Research Article
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Year 2021, , 59 - 80, 10.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.631010

Abstract

References

  • Abd al-‘Azim, Ahmad. “al-Fariq Hamdi Wahiba- Ra’is al-Hay’a al-‘Arabiyya li-l-Tasni‘- fi Hiwar ma‘a Ruz al-Yusuf.” Ruz al-Yusuf, November 3, 2009.
  • Abul-Magd, Zeinab. Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.
  • ———. “Siyadat al-Liwa’ Sayuqatil al-Sha‘b.” al-Masry al-Youm, April 3, 2012.
  • ———. “U.S. Military Aid to Egypt Lost Value.” Jadaliyya, July 25, 2013.
  • Abul-Magd, Zeinab, and Elke Grawert. Businessmen in Arms: How the Military and Other Armed Groups Profit in the MENA Region. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, April 2016.
  • Albrecht, Holger. “Does Coup-Proofing Work? Political-Military Relations in Authoritarian Regimes Amid the Arab Uprisings.” Mediterranean Politics 20 (2015): 36–54.
  • Amin, Muhammad. “al-Liwa’ Bahari Ibrahim Jabir al-Dusuqi: Hadafuna Tatwir wa-Raf‘ Kafa’at Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya.” Uktubar, January 23, 2011.
  • ———. “al-Liwa’ Bahari Ibrahim Jabir al-Dusuqi: Hadafuna Tatwir wa-Raf‘ Kafa’at Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya. ” Masress, January 23, 2011. Accessed April 15, 2014. http://www.masress.com/october/110405.
  • al-Badawi, Mahmud. “Wazir al-Intaj al-Harbi: Mustamirrun fi Tasni‘ al-Asliha…wa-la Nu‘lin ‘Anha.” al-Watan, January 24, 2017.
  • Betts, Paul. “French rail group awarded Cairo order.” Financial Times, January 7, 1986.
  • Blumberg, Alex. “Why Egypt’s Military Cares about Home Appliances.” NPR, February 4, 2011.
  • Brommelhorster, Jorn, and Wolf-Christian Paes, eds. The Military as an Economic Actor: Soldiers in Business. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  • Cabirol, Michel. “Egypte: douze Rafale cloués au sol par Bercy.” La Tribune, October 23, 2017.
  • Congressional Research Service. Middle East Arms Control and Related Issues. Foreign Affairs and Nation Defense Division, CRS Report no: 91-384F. Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service, May 1, 1991.
  • Cooper, Julian. “Soviet Military Has a Finger in Every Pie.” The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 46 (1990): 22-5.
  • Fleurant, Aude, Pieter D. Wezman, Siemon T. Wezeman, and Nan Tian. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2016.” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden, February 2017.
  • Gaub, Florence, and Zoe Stanley-Lockman. “Defence Industries in the Arab States: Players and Strategies.” European Union Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Papers, March 2017.
  • Gordon, Michael. “U.S. May Allow Egyptians to Buy and Assemble M-1 Tanks.” New York Times, June 30, 1987.
  • Gotowicki, LTC Stephen H. (U.S. Army). “The Role of the Egyptian Military in Domestic Society.” DoD’s Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), National Defense University, 1997. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/egypt/egypt.htm.
  • Govindasamy, Siva, and Ahmed Mohamed Hassan. “China Tries Trying to Undercut Germany on Submarine Offer to Egypt.” Reuters, September 15, 2015.
  • Hasan, Muhammad, and Maha Salim. “Intilaqa Jadidia fi Intaj al-Masani‘ al-Harbiayya.” al-Ahram, May 20, 2017.
  • Hasan, Muhammad, and Maha Salim. “Intilaqa Jadidia fi Intaj al-Masani ‘al-Harbiayy.” al-Ahram, May 20, 2017.
  • Ibrahim, Abd al-Fattah. “800 ‘Arabat Qitar Jadida bi-’Istithmarat 1.5 Milyar Junayh” al-Ahram, May 26, 2004.
  • Ibrahim, Amira. “al-Mushir Yaftatih ’Awwal Masna‘ Asmant ‘Asakari bi-Taqat 3.2 Tann Sanawiyyan bi-Taklufa 174 Milyun Yuru.” al-Dostor al-Asly, April 30, 2012.
  • Knight, Ben. “Germany quintuples arms sales to Saudi Arabia and Egypt.” Deutsche Welle, November 14, 2017.
  • Korayem, Karima. Egypt’s Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment. Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, 1997.
  • Le Bras, Jenna. “France and Egypt: Allies of Convenience.” Mada Masr, October 28, 2017.
  • Lee, Dongmin. “Swords to Ploughshares: China’s Defence Conversion Policy.” Defence Studies 11 (March 2011): 1–23.
