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Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War

Year 2014, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 55 - 73, 01.06.2014

H. Burç Aka

Abstract

The article analyses the change in paradigm of Turkish Foreign Policy with reference to Post-Cold War. The article has two main assumptions: (i) The international system mainly determines the foreign policy of any state (ii) Post-Cold War is a multi-polar international system with three sub-periods. The article understands the strategy and objectives of Turkish Foreign Policy for each sub-period to identify the paradigm change of it. The article concludes that Turkey has adopted a complementary alliance with West in its foreign policy, but endeavored to conduct an ideologist alliance the remainder states of Ottoman Empire after 2008

Keywords

Turkish Foreign Policy Paradigm Change Foreign Policy Analysis Post-Cold War

References

  • Bülent Aras, “Turkey's Rise in the Greater Middle East: Peace-Building in the Periphery,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11 (2009); Hakan Fidan, “A Work in Progress: The New Turkish Foreign Policy,” Middle East Policy 20 (2013).
  • Kemal Kirişçi, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State,” New Perspectives on Turkey 40 (2009); Mustafa Kutlay, “Economy as the ‘Practical Hand’ of ‘New Turkish Foreign Policy’: A Political Economy Explanation,” Insight Turkey 13 (2011).
  • Tarık Oğuzlu and Mustafa Kibaroğlu, “Is the Westernization Process Losing Pace in Turkey: Who’s to Blame?,” Turkish Studies 10 (2009); Lerna Yanık,“Constructing Turkish ‘Exceptionalism’: Discourse of Liminality and Hybridity in post-Cold War Turkish Foreign Policy,” Political Geography 30 (2011).
  • Meliha B. Altunışık and Lenore G. Martin, “Making Sense of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under AKP,” Turkish Studies 12 (2011); Ahmet Sözen, “A Paradigm Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy: Transition and Challenges,” Turkish Studies 11 (2010); Ziya Öniş, “Multiple Faces of the ‘New’ Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique,” Insight Turkey 13 (2011).
  • Güneş Murat Tezcür and Alexandru Grigorescu, “Activism in Turkish Foreign Policy: Balancing European and Regional Interests,” International Studies Perspectives 15 (2014).
  • Anthony Best, Jussi M. Hanimaki, Joseph A. Maiolo and Kirsten Schulz, International History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Routledge, 2006); Michael Cox, “From Cold War to the War on Terror,” in The Globalization of World Politics, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
  • George Friedman, “Beyond the Post-Cold War,” Geopolitical Weekly (2013), accessed March 4, 2014, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/beyond-post-cold-war-world#axzz2VX3EXnM9 (Erişim: 04 Nisan 2013).
  • H. Burç Aka, Security Dimension of European Integration: In the Context of Changing International System (Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010), 88.
  • Ersin Kalaycıoğlu, “Yeni Dünya Düzeni ve Türk Dış Politikası (The New World Order and Turkish Foreign Policy),” in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, ed. Faruk Sönmezoğlu (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1998), 633.
  • Zbigniew Brezinski, “Büyük Satranç Tahtası: Amerika'nın Küresel Üstünlüğü ve Bunun Jeostratejik Gereklilikleri (The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives),” trans. Yelda Türedi (İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları,2005), 26.
  • Henry Kissinger, “Diplomasi (Diplomacy)”, trans İbrahim H. Kurt (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2006), 61.
  • The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm.
  • Alper Taşdelen, “Dış Politikada Paradigma (Paradigm in Foreign Policy),” Radikal Gazetesi, June 15, 2012, accessed December 18, 2013, http://www.radikal.com.tr/yorum/dis_politikada_paradigma-1091187.
  • Mustafa Aydın, “Turkish Foreign Policy at the End of the Cold War: Roots and Dynamics,” Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 36 (2005): 4- 5.
  • For state centric foreign policy analysis, see George Modelski, A Theory of Foreign Policy, (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Kalevi J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (4th Edition), (London: Prentice Hall, 1983); James N. Rosenau, “The Study of Foreign Policy,” in World Politics: An Introduction, ed. James N. Rosenau, Kenneth W. Thomson and Gavin Boyd (New York: Free Press, 1972). For non-state centric foreign policy analysis, see Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Richard W. Mansbach, The Global Puzzle, Issues and Actors In World Politics, (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000); Bruce Russet, Harvey Starr and David Kinsella, World Politics: The Menu For Choice (8th Edition), (Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006).
  • Modelski, A Theory of Foreign Policy.
  • Holsti, International Politics.
  • Rosenau, “The Study of Foreign Policy”.
