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On the Borders of Cultural Relativism, Nativism, and International Society: A Promotion of Islamist Democracy in the Middle East after the Arab Uprisings

Year 2017, , 43 - 63, 02.05.2017
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.310153

Abstract

This article focuses on post-Arab-uprising calls for democratization in the
Middle East. Scrutinizing the then-Turkish government’s coupling of a cultural
relativist norm-promotion discourse in the global arena with a nativist discourse
in the Middle East, the paper examines how much our current conceptual tools
can explain successes and failures in this process. The article focuses on two
schools of thought that pay considerable attention to the role of culture in
institution-building: the English School of International Relations (ES) and
the nativist strand of post-colonialism. It touches upon two problems in the
ES literature and offers two solutions: (1) It reinforces attention on Buzan’s
conception of interhuman society compared to the ad hoc blending of different
levels of abstraction in cultural analyses. (2) It aims to initiate a dialogue for a
more precise distinction between various ideational and behavioral components
of the concept of culture, since these components do not necessarily fit well
together. Considering these two caveats, the article operationalizes culture in
the given case to examine some limitations of the nativist ideological perception
of cultural zones and its concurrent claims over true nativity. The paper seeks
these limitations, first, by analyzing the extent of cultural commonalities between
three sub-regional Islamist movements that shared a strong common identity,
and second, by examining the dialogue between ideological mismatches in the
constitution-making processes of Egypt and Tunisia.

