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Ideas and Interests: European Democracy Aid and the Democracy-Security Dilemma, 1990-2010

Year 2020, , 61 - 81, 20.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.541235

Abstract

Since
the end of the Cold War, advanced democracies have enacted explicit strategies
of democracy promotion by providing assistance to governments, political
parties, and other non-governmental groups and organizations all over the
world. This paper examines the factors shaping European Union democracy aid allocation
decisions from 1990-2010, weighing the relative impact of ideational concerns
(regime type, human rights) and self-interests (political, security, economic).
We argue that EU democracy aid reflects a “democracy-security dilemma” as the
EU balances ideational reasons for promoting democracy with concerns over
political and economic relationships, regional stability, and security. We test
our hypotheses with a series of random effects, generalized least squares and
Heckman selection models, which provide support for our argument. The paper
concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the
impact and explanation of EU democracy promotion policies.

References

  • Achen, Chris H. “Why Lagged Dependent Variables Can Suppress the Explanatory Power of Other Independent Variables.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Political Methodology Section of the American Political Science Association, University of California at Los Angeles, July 2000.
  • Alesina, Alberto, and Dollar, D. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth 5 (2000): 33–63.
  • Apodaca, Clair, and Michael Stohl. “United States Human Rights Policy and Foreign Assistance.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (1999): 185–98.
  • Art, Robert J. A Grand Strategy for America. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • Arvin, Mak B., and Torben Drewes. “Are There Biases in German Bilateral Aid Allocations?” Applied Economics Letters 8, no. 3 (2001): 173–77.
  • Askarov, Zohid, and Hristos Doucouliagos. “Does Aid Improve Democracy and Governance? A Meta–regression Analysis.” Public Choice 157 (2013): 601–28.
  • Balla, Eliana, and Gina Y. Reinhardt. “Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?” World Development 36 (2008): 2566–585.
  • European Union. Barcelona Declaration. Adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference. November 11,1995. https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/barcelona_declaration.pdf.
  • Beck, Nathaniel. “Time-Series-Cross-Section Methods.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, edited by Janet Box-Stefeensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. London: Oxford University Press, 2009.

  • Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. “Time-Series-Cross-Section Issues: Dynamics.” Unpublished paper, 2004. http:⁄⁄www.nyu.edu⁄gsas⁄dept⁄politics⁄faculty⁄beck⁄beck_home.html#Research.