  • Hans Morgenthau, “Politics Among Nations: The Struggle Power and Peace” New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 175 -187.
  • Charles O Jr. Learche and Abdul A. Said, Concept of International Politics, 2ndEdition (New Jersey: Prentince-Hall, 1970), 25.
  • “Official Text: The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept,” NATO, 1991.
  • Margaret Thatcher, “Speech to Czechoslovak Federal Assembly,” 1990, accessed April 24, 2013 http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/archive/files/thatcher-speech-9-18-90-9890abc557.pdf; William Jefferson Clinton “Assessing the United Nations at 50,” 1995, accessed April 24, 2013, http://www.defencelink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=993.
  • Amikam Nachmani, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press 2003),1; William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774 -2000, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002)
  • Philip Robbins, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 39 (1997): 97.
  • Baskın Oran, “Dönemin Bilançosu (An Accounting of An Era),” Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar Vol. 2: 1980 – 2001 (Turkish Foreign Policy: From the Turkish War of Liberation to Today, Facts, Documents, Comments: 1980 - 2001) ed. Baskın Oran (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001), 210; William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774 – 2000, (London: Franc Cass Publishers, 2002), 192; Nachmani, Turkey Facing A New Millennium: Coping with Intertwined Conflicts, 7.
  • Kemal Kirişçi, “Uluslararası Sistemde Değişmeler ve Türk Dış Politikasının Yeni Yönelimleri (Changes in the International System and New Directions in Turkish Foreign Policy), ” trans. Burak Gülboy in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, ed. Faruk Sönmezoğlu (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1998), 616. (“Changes in the International System and New Directions in Turkish Foreign Policy”)
  • Nasuh Uslu, Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Period, (New York: Nova Publishers, 2004), 4. H. Burç Aka
  • “Official Text: The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept,” NATO, 1991.
  • Sabri Sayarı, “Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-Regionalism,” Journal of International Affairs 54 (2000): 173.
  • Şükrü Gürel, “A General Appraisal Of Current Turkish Foreign Policy” in Turkey at the Threshold of the 21th Century, ed. Mustafa Aydın (Ankara: International Relations Foundation, 1998), 12.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, “Yeni Dünya Düzeni ve Türk Dış Politikası,” 642.
  • Şükrü Elekdağ “2 1/2 Wars,” Perceptions 1 (1996), accessed May 20, 2013, http://sam.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2012/02/SukruElekdag.pdf.
  • See more details: Murhaf Jouejati, “Water Politics as High Politics: The Case of Turkey and Syria,”in Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey’s Role in the Middle East, ed. Henri J. Bakery (Washington: Institute of Peace Press, 1996).
  • Gülden Ayman and Nurşin Güney Ateşoğlu, “Değişen Uluslararası Koşullarda Strateji, Türkiye ve Komşuları (Strategy in the Changing International Conditions, Turkey and Its Neighbors), ” in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, ed. Faruk Sönmezoğlu (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1998), 435.
  • Ayman and Ateşoğlu, “Değişen Uluslararası Koşullarda Strateji, Türkiye ve Komşuları,” 437 - 439.
  • John Tirman, “Improving Turkey's ‘Bad Neighborhood’ Pressing Ankara for Rights and Democracy,” World Policy Journal 15 (1998): 61.
  • Elekdağ “2 1/2 Wars,” 38.
  • Mümtaz Sosyal, “The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy,” in The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, ed. Leonere G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004), 41- 43.
  • Panayotis J. Tsakonas and Thanos P. Dokos “Greek-Turkish Relations in the Early Twenty-first Century: A View From Athens,” in The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, ed. Leonere G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004), 107.
  • William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774 – 2000, 288.
  • Ibid., 291.
  • Ibid., 287 - 295.
  • Mustafa Aydın “Kafkasya ve Orta Asya’yla İlişkiler (Relations With The Caucuses and Central Asia),” Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar Vol. 2: 1980 – 2001, ed. Baskın Oran (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001), 432 – 433.
  • Necdet Pamir, “Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan Boru Hattı’nda Son Durum (The Latest on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline),” Panorama Dergisi 3 (2004): 5.
  • Ibid., 2.
  • “Türkiye’nin Enerji Stratejisi (Turkey’s Energy Strategy),” Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Policy, accessed August 15, 2013, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_nin-enerji-stratejisi.tr.mfa.
  • Meltem Müftüler Baç, “Turkey’s Predicament in the Post-Cold War Era,” Futures 28 (1996): 257.