References

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  • Alatas, Syed Farid. “On the Indigenization of Academic Discourse.” Alternatives 18, no. 3 (1993): 307-38.
  • Asad, Talal. “Muslims and European Identity: Can Europe Represent Islam?” In The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union, edited by A. Pagden, 209-27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Ayoob, Mohammed. The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008.
  • Bayat, Asef. Post-Islamism: The Many Faces of Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Bozeman, Adda. “The International Order in a Multicultural World.” In The Expansion of International Society, edited by Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, 387-407. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
  • Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1977.
  • ——— . “International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach.” World Politics 18, no. 3 (1966): 361-77.
  • Burke, Roland. “According to Their Own Norms of Civilization’: The Rise of Cultural Relativism and the Decline of Human Rights.” In Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights, 112-44. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
  • Buzan, Barry. “Culture and International Society.” International Affairs 86, no. 1 (2010): 1-26.
  • ——— . From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • ——— . “The Middle East through English School Theory.” In International Society and the Middle East, edited by Barry Buzan and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez, 22-44. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Cohen, Adam B., and Peter C. Hill. “Religion as Culture: Religious Individualism and Collectivism among American Catholics, Jews, and Protestants.” Journal of Personality 75, no. 4 (2007): 709–42.
  • Dalacoura, Katerina. “Homosexuality as Cultural Battleground in the Middle East: Culture and Postcolonial International Theory.” Third World Quarterly 35, no. 7 (2014): 1290-306.
  • ——— . “Islamism and Neoliberalism in the Aftermath of the 2011 Arab Uprisings: The Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt and Nahda in Tunisia.” In Neoliberal Governmentality and the Future of the State in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Emel Akçali (Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 61-83.
  • Eagleton, Terry. The Idea of Culture. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
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  • ———, and Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 887-917.
  • Freedom and Justice Party. “Election Program: The Freedom and Justice Party-2011.” Accessed May 12, 2013. http://www.fjponline.com/uploads/FJPprogram.pdf.
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  • Karaman, Hayrettin. “Islamcılar ve demokrasi” [Islamists and democracy]. February 25, 2011. http://www.hayrettinkaraman.net/makale/0700.htm.
  • Kassab, Bisan. “Muslim Brotherhood Opposed Women’s Council Reform.” Al-Akhbar, February 17, 2012.
  • Khalil, Imad. “US Report on Religious Freedom In Egypt Riles Muslims and Copts.” Al-Monitor, August 1, 2012.
  • Khazan, Olga. “‘Lying and Disinformation’: What the Muslim Brotherhood thinks of Egypt’s Opposition.” Washington Post, January 25, 2013.
  • Kurki, Milja. “Democracy through Technocracy? Reflections on Technocratic Assumption in EU Democracy Promotion Discourse.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 5, no. 2 (2011): 211-34.
  • Lapid, Yosef, and Friedrich V. Kratochwil, eds. The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996.
  • Lewis, Bernard. “Empire and the Turks: The Civilization of the Ottoman Empire.” History Today 10, no. 3 (1953).
  • Malmvig, Helle. “Caught between Cooperation and Democratization: The Barcelona Process and the EU's Double-Discursive Approach.” Journal of International Relations and Development 9, no. 4 (2006): 343-70.
  • Marks, Monica. “Tunisia’s Ban on Criticizing Religion could Bring Social Repression.” The Daily Star, September 17, 2012.
  • Marks, Monica, and Sayida Ounissi. “Ennahda from within:Islamists or ‘Muslim Democrats’? A Conversation.” The Brookings Institution, 2016. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2016/03/ennahda-islamists-muslimdemocrats-ounissi.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. “Sn. Bakanımızın Le Monde gazetesinde (Fransa) 21 Aralık 2011 tarihinde yayımlanan mülakatı” [Davutoğlu’s interview with Le Monde (France), December 21, 2011,]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sn_-bakanimizin-le-monde-gazetesinde-_fransa_.tr.mfa.