  • Berk, Richard A. “An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data.” American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 386–97.
  • Berthelemy, Jean–Claude. “Bilateral Donors’ Interest vs. Recipients’ Development Motives in Aid Allocation: Do All Donors Behave the Same?” Review of Development Economics 10, no. 2 (2006): 179–94.
  • Blanton, Shannon Lindsey. “Foreign Policy in Transition: Human Rights, Democracy, and U.S. Arms Exports.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2005): 647–67.
  • Boone, Peter. “Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid.” European Economic Review 40, no. 2 (1996): 289-329.
  • Boschini, Anne, and Anders Olofsgard. “Foreign Aid: An Instrument for Fighting Communism.” Journal of Development Studies 43 (2007): 622–48.
  • Boutton, Andrew, and David B. Carter. “Fair Weather Allies: Terrorism and the Allocation of US Foreign Aid.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, no. 7 (2014): 1144–173.
  • Brautigam, Deborah A., and Stephen Knack. “Foreign Aid, Institutions and Governance in Sub–Saharan Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 52 (2004): 255–85.
  • Bridoux, Jeff, and Milja Kurki. Democracy Promotion: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Burnell, Peter. Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  • ———. “Political Strategies of External Support for Democratization.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1 (2005): 361-84.
  • Bush, Sunn. The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Carbone, Maurizio. The European Union and International Development: The Politics of Foreign Aid. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Cingranelli, David L., and Thomas E. Pasquarello. “Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of US Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 3 (1985): 539-63.
  • Collins, Stephen D. “Can America Finance Freedom? Assessing U.S. Democracy Promotion via Economic Statecraft.” Foreign Policy Analysis 5 (2009): 367-89.
  • Cox, Michael, Timothy J. Lynch, and Nicolas Bouchet. US Foreign Policy and Democracy Promotion: From Theodore Roosevelt to Barack Obama. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Crawford, Gordon. “Whither Lome? Mid-Term Review and the Decline of Partnership.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 34 (1996): 503-58.
  • Dietrich, Simone. “Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocations.” International Studies Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2013): 698-712.
  • Dietrich, Simone. “Donor Political Economies and the Pursuit of Aid Effectiveness.” International Organization. 70 (2016): 65-102.
  • Dietrich, Simone, and Joseph Wright. “Foreign Aid Allocation Tactics and Democratic Change in Africa.” Journal of Politics 77 (2015): 216–34.
  • Dixon, William J. “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict.” American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 14–32.
  • Doyle, Michael W. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80, no. 4 (1986): 1151-1169. Drury, A. Cooper, and Dursun Peksen. “Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy.” International Interactions 36, no. 3 (2010): 240–64.
  • Drury, A.Cooper, Richard Olson, and Douglas Van Belle. “The CNN Effect, Geo-strategic Motives and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.” Journal of Politics 67 (2005): 454-73.
  • Eur-Lex. Summaries of European Legislation: MEDA Program (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Ar15006), accessed February 19, 2019.
  • European Commission. The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/eidhr_en.htm
  • European Commission. “Relations with the EEAS, EU institutions and Member States.” https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/relations-eeas-eu-institutions-and-member-states_en.
  • European Union. European Consensus on Development. Official Journal of the European Union 2006/C 46/01.
  • European Union. Treaty on European Union, 1992. https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf.
  • European Union External Action Service. “European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)”. December 21, 2016. https://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp/330/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp_en.
  • Fariss, Christopher J. “The Strategic Substitution of United States Foreign Aid.” Foreign Policy Analysis 6, no. 2 (2010): 107–31.
  • Fink, Günther, and Silvia Redaelli. “Determinants of International Emergency Aid-Humanitarian Need Only?” World Development 39, no. 5 (2011): 741–57.
  • Finkel, Steven E., Aníbal Pérez–Liñán, and Mitchell A. Seligson. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy–Building, 1990–2003.” World Politics 59 (2007): 404–39.
  • Fleck, Robert E., and Christopher Kilby. “Changing Aid Regimes? US Foreign Aid from the Cold War to the War on Terror.” Journal of Development Economics 91 (2010): 185–97.
  • Green, Donald P., Soo Yeon Kim, and David H. Yoon. “Dirty Pool.” International Organization 55, no. 2 (2001): 441–68.