  • Beril Dedeoğlu, “Dünden Yarına Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri (The EU-Turkey Relations from Yesterday to Tomorrow),” Siyasa 1 (2005): 37 - 38. Beril Dedeoğlu,
  • “The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept,” NATO, 1999.
  • Zeynep Atikkan, “Amerikan Cinneti: 11 Eylül Amerika'yı Nasıl Değiştirdi? (The American Insanity: How Did September 11 Change America?),” (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2006).
  • Cengiz Çandar, “Turkish Foreign Policy and the War in Iraq,” in The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, ed. Leonere G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004), 51.
  • Ibid.
  • Ziya Öniş, “Turkey and the Middle East after September 11: The Importance of the EU Dimension,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 2 (2003): 5, accessed December 21, 2013, http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2003-04-EUforeignpolicy/TPQ2003-4-onis.pdf.
  • Soli Özel, “Arap Baharı ile Ortadoğu’da Değişen Dış Politika Dengeleri (Changing Balances in Foreign Policy in the Middle East with the Arab Spring),” Perspectives 12 (2012): 60.
  • Karabekir Akkoyunlu, Kalypso Nicolaidis and Kerem Öktem, The Western Condition: Turkey, the U.S. and the EU in the New Middle East, (Oxford: South East European Studies at Oxford, 2013), 25.
  • Meltem Müftürler Baç, “Turkey’s Accession to the European Union: Institutional and Security Challenges,” Perceptions 9 (2004): 39.
  • Nathalie Tocci, “Let's talk Turkey! U.S. Influence on EU–Turkey Relations,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 25 (2012): 403.
  • Serhat Güvenç and Soli Özel, “NATO and Turkey in the Post-Cold War World: Between Abandonment and Entrapment,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 12 (2012): 542.
  • Prime Minister Erdogan stated that the EU will gain a bridge between itself and the 1.5 billion Islamic world with the accession of 99% Muslim Turkey to the EU. See Guardian, September 30, 2005.
  • Ahmet Davutoğlu, “Turkey's Zero-Problems Foreign Policy,”, Foreign Policy (2010), accessed February 8, 2014, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/20/turkeys_zero_problems_foreign_policy
  • Emre Erşen, “Türk Dış Politikasında Avrasya Yönelimi ve Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü (Eurasian Orientation in Turkish Foreign Policy and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization),” Ortadoğu Analiz 5 (2013): 19.
  • Meltem Müftüler Baç, “The European Union’s Accession Negotiations with Turkey from a Foreign Policy Perspective,” Journal of European Integration 30 (2008): 69.
  • Ibid., 71.
  • Bülent Aras, “Turkey's Rise in the Greater Middle East: Peace-Building in the Periphery,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11 (2009): 32 - 33.
  • Bülent Aras, “Turkey and Middle East Security,” (2005) accessed June 10, 2013 http://www.globalpolitician.com/2369-turkey
  • Serhat Güvenç and Soli Özel, “NATO and Turkey …”, 542.
  • Jackson Diehl, “How WikiLeaks Cables Capture 21st-Century Turkey,” Washington Post, December 5, 2010.
  • Cüneyt Ülsever, “Bir Ahmet Davutoğlu Analizi (An Ahmet Davutoğlu Analysis),” Yurt Gazetesi, July 26, 2012.
  • Ali Bulaç “Kritiğe Muhtaç Dış Politika (A Foreign Policy in Need of A Critique),” Zaman Gazetesi, October 6, 2011.
  • Law No. 6441 Date of Adoption 26.02.2103, Official Gazette, No.28588, March 15, 2013.
  • Kadri Gürsel, “Davutoğlu’nun İnfilak Ederek Dağılması (Davutoglu’s Breakdown After Exploding with Rage),” Milliyet, July 8, 2012.
  • Soner Çagaptay, “The AKP's Foreign Policy: The Misnomer of Neo-Ottomanism,” Washington Institute Policy Analysis (2009), accessed April 3, 2013, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policyanalysis/view/the-akps-foreign-policy-the-misnomer-of-neo-ottomanism
  • Ibid.
  • Ian O Lesser , “Turkey’s Third Wave-And the Coming Quest for Strategic Reassurance,” (2011), accessed February 2, 2013, http://www.gmfus.org/wpcontent/blogs.dir/1/files_mf/1321550150_magicfields_attachment__1_1.pdf
  • Veysel Ayhan, “Türkiye-Suriye İlişkilerinde Yeni Bir Dönem: Yüksek Düzeyli Stratejik İşbirliği Konseyi (A New Era in Turkey-Syria Relations: High Level Strategic Cooperation Council),” Orta Doğu Analiz 1 (2009): 32.
  • Henri J. Barkey, “Turkish–Iranian Competition after the Arab Spring,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 54 (2012): 144.
  • Habertürk, November 10, 2010.
  • Karen Kaya, “Turkey - Iran’s Relations After Arab Spring,” Foreign Military Studies Office (2012), accessed May 16, 2013, http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Turkey-Iran.pdf
  • Barkey, “Turkish–Iranian Competition after the Arab Spring,” 146.
  • Aras, “Turkey's Rise in the Greater Middle East…,” 35-40.
  • Ahmet Davutoğlu,“Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007,” Insight Turkey 11 (2008):82
  • Ali Balcı and Nebi Miş, “Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?,” Turkish Studies 9 (2008): 392.
  • Abdullah Gül, “Turkey’s Role in a Changing Middle East Environment,” Mediterranean Quarterly 15 (2004): 3.
  • Balcı and Miş, “Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations…,” 400.