  • ———. “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun Fas dışişleri bakanı Saad Eddine El Othmani ile birlikte katıldıkları “Demokratik Dönüşüm ve Ortak Bölgesel Vizyon” konulu Seta panelinde yaptığı konuşma, 19 Mart 2012” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s speech entitled ‘Democratic Transtition and Common Regional Vision,’March 19, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-fas-disisleri-bakanisaad- eddine-el-othmani-ile-birlikte-katildiklari--_demokratik-d.tr.mfa.
  • ——— . “Dışişleri bakanı Sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun Die Presse gazetesinde (Avusturya) yayımlanan makalesi,22 Mart 2012” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s article published in Die Presse (Austria), March 22, 2012].http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-die-presse-gazetesinde-_avusturya_-yayimlanan-makalesi_-22-mart-2012.tr.mfa.
  • ——— . “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı Bağımsız Daimi İnsan Hakları Komisyonu toplantısının açılışında yaptığı konuşma, 27 Ağustos 2012” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s opening speech in the meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation[…], August 27, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-islam-isbirligi-teskilati-bagimsiz-daimi-insan-haklar-komisyonutoplantisinin-acilisi.tr.mfa.
  • ————. “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun ‘Arap Uyanışı ve Ortadoğu’da Barış: Müslüman ve Hristiyan Perspektifler’ konferansı kapsamında yaptıkları konuşma, 7 Eylül 2012 [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s speech in the conference, entitled ‘Arab Awakening and the Peace in the Middle East: Muslim and Christian perspectives, September 7, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-_arapbahari-ve-yeni-ortadogu_da-baris_-musluman-ve-hritiyan-perspektifler_-konferans.tr.mfa.
  • ————. “Dışişleri bakanı sayin Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun Stratejik Düşünce Araştırma Vakfı'nın ‘2012'de Türk Dış Politikası ve Gelecek Ufku’ konferansında yaptığı konuşma, 27 Aralık 2012” [The speech of foreign minister Davutoğlu in the conference of Strategic Thinking Research Association, entitled ‘The Future Vision and Turkish Foreign Policy in 2012’, December 27, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmetdavutoglu_nun-stratejik-dusunce-arastirma-vakfi_nin-_2012_de-turk-dis-politikasi-ve-gelecek-ufku_-k.tr.mfa.
  • ———. “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu'nun V. Büyükelçiler Konferansında yaptığı konuşma, 2 Ocak 2013” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s speech at the Fifth Ambassadors Conference, January 2, 2013]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-v_-buyukelciler-konferansinda-yaptigikonusma_-2-ocak-2013_-ankara.tr.mfa.
  • Neumann, Iver B. “Entry into International Society Reconceptualised: The Case of Russia.” Review of International Studies 37, no. 2 (2011): 463-84.
  • ——— . Uses of the Other: “The East” in European Identity Formation. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
  • ————, and Jennifer Welsh. “The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society.” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991): 327-48.
  • Parkinson, Joe. “Turkey’s Leadership Watches Uneasily as Egypt’s Brotherhood Stumbles.” The Wall Street Journal, July 3, 2013. http://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/07/03/turkeys-leadership-watches-uneasily-as-egyptsbrotherhood-stumbles/.
  • Robins, Kevin. “Interrupting Identities: Turkey/Europe.” In Questions of Cultural Identity, edited by Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, 61-86. London: SAGE Publications, 1996.
  • Roy, Olivier. Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  • ——— . Secularism Confronts Islam. Translated by George Holoch. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. ——— . “The Transformation of the Arab World.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 3 (2012): 5-18.
  • Spiro, Melford E. “Cultural Relativism and the Future of Anthropology.” Cultural Anthropology 1, no. 3 (1986): 259-86.
  • Spivak, Gayatri. “Who Claims Alterity?” In Remaking History, edited by Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani, 269-92. Seattle WA: Bay Press, 1989.
  • Swidler, Ann. Talk of Love: How Culture Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
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Year 2017, , 43 - 63, 02.05.2017
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.310153