  • Liptak, Kevin. “Obama Lifts Freeze, Ships Arms to Egypt.” CNN, March 31, 2015.
  • Mandur, Muhammad Bahyy al-Din. “Takhalluf Sina‘at Bina’ Sufun A‘ali al-Bihar fi Misr.” International (London). n.d. Accessed April 15, 2014. http://www.international-mag.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=651:2011-12-11-12-50-20&catid=37:getaways&Itemid=532.
  • Marshall, Shana. “Egypt’s other revolution: Modernizing the Military-Industrial Complex.” Pambazuka News, February 16, 2012. Accessed July 15, 2016. https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/egypts-other-revolution-modernizing-military-industrial-complex.
  • Mazlum, Jamal. al-Quwwat al-Musallaha wa-l-Tanmiya al-Iqtisadiyya. Cairo: Markaz Dirasat wa-Buhuth al-Duwal al-Namiya, 1999.
  • Melman, Seymour. The Demilitarized Society: Disarmament and Conversion. Montreal: Harvest House, 1990.
  • Melman, Seymour, and Lloyd Dumas. “Planning for Economic Conversion.” The Nation, April 16, 1990.
  • Nader, Emir. “UK Arms Deals with Egypt Soar Amid Warming Diplomatic Ties.” Daily News Egypt, August 1, 2015.
  • Najib, Du‘a’, and Ahmad al-Dimirdash. “al-Intiha’ min Tatwir Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya.” Amwal al-Ghadd, March 18, 2013.
  • Paul, Jim. “The Egyptian Arms Industry.” MERIP Reports 112 (February 1983): 26–8.
  • Rampton, Robert, and Arshad Mohammed. “Obama Ends Freeze on U.S. Military Aid to Egypt.” Reuters, March 31, 2015.
  • Sanders, Ralph. “Arms Industries: New Supplies and Regional Security [National Security Implications].” The DISAM Journal 13 (Winter 1990/1991): 97–108.
  • Sayigh, Yezid. Arab Military Industry: Capability, Performance, and Impact. London: Brassey's: Putnam Aeronautical 1992.
  • Sha‘ban, Mamduh, and Jamal al-Khuli. “Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya Tahtafil bi-Tadshin ‘al-Huriyya 3’.” al-Ahram, December 28, 2010.
  • Sha‘ban, Mamduh. “Ba‘d Najah ’Intaj ’Awwal Lawh min al-Sulb bi-l-Darfala, Mash‘al: al-’Intaj al-Harbi Yusahim fi Tatwir al-Sina‘at al-Thaqila.” al-Ahram, September 23, 2005.
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. CRS Report No: RL33003. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, March 24, 2017.
  • Slavin, Barbara. “A Tankful of Trouble for Egypt? Critics Say Co-producing M-1 Tanks is Misguided Show of Friendship.” St. Petersburg Times, January 23, 1988.
  • Stoddard, Philip H. “Egypt and the Iran-Iraq War.” In Gulf Security and the Iran-Iraq War, edited by Thomas Naff, 25-58. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1985.
  • Stork, Joe. “Arms Industries of the Middle East,” MERIP Report 144 (January–February 1987): 12–6.
  • Stork, Joe, and James Paul. “Arms Sales and Militarizing the Middle East.” MERIP 112 (February 1983): 5–15.
  • Ta‘lab, Ibtisam. “Dr. Sayyid Mash‘al Wazir al-Intaj al-Harbi li-l-Masry al-Yuom (2-2).” al-Masry al-Youm, September 15, 2010.
  • Tyler, Patrick E. “Pentagon Agrees to Let Egypt Produce M1 Tank; Move Expected to Draw Fire in Washington.” Washington Post, June 29, 1987. United States General Accounting Office (GAO). Military Aid to Egypt: Tank Coproduction Raised Costs and May Not Meet Many Program Goals. GAO/NSIAD-93-203. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 1993. U.S. Department of State. “Remarks at the Opening Plenary of the Egypt Economic Development Conference. John Kerry, Secretary of State, Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 13 March 2015.” Accessed October 10, 2015. http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/03/238872.htm.
  • ‘Uthman, Dalia. “al-Mushir Yaftatih Masna‘ ’Asmant al-‘Arish.” al-Masry al-Youm, May 1, 2012.
  • Walker, Tony. “US Sweeten the Pot for Defense Projects in Egypt.” Financial Times, May 7, 1987.
  • Weiss, Dieter, and Ulrich Wurzel. The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy: Egypt. Paris: OECD, 1998.
  • Wezeman, Pieter D., Aude Fleurant, Alexandra Kuimova, Nan Tian and Siemon T. Wezeman. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2017.” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden, March 2018.