Year 2014, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 55 - 73, 01.06.2014

H. Burç Aka

Abstract

References

  • Bülent Aras, “Turkey's Rise in the Greater Middle East: Peace-Building in the Periphery,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11 (2009); Hakan Fidan, “A Work in Progress: The New Turkish Foreign Policy,” Middle East Policy 20 (2013).
  • Kemal Kirişçi, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State,” New Perspectives on Turkey 40 (2009); Mustafa Kutlay, “Economy as the ‘Practical Hand’ of ‘New Turkish Foreign Policy’: A Political Economy Explanation,” Insight Turkey 13 (2011).
  • Tarık Oğuzlu and Mustafa Kibaroğlu, “Is the Westernization Process Losing Pace in Turkey: Who’s to Blame?,” Turkish Studies 10 (2009); Lerna Yanık,“Constructing Turkish ‘Exceptionalism’: Discourse of Liminality and Hybridity in post-Cold War Turkish Foreign Policy,” Political Geography 30 (2011).
  • Meliha B. Altunışık and Lenore G. Martin, “Making Sense of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under AKP,” Turkish Studies 12 (2011); Ahmet Sözen, “A Paradigm Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy: Transition and Challenges,” Turkish Studies 11 (2010); Ziya Öniş, “Multiple Faces of the ‘New’ Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique,” Insight Turkey 13 (2011).
  • Güneş Murat Tezcür and Alexandru Grigorescu, “Activism in Turkish Foreign Policy: Balancing European and Regional Interests,” International Studies Perspectives 15 (2014).
  • Anthony Best, Jussi M. Hanimaki, Joseph A. Maiolo and Kirsten Schulz, International History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Routledge, 2006); Michael Cox, “From Cold War to the War on Terror,” in The Globalization of World Politics, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
  • George Friedman, “Beyond the Post-Cold War,” Geopolitical Weekly (2013), accessed March 4, 2014, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/beyond-post-cold-war-world#axzz2VX3EXnM9 (Erişim: 04 Nisan 2013).
  • H. Burç Aka, Security Dimension of European Integration: In the Context of Changing International System (Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010), 88.
  • Ersin Kalaycıoğlu, “Yeni Dünya Düzeni ve Türk Dış Politikası (The New World Order and Turkish Foreign Policy),” in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, ed. Faruk Sönmezoğlu (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1998), 633.
  • Zbigniew Brezinski, “Büyük Satranç Tahtası: Amerika'nın Küresel Üstünlüğü ve Bunun Jeostratejik Gereklilikleri (The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives),” trans. Yelda Türedi (İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları,2005), 26.
  • Henry Kissinger, “Diplomasi (Diplomacy)”, trans İbrahim H. Kurt (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2006), 61.
  • The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm.
  • Alper Taşdelen, “Dış Politikada Paradigma (Paradigm in Foreign Policy),” Radikal Gazetesi, June 15, 2012, accessed December 18, 2013, http://www.radikal.com.tr/yorum/dis_politikada_paradigma-1091187.
  • Mustafa Aydın, “Turkish Foreign Policy at the End of the Cold War: Roots and Dynamics,” Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 36 (2005): 4- 5.
  • For state centric foreign policy analysis, see George Modelski, A Theory of Foreign Policy, (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Kalevi J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (4th Edition), (London: Prentice Hall, 1983); James N. Rosenau, “The Study of Foreign Policy,” in World Politics: An Introduction, ed. James N. Rosenau, Kenneth W. Thomson and Gavin Boyd (New York: Free Press, 1972). For non-state centric foreign policy analysis, see Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Richard W. Mansbach, The Global Puzzle, Issues and Actors In World Politics, (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000); Bruce Russet, Harvey Starr and David Kinsella, World Politics: The Menu For Choice (8th Edition), (Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006).
  • Modelski, A Theory of Foreign Policy.
  • Holsti, International Politics.
  • Rosenau, “The Study of Foreign Policy”.
  • Hans Morgenthau, “Politics Among Nations: The Struggle Power and Peace” New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 175 -187.
  • Charles O Jr. Learche and Abdul A. Said, Concept of International Politics, 2ndEdition (New Jersey: Prentince-Hall, 1970), 25.