  • Heckman, James J. “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Sample Estimator for Such Models.” Annals of Economic and Social Measurement 5 (1976): 475–92.
  • ———. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47 (1979): 153–61.
  • Heinrich, Tobias. “When is Foreign Aid Selfish, When Is It Selfless?” Journal of Politics 75, no. 2 (2013): 422–35.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, and Matt W. Loftis. “Democracy Aid and Electoral Accountability.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (2017): 139–66.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, Yoshiharu Kobayashi, and Leah Long. “Voters Get What They Want (When They Pay Attention): Human Rights, Policy Benefits, and Foreign Aid.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (2018): 195–207.
  • Hensel, Paul R. “ICOW Colonial History Data Set, version 1.0.” 2014. http://www.paulhensel.org/icowcol.html.
  • Joffe, George. “The European Union, Democracy and Counter-Terrorism in the Maghreb.” Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (2007): 147–71.
  • Jolliff Scott, B. “Explaining a New Foreign Aid Recipient: The European Union’s Provision of Aid to Regional Trade Agreements, 1995-2013.” Journal of International Realtions and Development. (2018). doi: 10.1057/s41268-018-0163-z.
  • Kalyvitis,Sarantis, and Irene Vlachaki. “Democratic Aid and the Democratization of Recipients.” Contemporary Economic Policy 28 (2010): 188–218.
  • Kelley, Judith. “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (2006): 29–55.
  • Kersting, Erasmus, and Cristopher Kilby. “Aid and Democracy Redux.” European Economic Review 67 (2014): 125–43.
  • Knack, Stephen. “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?” International Studies Quarterly 48 (2004): 251–66.
  • Lai, Brian. “Examining the Goals of US Foreign Assistance in the Post–Cold War Period, 1991–96.” Journal of Peace Research 40 (2003): 103–28.
  • Lebovic, James H. “National Interests and US Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years.” Journal of Peace Research 25 (1988): 115–35.
  • Lumsdaine, David H. Moral Vision in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Marshall, Monety. “Major Episodes of Political Violence (MEPV) and Conflict Regions, 1946–2015.” Center for Systemic Peace, May 25, 2016. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/MEPVcodebook2015.pdf Marshall, Monty G., and K. Jaggers. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010.” (2011) http://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html.
  • Maoz, Zeev, and Bruce M. Russett. “Normative and Structural Causes of the Democratic Peace, 1946–1986.” American Political Science Review 8, no. 3 (1993): 624–63.
  • McKinlay, Robert D., and Robert Little. “A Foreign Policy Model of Us Bilateral Aid Allocation.” World Politics 30 (1977): 58–86.
  • McLean, Elena. “Donor's Preferences and Agent Choice: Delegation of European Development Aid.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (2012): 381–95.
  • Meernik, James, Eric L. Krueger, and Steven C. Poe. “Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid During and After the Cold War.” Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 63–85.
  • Mitchell, Lincoln A. The Democracy Promotion Paradox. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2016.
  • Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin. “A Kantian System? Democracy and Third–Party Conflict Resolution.” American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 4 (2002): 749–59. Munck, Gerardo L., and Jay Verkuilen. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (2002): 5–35.
  • National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). “Global Terrorism Database [Data file], 2016.” https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd.
  • Neumayer, Eric. The Pattern Of Aid Giving: The Impact of Good Governance on Development Assistance. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Nielsen, Richard. “Rewarding Human Rights? Selective Aid Sanctions against Repressive States,” International Studies Quarterly 57 (2013): 791–803.
  • Nielsen, Richard, and Daniel L. Nielson. “Triage for Democracy: Selection Effects in Governance Aid.” Paper presented at the Department of Government, College of William & Mary, February 5, 2010.
  • Palmer, Glenn, Scott B. Wohlander, and T. Clifton Morgan. “Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (2002): 5–26.
  • Peterson, Timothy, and James M. Scott. “The Democracy Aid Calculus: Regimes, Political Opponents, and the Allocation of US Democracy Assistance, 1981–2009.” International Interactions 44, no. 2 (2018): 268–93.
  • Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. “Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their US Counterparts.” International Affairs 67, no. 1 (1991): 33-63.
  • Qian, Nancy. “Making Progress on Foreign Aid.” Annual Review of Economics 7 (2015): 277–308. Reinsberg, Bernhard. “Foreign Aid Responses to Political Liberalization.” World Development 75 (2015): 46-61.
  • Rudloff, Peter, James M. Scott, and Tyra Blew. “Countering Adversaries and Cultivating Friends: Indirect Rivalry Factors and Foreign Aid Allocation.” Cooperation and Conflict 48, no. 3 (2013): 401–23.
  • Rudra, Nita. “Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (2005): 704–30.

  • Russett, Bruce Martin. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post–Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Schraeder, Peter J., Steven W. Hook, and Bruce Taylor. “Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Aid Flows.” World Politics 50 (1998): 294–323.
  • Scott, James M., and Carie A. Steele. “Sponsoring Democracy: The United States and Democracy Aid To The Developing World, 1988–2001.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 1 (2011): 47–69.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “Distributing Dollars For Democracy: Changing Foreign Policy Contexts and The Shifting Determinants of US Democracy Aid, 1975–2010.” Journal of International Relations and Development (2017). doi : 10.1057/s41268–017–0118–9.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “From Cold War to Arab Spring: Mapping the Effects of Paradigm Shifts on the Nature and Dynamics of U.S. Democracy Assistance to the Middle East and North Africa.” Democratization 22, no. 4 (2015): 738–63.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “Promoting Democracy in Latin America: Foreign Policy Change and US Democracy Assistance, 1975–2010.” Third World Quarterly 37, no. 2 (2016): 299–320.
  • Smith, Karen. “The Role of Democracy Assistance in Future EU External Relations.” Paper presented at the European Conference on Enhancing the European Profile in Democracy Assistance, the Netherlands, 4-6, July 2004.
  • Tierney, Michael J., D. L. Nielson, D.G. Hawkins, J. T. Roberts, M. G. Findley, R. M. Powers, B. Parks, S.E. Wilson, and R. L. Hicks. “More Dollars than Sense: Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using AidData.” World Development 39, no. 11 (2011): 1891–906.
Year 2020, , 61 - 81, 20.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.541235