Egypt’s Defense Industry: Dependency, Civilian Production, and Attempts at Autonomy

Year 2021, , 59 - 80, 10.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.631010

Abstract

Egypt’s
defense industry is the oldest and largest in the Arab world. However, most of
its military factories have converted into manufacturing consumer goods to the
civilian market for profit. Meanwhile, they continue to produce traditional
weapon systems that mostly do not respond to urgent needs to combat terrorism
in asymmetric warfare. In addition, Egypt is largely dependent on U.S. firms
for procurement and co-production. After a political crisis in 2013, the
Ministry of Military Production (MoMP) has attempted to revive defense
production through new co-production initiatives with international arms firms.
The country also attempts to reduce its dependence on the U.S. by seeking
procurement from other states such as France, Russia, and Germany. Such efforts
remain noticeably limited, because the Egyptian military still focuses on its
civilian business enterprises
.

References

  • Abd al-‘Azim, Ahmad. “al-Fariq Hamdi Wahiba- Ra’is al-Hay’a al-‘Arabiyya li-l-Tasni‘- fi Hiwar ma‘a Ruz al-Yusuf.” Ruz al-Yusuf, November 3, 2009.
  • Abul-Magd, Zeinab. Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.
  • ———. “Siyadat al-Liwa’ Sayuqatil al-Sha‘b.” al-Masry al-Youm, April 3, 2012.
  • ———. “U.S. Military Aid to Egypt Lost Value.” Jadaliyya, July 25, 2013.
  • Abul-Magd, Zeinab, and Elke Grawert. Businessmen in Arms: How the Military and Other Armed Groups Profit in the MENA Region. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, April 2016.
  • Albrecht, Holger. “Does Coup-Proofing Work? Political-Military Relations in Authoritarian Regimes Amid the Arab Uprisings.” Mediterranean Politics 20 (2015): 36–54.
  • Amin, Muhammad. “al-Liwa’ Bahari Ibrahim Jabir al-Dusuqi: Hadafuna Tatwir wa-Raf‘ Kafa’at Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya.” Uktubar, January 23, 2011.
  • ———. “al-Liwa’ Bahari Ibrahim Jabir al-Dusuqi: Hadafuna Tatwir wa-Raf‘ Kafa’at Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya. ” Masress, January 23, 2011. Accessed April 15, 2014. http://www.masress.com/october/110405.
  • al-Badawi, Mahmud. “Wazir al-Intaj al-Harbi: Mustamirrun fi Tasni‘ al-Asliha…wa-la Nu‘lin ‘Anha.” al-Watan, January 24, 2017.
  • Betts, Paul. “French rail group awarded Cairo order.” Financial Times, January 7, 1986.
  • Blumberg, Alex. “Why Egypt’s Military Cares about Home Appliances.” NPR, February 4, 2011.
  • Brommelhorster, Jorn, and Wolf-Christian Paes, eds. The Military as an Economic Actor: Soldiers in Business. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  • Cabirol, Michel. “Egypte: douze Rafale cloués au sol par Bercy.” La Tribune, October 23, 2017.
  • Congressional Research Service. Middle East Arms Control and Related Issues. Foreign Affairs and Nation Defense Division, CRS Report no: 91-384F. Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service, May 1, 1991.
  • Cooper, Julian. “Soviet Military Has a Finger in Every Pie.” The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 46 (1990): 22-5.