  • “Official Text: The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept,” NATO, 1991.
  • Margaret Thatcher, “Speech to Czechoslovak Federal Assembly,” 1990, accessed April 24, 2013 http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/archive/files/thatcher-speech-9-18-90-9890abc557.pdf; William Jefferson Clinton “Assessing the United Nations at 50,” 1995, accessed April 24, 2013, http://www.defencelink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=993.
  • Amikam Nachmani, (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press 2003),1; William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774 -2000, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002)
  • Philip Robbins, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 39 (1997): 97.
  • Baskın Oran, “Dönemin Bilançosu (An Accounting of An Era),” Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar Vol. 2: 1980 – 2001 (Turkish Foreign Policy: From the Turkish War of Liberation to Today, Facts, Documents, Comments: 1980 - 2001) ed. Baskın Oran (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001), 210; William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774 – 2000, (London: Franc Cass Publishers, 2002), 192; Nachmani, Turkey Facing A New Millennium: Coping with Intertwined Conflicts, 7.
  • Kemal Kirişçi, “Uluslararası Sistemde Değişmeler ve Türk Dış Politikasının Yeni Yönelimleri (Changes in the International System and New Directions in Turkish Foreign Policy), ” trans. Burak Gülboy in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, ed. Faruk Sönmezoğlu (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1998), 616. (“Changes in the International System and New Directions in Turkish Foreign Policy”)
  • Nasuh Uslu, Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Period, (New York: Nova Publishers, 2004), 4. H. Burç Aka
  • “Official Text: The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept,” NATO, 1991.
  • Sabri Sayarı, “Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-Regionalism,” Journal of International Affairs 54 (2000): 173.
  • Şükrü Gürel, “A General Appraisal Of Current Turkish Foreign Policy” in Turkey at the Threshold of the 21th Century, ed. Mustafa Aydın (Ankara: International Relations Foundation, 1998), 12.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, “Yeni Dünya Düzeni ve Türk Dış Politikası,” 642.
  • Şükrü Elekdağ “2 1/2 Wars,” Perceptions 1 (1996), accessed May 20, 2013, http://sam.gov.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2012/02/SukruElekdag.pdf.
  • See more details: Murhaf Jouejati, “Water Politics as High Politics: The Case of Turkey and Syria,”in Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey’s Role in the Middle East, ed. Henri J. Bakery (Washington: Institute of Peace Press, 1996).
  • Gülden Ayman and Nurşin Güney Ateşoğlu, “Değişen Uluslararası Koşullarda Strateji, Türkiye ve Komşuları (Strategy in the Changing International Conditions, Turkey and Its Neighbors), ” in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, ed. Faruk Sönmezoğlu (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1998), 435.
  • Ayman and Ateşoğlu, “Değişen Uluslararası Koşullarda Strateji, Türkiye ve Komşuları,” 437 - 439.
  • John Tirman, “Improving Turkey's ‘Bad Neighborhood’ Pressing Ankara for Rights and Democracy,” World Policy Journal 15 (1998): 61.
  • Elekdağ “2 1/2 Wars,” 38.
  • Mümtaz Sosyal, “The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy,” in The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, ed. Leonere G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004), 41- 43.
  • Panayotis J. Tsakonas and Thanos P. Dokos “Greek-Turkish Relations in the Early Twenty-first Century: A View From Athens,” in The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, ed. Leonere G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004), 107.
  • William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774 – 2000, 288.
  • Ibid., 291.
  • Ibid., 287 - 295.
  • Mustafa Aydın “Kafkasya ve Orta Asya’yla İlişkiler (Relations With The Caucuses and Central Asia),” Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar Vol. 2: 1980 – 2001, ed. Baskın Oran (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001), 432 – 433.
  • Necdet Pamir, “Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan Boru Hattı’nda Son Durum (The Latest on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline),” Panorama Dergisi 3 (2004): 5.
