‘Psycho War.” Khabar Online. April 23, 2013. Accessed date June, 2024. https://english.khabaronline.ir/news/184642/Ahmadinejad-Sees-Western-Sanctions-as-Psycho-War
  • “Iran’s Economic Update – April 2020.” The World Bank. April 16, 2020. Accessed date June, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/publication/economic-update-april-2020
  • “Iran’s Raisi says thwarting U.S. sanctions needs new solutions.” Reuters. September 16, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/irans-raisi-says-thwarting-us-sanctions-needs-new-solutions-2022-09-16/
  • Jahanbegloo, Ramin. “Iran and the Democratic Struggle in the Middle East.” Middle East Law and Governance 3, no. 1-2 (2011): 126-135.
  • Kahl, Colin H. “Not Time to Attack Iran: Why War Should Be a Last Resort,” Foreign Affairs 91, no. 2 (March/April 2012): 166-173.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. “Iran Sanctions.” Current Politics and Economics of the Middle East 2, no. 2 (2011): 209-243.
  • Kazemi Najaf Abadi, Majid and Razieh Zahedi. “Iran Economic Monitor – Adapting to the New Normal: A Protracted Pandemic and Ongoing Economic Sanctions.” World Bank Group. October 01, 2021. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/publication/iran-economic-monitor-fall-2021
  • Kazemzadeh, Masoud. “Ahmadinejad’s Foreign Policy.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27, no. 2 (2007): 423-449.
  • Kinzer, Steven. “Inside Iran’s Fury.” Smithsonian Magazine, October, 2008, accessed date September 4, 2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/inside-irans-fury-11823881/
  • Mahdavi, Amir. “Iran’s 2021 Election as a Turning Point from Electoral Authoritarianism to Hegemonic Autocracy.” The Muslim World 113, no. 1-2 (2023): 79-104.
  • Majidpour, Mehdi. “The Unintended Consequences of US-led Sanctions on Iranian Industries.” Iranian Studies 46, no. 1 (2013): 1-15.
  • Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Workers, and the Urban Poor. Centre for Human Rights in Iran. April 29, 2013. Accessed date April, 2023. https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2013/04/manufacturing-blue-collar-workers-and-the-urban-poor
  • Mararike, Munoda. “Zimbabwe Economic Sanctions and Post-Colonial Hangover: A Critique of Zimbabwe Democracy Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA).” International Journal of Social Sciences 7, no.1 (2019): 28-39.
  • McCurdy, Meghan. “Unilateral Sanctions with a Twist: The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996.” American University International Law Review 13, no. 2 (1998): 397-438.
  • McLan, Elena V. and Taehee Whang. “Designing Foreign Policy: Voters, Special Interest Groups, and Economic Sanctions.” Journal of Peace Research 51, no. 5 (2014): 589-602.
  • Miadzvetskaya, Yulija and Celia Challet. “Are the EU Restrictive Measures Really Targeted, Temporary and Preventive? The Case of Belarus.” Europe and the World 6, no. 1 (2022): 1-20.
  • Mostafavi, Ramin. “Ahmadinejad Calls Sanctions Against Iran Pathetic.” Reuters, July 3, 2010, accessed date July 31, 2017. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-sanctions-ahmadinejad-idUSTRE66211K20100703
  • Niblock, Tim. “The Regional and Domestic Political Consequences of Sanctions Imposed on Iraq Libya and Sudan.” Arab Studies Quarterly 23, no. 4 (2001): 59-67.
  • Niblock, Tim. Pariah States and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, and Sudan. London: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
  • Parsa, Misagh. Democracy in Iran: Why It Failed and How It Might Succeed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
  • Patterson, Ruari. “EU Sanctions on Iran: The European Political Context.” Middle East Policy Journal 20, no. 1 (2013): 135-146.
  • President Donald J. Trump is Ending United States Participation in an Unacceptable Iran Deal. Trump White House Archives. May 8, 2018. Accessed date November 22, 2023. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-ending-united-states-participation-unacceptable-iran-deal/
  • Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, Eskander. “Gharbzadeghi, Colonial Capitalism, and the Racial State in Iran.” Postcolonial Studies 24, no. 2, (2021): 173-194.
  • Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad. “The Impact of Sanctions on Household Welfare and Employment in Iran.” Middle East Development Journal 15, no. 2 (2023): 189-221.
  • “Sanctions are ‘US way of war,’ Iranian President at UN.” UN News. September 21, 2018. Accessed date April, 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100572
  • “Security Council Demands Iran Suspend Uranium Enrichment by 31 August, or Face Possible Economic, Diplomatic Sanctions – SC/8792.” United Nations. July 21, 2006. Accessed date May 25, 2017. https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8792.doc.htm
  • “Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for Failure to Halt Uranium Enrichment, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1737 – SC/8928.” United Nations. December 23, 2006. Accessed date May 25, 2023. http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8928.doc.htm
  • “Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for Failure to Halt Uranium Enrichment, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1737 – SC/8928.” United Nations. December 23, 2006. Accessed date May 25, 2017. https://press.un.org/en/2006/sc8928.doc.htm
  • Seliktar, Ofira and Farhad Rezaei. Iran, Israel, and the United States: The Politics of Counter-proliferation Intelligence. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018.
  • Shahi, Afshin. “Paradoxes of Iranian Messianic Politics.” Digest of Middle Eastern Studies 21, no. 1 (2012) 108-125.
  • Takeyh, Ray and Susan Maloney. “The Self-Limiting Success of Iran Sanctions.” International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2011): 1297-1312.
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There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Middle East Studies, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Andrew Thomas This is me 0000-0001-9828-9444

Publication Date July 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Chicago Thomas, Andrew. “Sanctions and Postcolonial Statecraft in Iran: Resisting the Iran Libya Sanctions Act and Beyond”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 13, no. 2 (July 2024): 285-306. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1511004.

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