Abstract

References

  • Achen, Chris H. “Why Lagged Dependent Variables Can Suppress the Explanatory Power of Other Independent Variables.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Political Methodology Section of the American Political Science Association, University of California at Los Angeles, July 2000.
  • Alesina, Alberto, and Dollar, D. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth 5 (2000): 33–63.
  • Apodaca, Clair, and Michael Stohl. “United States Human Rights Policy and Foreign Assistance.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (1999): 185–98.
  • Art, Robert J. A Grand Strategy for America. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • Arvin, Mak B., and Torben Drewes. “Are There Biases in German Bilateral Aid Allocations?” Applied Economics Letters 8, no. 3 (2001): 173–77.
  • Askarov, Zohid, and Hristos Doucouliagos. “Does Aid Improve Democracy and Governance? A Meta–regression Analysis.” Public Choice 157 (2013): 601–28.
  • Balla, Eliana, and Gina Y. Reinhardt. “Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?” World Development 36 (2008): 2566–585.
  • European Union. Barcelona Declaration. Adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference. November 11,1995. https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/barcelona_declaration.pdf.
  • Beck, Nathaniel. “Time-Series-Cross-Section Methods.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, edited by Janet Box-Stefeensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. London: Oxford University Press, 2009.

  • Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. “Time-Series-Cross-Section Issues: Dynamics.” Unpublished paper, 2004. http:⁄⁄www.nyu.edu⁄gsas⁄dept⁄politics⁄faculty⁄beck⁄beck_home.html#Research.

  • Berk, Richard A. “An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data.” American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 386–97.
  • Berthelemy, Jean–Claude. “Bilateral Donors’ Interest vs. Recipients’ Development Motives in Aid Allocation: Do All Donors Behave the Same?” Review of Development Economics 10, no. 2 (2006): 179–94.
  • Blanton, Shannon Lindsey. “Foreign Policy in Transition: Human Rights, Democracy, and U.S. Arms Exports.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2005): 647–67.
  • Boone, Peter. “Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid.” European Economic Review 40, no. 2 (1996): 289-329.
  • Boschini, Anne, and Anders Olofsgard. “Foreign Aid: An Instrument for Fighting Communism.” Journal of Development Studies 43 (2007): 622–48.
  • Boutton, Andrew, and David B. Carter. “Fair Weather Allies: Terrorism and the Allocation of US Foreign Aid.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, no. 7 (2014): 1144–173.
  • Brautigam, Deborah A., and Stephen Knack. “Foreign Aid, Institutions and Governance in Sub–Saharan Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 52 (2004): 255–85.
  • Bridoux, Jeff, and Milja Kurki. Democracy Promotion: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Burnell, Peter. Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
  • ———. “Political Strategies of External Support for Democratization.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1 (2005): 361-84.
  • Bush, Sunn. The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Carbone, Maurizio. The European Union and International Development: The Politics of Foreign Aid. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Cingranelli, David L., and Thomas E. Pasquarello. “Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of US Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 3 (1985): 539-63.
  • Collins, Stephen D. “Can America Finance Freedom? Assessing U.S. Democracy Promotion via Economic Statecraft.” Foreign Policy Analysis 5 (2009): 367-89.
  • Cox, Michael, Timothy J. Lynch, and Nicolas Bouchet. US Foreign Policy and Democracy Promotion: From Theodore Roosevelt to Barack Obama. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Crawford, Gordon. “Whither Lome? Mid-Term Review and the Decline of Partnership.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 34 (1996): 503-58.
  • Dietrich, Simone. “Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocations.” International Studies Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2013): 698-712.
  • Dietrich, Simone. “Donor Political Economies and the Pursuit of Aid Effectiveness.” International Organization. 70 (2016): 65-102.
  • Dietrich, Simone, and Joseph Wright. “Foreign Aid Allocation Tactics and Democratic Change in Africa.” Journal of Politics 77 (2015): 216–34.
  • Dixon, William J. “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict.” American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 14–32.
  • Doyle, Michael W. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80, no. 4 (1986): 1151-1169. Drury, A. Cooper, and Dursun Peksen. “Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy.” International Interactions 36, no. 3 (2010): 240–64.
  • Drury, A.Cooper, Richard Olson, and Douglas Van Belle. “The CNN Effect, Geo-strategic Motives and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.” Journal of Politics 67 (2005): 454-73.
  • Eur-Lex. Summaries of European Legislation: MEDA Program (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Ar15006), accessed February 19, 2019.
  • European Commission. The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/eidhr_en.htm
  • European Commission. “Relations with the EEAS, EU institutions and Member States.” https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/relations-eeas-eu-institutions-and-member-states_en.
  • European Union. European Consensus on Development. Official Journal of the European Union 2006/C 46/01.
  • European Union. Treaty on European Union, 1992. https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf.
  • European Union External Action Service. “European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)”. December 21, 2016. https://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp/330/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp_en.
  • Fariss, Christopher J. “The Strategic Substitution of United States Foreign Aid.” Foreign Policy Analysis 6, no. 2 (2010): 107–31.
  • Fink, Günther, and Silvia Redaelli. “Determinants of International Emergency Aid-Humanitarian Need Only?” World Development 39, no. 5 (2011): 741–57.
  • Finkel, Steven E., Aníbal Pérez–Liñán, and Mitchell A. Seligson. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy–Building, 1990–2003.” World Politics 59 (2007): 404–39.
  • Fleck, Robert E., and Christopher Kilby. “Changing Aid Regimes? US Foreign Aid from the Cold War to the War on Terror.” Journal of Development Economics 91 (2010): 185–97.
  • Green, Donald P., Soo Yeon Kim, and David H. Yoon. “Dirty Pool.” International Organization 55, no. 2 (2001): 441–68.