Abstract

References

  • Abdelal, Rawi, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Alastair Iain Johnston, and Rose McDermott. “Identity as a Variable.” Perspectives on Politics 4, no. 4 (2006): 695-711.
  • Aktay, Yasin. “Hasan el-Benna ve İhvan kimliği” [Hasan al-Banna and the identity of Ikhvan (MB)]. Yenisafak, May 7, 2012. http://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/yasinaktay/hasan-el-benna-ve-ihvan-kimligi-32288.
  • Alatas, Syed Farid. “On the Indigenization of Academic Discourse.” Alternatives 18, no. 3 (1993): 307-38.
  • Asad, Talal. “Muslims and European Identity: Can Europe Represent Islam?” In The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union, edited by A. Pagden, 209-27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Ayoob, Mohammed. The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008.
  • Bayat, Asef. Post-Islamism: The Many Faces of Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Bozeman, Adda. “The International Order in a Multicultural World.” In The Expansion of International Society, edited by Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, 387-407. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
  • Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1977.
  • ——— . “International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach.” World Politics 18, no. 3 (1966): 361-77.
  • Burke, Roland. “According to Their Own Norms of Civilization’: The Rise of Cultural Relativism and the Decline of Human Rights.” In Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights, 112-44. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
  • Buzan, Barry. “Culture and International Society.” International Affairs 86, no. 1 (2010): 1-26.
  • ——— . From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • ——— . “The Middle East through English School Theory.” In International Society and the Middle East, edited by Barry Buzan and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez, 22-44. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Cohen, Adam B., and Peter C. Hill. “Religion as Culture: Religious Individualism and Collectivism among American Catholics, Jews, and Protestants.” Journal of Personality 75, no. 4 (2007): 709–42.
  • Dalacoura, Katerina. “Homosexuality as Cultural Battleground in the Middle East: Culture and Postcolonial International Theory.” Third World Quarterly 35, no. 7 (2014): 1290-306.
  • ——— . “Islamism and Neoliberalism in the Aftermath of the 2011 Arab Uprisings: The Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt and Nahda in Tunisia.” In Neoliberal Governmentality and the Future of the State in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Emel Akçali (Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 61-83.
  • Eagleton, Terry. The Idea of Culture. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Finnemore, Martha. “Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology’s Institutionalism.” International Organization 50, no. 2 (1996): 325-47.
  • ———, and Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 887-917.
  • Freedom and Justice Party. “Election Program: The Freedom and Justice Party-2011.” Accessed May 12, 2013. http://www.fjponline.com/uploads/FJPprogram.pdf.
  • Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Vol. 5019. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1973.
  • Ghiles, Francis. “Still a Long Way for Tunisian Democracy.” Berfrois, May 30, 2013. www.berfrois.com/2013/05/ francis-ghiles-still-a-long-way-for-tunisian-democracy.
  • Gul, Abdullah. “Egyptian Muslims Should Embrace Secularism.” New Perspectives Quarterly 29, no. 3 (2012): 48-51.
  • Haney, David Paul. The Americanization of Social Science. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008. Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Order and Change in the Middle East: A Neo-Gramscian Twist on the International Society Approach.” In International Society and the Middle East, edited by Barry Buzan and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez, 201-26. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  • Huntington, Samuel. “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22-49.
  • Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Istanbul World Forum. “Davutoğlu: Yeni Bir Ortadoğu İstiyoruz” [Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu: ‘We want a new Middle East]. Accessed in 14 June, 2013. http://www.iwf.org.tr/2012/10/disisleri-bakani-ahmet-davutogluyeni-bir-ortadogu-istiyoruz/?lang=tr.
  • Jackson, Robert. The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Kaminski, Matthew. “Among the Muslim Brothers: The Contradictory Faces of Political Islam in Post-Mubarak Egypt.” The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2011.
  • Kara, Ismail. “Müslüman Kardeşler Türkçe’ye tercüme edildi mi?” [Has the Muslim Brethren been translated into Turkish?]. Dergâh 2, no. 21 (1991): 14-5.
  • Karaman, Hayrettin. “Islamcılar ve demokrasi” [Islamists and democracy]. February 25, 2011. http://www.hayrettinkaraman.net/makale/0700.htm.
  • Kassab, Bisan. “Muslim Brotherhood Opposed Women’s Council Reform.” Al-Akhbar, February 17, 2012.
  • Khalil, Imad. “US Report on Religious Freedom In Egypt Riles Muslims and Copts.” Al-Monitor, August 1, 2012.
  • Khazan, Olga. “‘Lying and Disinformation’: What the Muslim Brotherhood thinks of Egypt’s Opposition.” Washington Post, January 25, 2013.
  • Kurki, Milja. “Democracy through Technocracy? Reflections on Technocratic Assumption in EU Democracy Promotion Discourse.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 5, no. 2 (2011): 211-34.
  • Lapid, Yosef, and Friedrich V. Kratochwil, eds. The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996.
  • Lewis, Bernard. “Empire and the Turks: The Civilization of the Ottoman Empire.” History Today 10, no. 3 (1953).