  • Fleurant, Aude, Pieter D. Wezman, Siemon T. Wezeman, and Nan Tian. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2016.” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden, February 2017.
  • Gaub, Florence, and Zoe Stanley-Lockman. “Defence Industries in the Arab States: Players and Strategies.” European Union Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Papers, March 2017.
  • Gordon, Michael. “U.S. May Allow Egyptians to Buy and Assemble M-1 Tanks.” New York Times, June 30, 1987.
  • Gotowicki, LTC Stephen H. (U.S. Army). “The Role of the Egyptian Military in Domestic Society.” DoD’s Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), National Defense University, 1997. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/egypt/egypt.htm.
  • Govindasamy, Siva, and Ahmed Mohamed Hassan. “China Tries Trying to Undercut Germany on Submarine Offer to Egypt.” Reuters, September 15, 2015.
  • Hasan, Muhammad, and Maha Salim. “Intilaqa Jadidia fi Intaj al-Masani‘ al-Harbiayya.” al-Ahram, May 20, 2017.
  • Hasan, Muhammad, and Maha Salim. “Intilaqa Jadidia fi Intaj al-Masani ‘al-Harbiayy.” al-Ahram, May 20, 2017.
  • Ibrahim, Abd al-Fattah. “800 ‘Arabat Qitar Jadida bi-’Istithmarat 1.5 Milyar Junayh” al-Ahram, May 26, 2004.
  • Ibrahim, Amira. “al-Mushir Yaftatih ’Awwal Masna‘ Asmant ‘Asakari bi-Taqat 3.2 Tann Sanawiyyan bi-Taklufa 174 Milyun Yuru.” al-Dostor al-Asly, April 30, 2012.
  • Knight, Ben. “Germany quintuples arms sales to Saudi Arabia and Egypt.” Deutsche Welle, November 14, 2017.
  • Korayem, Karima. Egypt’s Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment. Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, 1997.
  • Le Bras, Jenna. “France and Egypt: Allies of Convenience.” Mada Masr, October 28, 2017.
  • Lee, Dongmin. “Swords to Ploughshares: China’s Defence Conversion Policy.” Defence Studies 11 (March 2011): 1–23.
  • Liptak, Kevin. “Obama Lifts Freeze, Ships Arms to Egypt.” CNN, March 31, 2015.
  • Mandur, Muhammad Bahyy al-Din. “Takhalluf Sina‘at Bina’ Sufun A‘ali al-Bihar fi Misr.” International (London). n.d. Accessed April 15, 2014. http://www.international-mag.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=651:2011-12-11-12-50-20&catid=37:getaways&Itemid=532.
  • Marshall, Shana. “Egypt’s other revolution: Modernizing the Military-Industrial Complex.” Pambazuka News, February 16, 2012. Accessed July 15, 2016. https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/egypts-other-revolution-modernizing-military-industrial-complex.
  • Mazlum, Jamal. al-Quwwat al-Musallaha wa-l-Tanmiya al-Iqtisadiyya. Cairo: Markaz Dirasat wa-Buhuth al-Duwal al-Namiya, 1999.
  • Melman, Seymour. The Demilitarized Society: Disarmament and Conversion. Montreal: Harvest House, 1990.
  • Melman, Seymour, and Lloyd Dumas. “Planning for Economic Conversion.” The Nation, April 16, 1990.
  • Nader, Emir. “UK Arms Deals with Egypt Soar Amid Warming Diplomatic Ties.” Daily News Egypt, August 1, 2015.
  • Najib, Du‘a’, and Ahmad al-Dimirdash. “al-Intiha’ min Tatwir Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya.” Amwal al-Ghadd, March 18, 2013.
  • Paul, Jim. “The Egyptian Arms Industry.” MERIP Reports 112 (February 1983): 26–8.