  • Heckman, James J. “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Sample Estimator for Such Models.” Annals of Economic and Social Measurement 5 (1976): 475–92.
  • ———. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47 (1979): 153–61.
  • Heinrich, Tobias. “When is Foreign Aid Selfish, When Is It Selfless?” Journal of Politics 75, no. 2 (2013): 422–35.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, and Matt W. Loftis. “Democracy Aid and Electoral Accountability.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (2017): 139–66.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, Yoshiharu Kobayashi, and Leah Long. “Voters Get What They Want (When They Pay Attention): Human Rights, Policy Benefits, and Foreign Aid.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (2018): 195–207.
  • Hensel, Paul R. “ICOW Colonial History Data Set, version 1.0.” 2014. http://www.paulhensel.org/icowcol.html.
  • Joffe, George. “The European Union, Democracy and Counter-Terrorism in the Maghreb.” Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (2007): 147–71.
  • Jolliff Scott, B. “Explaining a New Foreign Aid Recipient: The European Union’s Provision of Aid to Regional Trade Agreements, 1995-2013.” Journal of International Realtions and Development. (2018). doi: 10.1057/s41268-018-0163-z.
  • Kalyvitis,Sarantis, and Irene Vlachaki. “Democratic Aid and the Democratization of Recipients.” Contemporary Economic Policy 28 (2010): 188–218.
  • Kelley, Judith. “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (2006): 29–55.
  • Kersting, Erasmus, and Cristopher Kilby. “Aid and Democracy Redux.” European Economic Review 67 (2014): 125–43.
  • Knack, Stephen. “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?” International Studies Quarterly 48 (2004): 251–66.
  • Lai, Brian. “Examining the Goals of US Foreign Assistance in the Post–Cold War Period, 1991–96.” Journal of Peace Research 40 (2003): 103–28.
  • Lebovic, James H. “National Interests and US Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years.” Journal of Peace Research 25 (1988): 115–35.
  • Lumsdaine, David H. Moral Vision in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Marshall, Monety. “Major Episodes of Political Violence (MEPV) and Conflict Regions, 1946–2015.” Center for Systemic Peace, May 25, 2016. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/MEPVcodebook2015.pdf Marshall, Monty G., and K. Jaggers. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010.” (2011) http://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html.
  • Maoz, Zeev, and Bruce M. Russett. “Normative and Structural Causes of the Democratic Peace, 1946–1986.” American Political Science Review 8, no. 3 (1993): 624–63.
  • McKinlay, Robert D., and Robert Little. “A Foreign Policy Model of Us Bilateral Aid Allocation.” World Politics 30 (1977): 58–86.
  • McLean, Elena. “Donor's Preferences and Agent Choice: Delegation of European Development Aid.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (2012): 381–95.
  • Meernik, James, Eric L. Krueger, and Steven C. Poe. “Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid During and After the Cold War.” Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 63–85.
  • Mitchell, Lincoln A. The Democracy Promotion Paradox. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2016.
  • Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin. “A Kantian System? Democracy and Third–Party Conflict Resolution.” American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 4 (2002): 749–59. Munck, Gerardo L., and Jay Verkuilen. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (2002): 5–35.
  • National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). “Global Terrorism Database [Data file], 2016.” https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd.
  • Neumayer, Eric. The Pattern Of Aid Giving: The Impact of Good Governance on Development Assistance. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Nielsen, Richard. “Rewarding Human Rights? Selective Aid Sanctions against Repressive States,” International Studies Quarterly 57 (2013): 791–803.
  • Nielsen, Richard, and Daniel L. Nielson. “Triage for Democracy: Selection Effects in Governance Aid.” Paper presented at the Department of Government, College of William & Mary, February 5, 2010.
  • Palmer, Glenn, Scott B. Wohlander, and T. Clifton Morgan. “Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (2002): 5–26.
  • Peterson, Timothy, and James M. Scott. “The Democracy Aid Calculus: Regimes, Political Opponents, and the Allocation of US Democracy Assistance, 1981–2009.” International Interactions 44, no. 2 (2018): 268–93.
  • Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. “Foreign Political Aid: The German Political Foundations and Their US Counterparts.” International Affairs 67, no. 1 (1991): 33-63.
  • Qian, Nancy. “Making Progress on Foreign Aid.” Annual Review of Economics 7 (2015): 277–308. Reinsberg, Bernhard. “Foreign Aid Responses to Political Liberalization.” World Development 75 (2015): 46-61.
  • Rudloff, Peter, James M. Scott, and Tyra Blew. “Countering Adversaries and Cultivating Friends: Indirect Rivalry Factors and Foreign Aid Allocation.” Cooperation and Conflict 48, no. 3 (2013): 401–23.
  • Rudra, Nita. “Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (2005): 704–30.