  • Malmvig, Helle. “Caught between Cooperation and Democratization: The Barcelona Process and the EU's Double-Discursive Approach.” Journal of International Relations and Development 9, no. 4 (2006): 343-70.
  • Marks, Monica. “Tunisia’s Ban on Criticizing Religion could Bring Social Repression.” The Daily Star, September 17, 2012.
  • Marks, Monica, and Sayida Ounissi. “Ennahda from within:Islamists or ‘Muslim Democrats’? A Conversation.” The Brookings Institution, 2016. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2016/03/ennahda-islamists-muslimdemocrats-ounissi.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. “Sn. Bakanımızın Le Monde gazetesinde (Fransa) 21 Aralık 2011 tarihinde yayımlanan mülakatı” [Davutoğlu’s interview with Le Monde (France), December 21, 2011,]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sn_-bakanimizin-le-monde-gazetesinde-_fransa_.tr.mfa.
  • ———. “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun Fas dışişleri bakanı Saad Eddine El Othmani ile birlikte katıldıkları “Demokratik Dönüşüm ve Ortak Bölgesel Vizyon” konulu Seta panelinde yaptığı konuşma, 19 Mart 2012” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s speech entitled ‘Democratic Transtition and Common Regional Vision,’March 19, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-fas-disisleri-bakanisaad- eddine-el-othmani-ile-birlikte-katildiklari--_demokratik-d.tr.mfa.
  • ——— . “Dışişleri bakanı Sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun Die Presse gazetesinde (Avusturya) yayımlanan makalesi,22 Mart 2012” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s article published in Die Presse (Austria), March 22, 2012].http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-die-presse-gazetesinde-_avusturya_-yayimlanan-makalesi_-22-mart-2012.tr.mfa.
  • ——— . “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı Bağımsız Daimi İnsan Hakları Komisyonu toplantısının açılışında yaptığı konuşma, 27 Ağustos 2012” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s opening speech in the meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation[…], August 27, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-islam-isbirligi-teskilati-bagimsiz-daimi-insan-haklar-komisyonutoplantisinin-acilisi.tr.mfa.
  • ————. “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun ‘Arap Uyanışı ve Ortadoğu’da Barış: Müslüman ve Hristiyan Perspektifler’ konferansı kapsamında yaptıkları konuşma, 7 Eylül 2012 [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s speech in the conference, entitled ‘Arab Awakening and the Peace in the Middle East: Muslim and Christian perspectives, September 7, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-_arapbahari-ve-yeni-ortadogu_da-baris_-musluman-ve-hritiyan-perspektifler_-konferans.tr.mfa.
  • ————. “Dışişleri bakanı sayin Ahmet Davutoğlu’nun Stratejik Düşünce Araştırma Vakfı'nın ‘2012'de Türk Dış Politikası ve Gelecek Ufku’ konferansında yaptığı konuşma, 27 Aralık 2012” [The speech of foreign minister Davutoğlu in the conference of Strategic Thinking Research Association, entitled ‘The Future Vision and Turkish Foreign Policy in 2012’, December 27, 2012]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmetdavutoglu_nun-stratejik-dusunce-arastirma-vakfi_nin-_2012_de-turk-dis-politikasi-ve-gelecek-ufku_-k.tr.mfa.
  • ———. “Dışişleri bakanı sayın Ahmet Davutoğlu'nun V. Büyükelçiler Konferansında yaptığı konuşma, 2 Ocak 2013” [Foreign minister Davutoğlu’s speech at the Fifth Ambassadors Conference, January 2, 2013]. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-v_-buyukelciler-konferansinda-yaptigikonusma_-2-ocak-2013_-ankara.tr.mfa.
  • Neumann, Iver B. “Entry into International Society Reconceptualised: The Case of Russia.” Review of International Studies 37, no. 2 (2011): 463-84.
  • ——— . Uses of the Other: “The East” in European Identity Formation. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
  • ————, and Jennifer Welsh. “The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society.” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991): 327-48.
  • Parkinson, Joe. “Turkey’s Leadership Watches Uneasily as Egypt’s Brotherhood Stumbles.” The Wall Street Journal, July 3, 2013. http://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/07/03/turkeys-leadership-watches-uneasily-as-egyptsbrotherhood-stumbles/.
  • Robins, Kevin. “Interrupting Identities: Turkey/Europe.” In Questions of Cultural Identity, edited by Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, 61-86. London: SAGE Publications, 1996.
  • Roy, Olivier. Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  • ——— . Secularism Confronts Islam. Translated by George Holoch. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. ——— . “The Transformation of the Arab World.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 3 (2012): 5-18.
  • Spiro, Melford E. “Cultural Relativism and the Future of Anthropology.” Cultural Anthropology 1, no. 3 (1986): 259-86.
  • Spivak, Gayatri. “Who Claims Alterity?” In Remaking History, edited by Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani, 269-92. Seattle WA: Bay Press, 1989.
  • Swidler, Ann. Talk of Love: How Culture Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
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Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Metin Koca This is me

Publication Date May 2, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

Chicago Koca, Metin. “On the Borders of Cultural Relativism, Nativism, and International Society: A Promotion of Islamist Democracy in the Middle East After the Arab Uprisings”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 6, no. 2 (July 2017): 43-63. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.310153.

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