  • Rampton, Robert, and Arshad Mohammed. “Obama Ends Freeze on U.S. Military Aid to Egypt.” Reuters, March 31, 2015.
  • Sanders, Ralph. “Arms Industries: New Supplies and Regional Security [National Security Implications].” The DISAM Journal 13 (Winter 1990/1991): 97–108.
  • Sayigh, Yezid. Arab Military Industry: Capability, Performance, and Impact. London: Brassey's: Putnam Aeronautical 1992.
  • Sha‘ban, Mamduh, and Jamal al-Khuli. “Tirsanat al-Iskandariyya Tahtafil bi-Tadshin ‘al-Huriyya 3’.” al-Ahram, December 28, 2010.
  • Sha‘ban, Mamduh. “Ba‘d Najah ’Intaj ’Awwal Lawh min al-Sulb bi-l-Darfala, Mash‘al: al-’Intaj al-Harbi Yusahim fi Tatwir al-Sina‘at al-Thaqila.” al-Ahram, September 23, 2005.
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. CRS Report No: RL33003. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, March 24, 2017.
  • Slavin, Barbara. “A Tankful of Trouble for Egypt? Critics Say Co-producing M-1 Tanks is Misguided Show of Friendship.” St. Petersburg Times, January 23, 1988.
  • Stoddard, Philip H. “Egypt and the Iran-Iraq War.” In Gulf Security and the Iran-Iraq War, edited by Thomas Naff, 25-58. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1985.
  • Stork, Joe. “Arms Industries of the Middle East,” MERIP Report 144 (January–February 1987): 12–6.
  • Stork, Joe, and James Paul. “Arms Sales and Militarizing the Middle East.” MERIP 112 (February 1983): 5–15.
  • Ta‘lab, Ibtisam. “Dr. Sayyid Mash‘al Wazir al-Intaj al-Harbi li-l-Masry al-Yuom (2-2).” al-Masry al-Youm, September 15, 2010.
  • Tyler, Patrick E. “Pentagon Agrees to Let Egypt Produce M1 Tank; Move Expected to Draw Fire in Washington.” Washington Post, June 29, 1987. United States General Accounting Office (GAO). Military Aid to Egypt: Tank Coproduction Raised Costs and May Not Meet Many Program Goals. GAO/NSIAD-93-203. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 1993. U.S. Department of State. “Remarks at the Opening Plenary of the Egypt Economic Development Conference. John Kerry, Secretary of State, Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 13 March 2015.” Accessed October 10, 2015. http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/03/238872.htm.
  • ‘Uthman, Dalia. “al-Mushir Yaftatih Masna‘ ’Asmant al-‘Arish.” al-Masry al-Youm, May 1, 2012.
  • Walker, Tony. “US Sweeten the Pot for Defense Projects in Egypt.” Financial Times, May 7, 1987.
  • Weiss, Dieter, and Ulrich Wurzel. The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy: Egypt. Paris: OECD, 1998.
  • Wezeman, Pieter D., Aude Fleurant, Alexandra Kuimova, Nan Tian and Siemon T. Wezeman. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2017.” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden, March 2018.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeinab Abul-magd This is me

Publication Date December 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

Chicago Abul-magd, Zeinab. “Egypt’s Defense Industry: Dependency, Civilian Production, and Attempts at Autonomy”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 10, no. 1 (December 2020): 59-80. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.631010.

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