  • Russett, Bruce Martin. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post–Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Schraeder, Peter J., Steven W. Hook, and Bruce Taylor. “Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Aid Flows.” World Politics 50 (1998): 294–323.
  • Scott, James M., and Carie A. Steele. “Sponsoring Democracy: The United States and Democracy Aid To The Developing World, 1988–2001.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 1 (2011): 47–69.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “Distributing Dollars For Democracy: Changing Foreign Policy Contexts and The Shifting Determinants of US Democracy Aid, 1975–2010.” Journal of International Relations and Development (2017). doi : 10.1057/s41268–017–0118–9.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “From Cold War to Arab Spring: Mapping the Effects of Paradigm Shifts on the Nature and Dynamics of U.S. Democracy Assistance to the Middle East and North Africa.” Democratization 22, no. 4 (2015): 738–63.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “Promoting Democracy in Latin America: Foreign Policy Change and US Democracy Assistance, 1975–2010.” Third World Quarterly 37, no. 2 (2016): 299–320.
  • Smith, Karen. “The Role of Democracy Assistance in Future EU External Relations.” Paper presented at the European Conference on Enhancing the European Profile in Democracy Assistance, the Netherlands, 4-6, July 2004.
  • Tierney, Michael J., D. L. Nielson, D.G. Hawkins, J. T. Roberts, M. G. Findley, R. M. Powers, B. Parks, S.E. Wilson, and R. L. Hicks. “More Dollars than Sense: Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using AidData.” World Development 39, no. 11 (2011): 1891–906.
There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

James M. Scott This is me 0000-0001-7415-9506

Brandy Jolliff Scott This is me 0000-0002-2642-6515

Publication Date December 20, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

Chicago Scott, James M., and Brandy Jolliff Scott. “Ideas and Interests: European Democracy Aid and the Democracy-Security Dilemma, 1990-2010”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 9, no. 1 (December 2019): 61-81. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.541235.

Widening the World of IR