Determining The Relationship Between Happiness And Human Development: Multivariate Statistical Approach

Year 2015, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2015, 67 - 79, 08.05.2015

Dilek Murat , Sevda Gürsakal

https://doi.org/10.17093/aj.2015.3.1.5000117555

Cited By: 2

Abstract

It has been understood that it is not enough to consider just certain macro-economic indicators to determine the development level of countries. Human Development Index (HDI), which is a part of the Human Development Report (HDR) published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a complex index prepared for this end with a focus on education and health as well as income. Yet, once it was realized that this index had certain limitations, some other indices were created. Happy Planet Index (HPI), which was first used by New Economic Foundation (NEF) in 2006, is one of these indices. In this study, canonical correlation analysis, a multivariate statistical method was applied to examine the relation between HDI and HPI calculated for 150 countries. The empirical findings of the study have revealed that there is a very strong and meaningful canonical relation between HDI and HPI.

Keywords

Human Development Index, Happy Planet Index, Multivariate Statistical Method, Canonical Correlation Analysis

MUTLULUK VE İNSANİ GELİŞMİŞLİK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: ÇOK DEĞİŞKENLİ İSTATİSTİKSEL YAKLAŞIM

Abstract

Ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde yalnızca belirli makro-ekonomik göstergelerin dikkate alınması yeterli olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) tarafından yayımlanan Human Development Report (HDR)’de yer alan Human Development Index (HDI) bu amaçla geliştirilen gelirin yanı sıra eğitim ve sağlık verilerini de göz önüne alan composite bir endekstir. Ancak bu endeksin belirli sınırlılıklarının fark edilmesiyle birlikte farklı birtakım endeksler hesaplanmaya başlanmıştır. New Economic Foundation (NEF) tarafından ilk kez 2006 yılında hesaplanan Happy Planet Index (HPI) bu endekslerdendir. Çalışmada seçilen 150 ülke için hesaplanan HDI ve HPI arasındaki ilişkiler çok değişkenli istatistik yöntemlerden kanonik korelasyon analizi ile araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen ampirik bulgulardan HDI ve HPI arasında oldukça anlamlı ve güçlü bir kanonik ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.

Keywords

İnsani Gelişmişilik endeksi, Mutlu Gezegen Endeksi, Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Metod, Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi

References

• . Abdallah, Saamah, Thompson, Sam, Michaelson, Juliet, Marks, Nic and Steuer, Nicola (2009), “The Happy Planet Index 2.0: Why good lives don’t have to cost the Earth”, The New Economics Foundation, London.
• . Abdallah, Saamah, Michaelson, Juliet, Shah, Sagar, Stoll, Laura and Marks, Nic (2012), The Happy Planet Index: 2012 Report, New Economics Foundation, London.
• . Abidin, S., Zhang, C. and Foo, D. (2013), “Modelling a Human Well-Being Indicator”, 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Adelaide, Australia, 1–6 December 2013.
• . Anand, Sudhir and Sen Amartya (1995), Occasional Paper 19: Gender Inequality in Human Theories and Measurement.
• . Aguna, Clara G. and Kovacevic Milorad, 2011. “Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of the Human Development Index”, Human Development Research Paper 2010/47. UNDP–HDRO, New York.
• . Codruta, Dana, Daianu, Duda and Harangus, Daniela (2011), “Comparative Analysis Of Methods for Determining The Happiness Degree Of Nations”, Annals. Economics Science Series. Timişoara (Anale. Seria Ştiinţe Economice. Timişoara), iss. XVII /2011, pp. 196-202, on www.ceeol.com.
• . Gonda, Vladimir and Rozborilova, Daria (2013), “Economic Growth And Prosperity in Difficult Conditions at The Beginning of The 21st Century”, European Scientific Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 242-251.
• . Gökdemir, Özge ve Veenhoven, Ruut (2014), “Kalkınmaya Farklı Bir Bakış: İyi Oluş” Bölüm 17, Kalkınmada Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Yayıma Hazırlayanlar: Ahmet Faruk ve Devrim Dumludağ, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
• . Hair, Joseph F., Anderson, Rolph. E., Tatham, Ronald L. & Black, William C. (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey.
• . Johnson, Richard A. & Wichern Dean W. (1998), Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
• . Johnson, Dallas E. (1998), Applied Multivariate Methods for Data Analysts, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove.
• . Klugman, Jeni (2011), “Human Development Report: Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All”, Human Development Report, United Nations Development Programme, New York.
• . Lang, Julie (2012), “The Most Influential Factors in Determining The Happiness of Nations”, Major Themes in Economics, Vol. 14, pp. 33-54.
• . Marks, Nic, Abdallah, Saamah, SIMMS Andrew and Thompson, Sam (2006), The Happy Planet Index, New Economics Foundation, London.
• . Mally, Katja Vintar (2011), “Measuring Progress Towards Sustainability: The Geographer’s view”, Hrvatski Geografski Glasnik,73/2, pp. 67-80.
• . Morse, Stephen (2004), "Putting the pieces back together again: an illustration of the problem of interpreting development indicators using an African case study”, Applied Geography, 24, pp. 1-22.
• . Özdamar, Kazım (2004), Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, 5. Baskı, Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.
• . Pillarisetti, J. Ram and Van Den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. (2013), “Aggregate Indices for Identifying Environmentally Responsible Nations: An Empirical Analysis and Comparison” International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 140–150.
• . Schepelmann, Philipp, Goossens, Yanne and Makipaa, Arttu (Eds.), Towards Sustainable Development Alternatives to GDP for Measuring Progress, Wuppertal Institute
• for Climate, Environment and Energy, 2010.
• . Sen, Amartya (2005), “Human Rights and Capabilities”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 151-166.
• . Singh, Tilottama (2014), “A Study on Gross National Happiness: Catalyst of Developing Nation”, IRACST – International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management (IJCBM), Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 797-805.
• . Sharma, Subhash (1996), Applied Multivariate Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
• .Tatlıdil, Hüseyin (2002), Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Analiz, Ziraat Matbaacılık A.Ş., Ankara.
• .Yıldırım, Halil, Albayrak, A. Sait, Gümüş, Mustafa ve Akalın, Tevfik, Cem (2011), “Yüzme Hakemlerinde Örgütsel Bağlılık ile İş Tatmini Arasındaki İlişkinin Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi İle İncelenmesi”, ZKU Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 13, pp. 163-186.
• .Human Development Report (2014), United Nations Development Programme, New York.
• .Technical Notes, (2014), Human Development Report Sustaining Human Progress Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience, Human Development Report 2014.