  • Ibid., 2.
  • “Türkiye’nin Enerji Stratejisi (Turkey’s Energy Strategy),” Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Policy, accessed August 15, 2013, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_nin-enerji-stratejisi.tr.mfa.
  • Meltem Müftüler Baç, “Turkey’s Predicament in the Post-Cold War Era,” Futures 28 (1996): 257.
  • Beril Dedeoğlu, “Dünden Yarına Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri (The EU-Turkey Relations from Yesterday to Tomorrow),” Siyasa 1 (2005): 37 - 38. Beril Dedeoğlu,
  • “The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept,” NATO, 1999.
  • Zeynep Atikkan, “Amerikan Cinneti: 11 Eylül Amerika'yı Nasıl Değiştirdi? (The American Insanity: How Did September 11 Change America?),” (İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2006).
  • Cengiz Çandar, “Turkish Foreign Policy and the War in Iraq,” in The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, ed. Leonere G. Martin and Dimitris Keridis (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2004), 51.
  • Ibid.
  • Ziya Öniş, “Turkey and the Middle East after September 11: The Importance of the EU Dimension,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 2 (2003): 5, accessed December 21, 2013, http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2003-04-EUforeignpolicy/TPQ2003-4-onis.pdf.
  • Soli Özel, “Arap Baharı ile Ortadoğu’da Değişen Dış Politika Dengeleri (Changing Balances in Foreign Policy in the Middle East with the Arab Spring),” Perspectives 12 (2012): 60.
  • Karabekir Akkoyunlu, Kalypso Nicolaidis and Kerem Öktem, The Western Condition: Turkey, the U.S. and the EU in the New Middle East, (Oxford: South East European Studies at Oxford, 2013), 25.
  • Meltem Müftürler Baç, “Turkey’s Accession to the European Union: Institutional and Security Challenges,” Perceptions 9 (2004): 39.
  • Nathalie Tocci, “Let's talk Turkey! U.S. Influence on EU–Turkey Relations,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 25 (2012): 403.
  • Serhat Güvenç and Soli Özel, “NATO and Turkey in the Post-Cold War World: Between Abandonment and Entrapment,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 12 (2012): 542.
  • Prime Minister Erdogan stated that the EU will gain a bridge between itself and the 1.5 billion Islamic world with the accession of 99% Muslim Turkey to the EU. See Guardian, September 30, 2005.
  • Ahmet Davutoğlu, “Turkey's Zero-Problems Foreign Policy,”, Foreign Policy (2010), accessed February 8, 2014, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/20/turkeys_zero_problems_foreign_policy
  • Emre Erşen, “Türk Dış Politikasında Avrasya Yönelimi ve Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü (Eurasian Orientation in Turkish Foreign Policy and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization),” Ortadoğu Analiz 5 (2013): 19.
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  • Ibid.
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There are 84 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

H. Burç Aka This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aka, H. B. (2014). Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13(3), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.21599/atjir.58812
AMA Aka HB. Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations. June 2014;13(3):55-73. doi:10.21599/atjir.58812
Chicago Aka, H. Burç. “Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War”. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 13, no. 3 (June 2014): 55-73. https://doi.org/10.21599/atjir.58812.
EndNote Aka HB (June 1, 2014) Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 13 3 55–73.
IEEE H. B. Aka, “Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War”, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 55–73, 2014, doi: 10.21599/atjir.58812.
ISNAD Aka, H. Burç. “Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War”. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 13/3 (June 2014), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.21599/atjir.58812.
JAMA Aka HB. Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations. 2014;13:55–73.
MLA Aka, H. Burç. “Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War”. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 13, no. 3, 2014, pp. 55-73, doi:10.21599/atjir.58812.
Vancouver Aka HB. Paradigm Change in Turkish Foreign Policy After Post-Cold War. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations. 2014;13(3):55-73.