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PLEİSTOSEN HOMİNİNLERİNDEN MODERN İNSANA: ÖMÜR UZUNLUĞUNDA MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİMLER

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 503 - 512, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.48122/amisos.803985

Abstract

Bir canlının yaşamını devam ettirdiği süreç olarak tanımlanabilen ömür uzunluğu, insanın evrimsel süreç içinde bulunduğu koşullar ve bu koşullara adaptasyonu hakkında bilgi verir. İnsanlık, geçmişten beri hastalıklarla mücadele etmiş, koşulları iyileştirebilmek, yaşlanmayı önlemek ve sağlıklı yaşam süresini uzatabilmek için çabalamıştır.
Ağaç dallarında uyuyan ya da mağaralarda yaşayan, her gün çok sayıda tehlikeyle karşı karşıya kalan avcı-toplayıcı antik toplumlarda genç yaşta ölüm yaygındı. Uzun yıllar kıtlık, savaş ve salgın hastalıklar ile mücadele eden toplumların yaşam süresi oldukça kısaydı, doğum oranı ile ölüm hızları arasında fark azdı. İnsan, avcı toplayıcı yaşam şeklinden yerleşik tarım toplumlarına geçişle birlikte daha az tehlikeye maruz kaldı. Gelişen sağlık ve hijyen koşulları, teknoloji ve tıp alanındaki gelişmeler sayesinde yaşam süresi gitgide uzadı.
Türlerin yaşam süreleri taksonomik sınıflandırmadaki konumlarının anlaşılmasına katkı sağlar. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada tarih öncesi ve tarihi çağlarda yaşamış olan toplumların beslenme şekilleri, sahip oldukları hastalıklar, tıbbi olanakları ile günümüz toplumlarının olanakları ile kıyaslanarak değişen koşulların ömür uzunluğuna etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. İnsan yaşamında bir üst sınır olup olmadığı açıklanmış, gelecekte bizi bekleyen tahmini yaşam süresini yorumlamak amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • 1. Robson S.L., Wood B. (2008). Hominin Life History: Reconstruction and Evolution. Journal of Anatomy. 212(4): 394-425.
  • 2. Özbek M. (2007). Dünden Bugüne İnsan. Ankara: İmge Press.
  • 3. Carey J.R., Tuljapurkar S. (2003). Lifespan: A Conceptual Overview. ed.P.Demeny in. Lifespan: Evolutionary, Ecological, and Demographic Perspectives. Population and Development Review. 29:1-18. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • 4. Tobias P.V. (2006). Longevity, Death and Encephalisation among Plio-Pleistocene Hominins. International Congress Series. 1296, 1-15.
  • 5. Başoğlu O. (2010). Evrimsel Gelişim Sürecinde İnsan Ailesinin Paleodemografik Yapısı. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 9(32): 341-349.
  • 6. Hawkes K, Connell J.F.O. (2005). How Old is Human Longevity? Journal of Human Evolution. 49: 650-653.
  • 7. Hershkovitz I, Gopher A. (2008). Demographic, Biological and Cultural Aspects of the Neolithic Revolution: A View from the Southern Levant. The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences, 441-479.
  • 8. Riley J.C. (2005). Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800–2001. Population and Development Review. 31(3): 537–543.
  • 9. Gowdy J. (2019). Our Hunter-Gatherers Future: Climate Change, Agriculture and Uncivilization. Futures. 1-27.
  • 10. Gurven M., Kaplan H. (2007). Longevity Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Population and Development Review. 33(2): 321- 365.
  • 11. Gluckman P., Beedle A., Hanson M. Buklijas T., Low F., Hanson M. (2009). The Human Life Story. Principles of Evolutionary Medicine. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • 12. Eaton SB. (1992). Humans, Lipids and Evolution. Lipids. 27(10): 814-820.
  • 13. Sebastian, A., Frassetto, L. A., Sellmeyer, D. E., Merriam, R. L., & Morris, R. C. (2002). Estimation of the Net Acid Load of the Diet of Ancestral Preagricultural Homo Sapiens and their Hominid Ancestors. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(6), 1308–1316.
  • 14. Wells C. (1976). Ancient Obstetric Hazards and Female Mortality. The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 51(11): 1235-1249.
  • 15. Husain A.R. (2002). Life Expectancy in Developing Countries: A Cross-Section Analysis. The Bangladesh Development Studies. 23(1): 161-165.
  • 16. Fuchs K., Rinne C., Drummer C., Immel A., Krause-Kyora B., Nebel A. (2019). Infectious Diseases and Neolithic Transformations: Evaluating Biological and Archaeological Proxies in the German Loess Zone Between 5500 and 2500 BCE. The Holocene. 29(10): 1545.
  • 17. Houldcroft, CJ., & Underdown, SJ. (2016). Neanderthal genomics suggests a pleistocene time frame for the first epidemiologic transition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 160(3), 379-388.
  • 18. Kömürcü A. (2019). Hitit Krallığı’nda Veba Salgını ve Etkileri. (Yüksek lisans tezi) https://acikerisim.aku.edu.tr/
  • 19. Chakraborty R. (2015). Epidemics. ed. H. Have in. Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media
  • 20. Stern AM, Markel H. (2005). The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs. 24(3): 612.
  • 21. Plotkin S. (2014). History of Vaccination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111(34): 12283–12287.
  • 22. Dong, X., Milholland, B., & Vijg, J. (2016). Evidence for a limit to human lifespan. Nature, 538(7624): 257–259.
  • 23. World Mortality Data Booklet (2019). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • 24. Grosse, R. N., & Perry, B. H. (1982). Correlates of life expectancy in less developed countries. Health Policy and Education, 2(3-4), 275–304.
  • 25. Halıcıoğlu F. (2011). Modeling life expectancy in Turkey. Economic Modelling. 28: 2075-2082.
  • 26. Özmete, E., Gürboğa, C., Tamkoç, B. 2016. Country Report Republic of Turkey: National Ageing Situation: Ageing and Elderly Care Services in Turkey. UNECE, 5.
  • 27. OECD (2016). Assessing Regional Competitiveness in Turkey. Boosting Regional Competitiveness in Turkey. 51.
  • 28. Christenson M., McDevitt T., Stanecki K.A. (2004). Global Population Profile:2002. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
  • 29. Medina L., Sabo S., Vespa J. (2020). Living Longer: Historical and Projected Life Expectancy in the United States, 1960 to 2060. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
  • 30. World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision. (2017). United Nations, New York.

LIFESPAN CHANGES: FROM LOWER PALEOLITHIC HUMANS TO ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 503 - 512, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.48122/amisos.803985

Abstract

Lifespan, which can be defined as the process by which a living thing continues its life, gives information about human position in the evolutionary process and adaptation to changing conditions. Humanity has struggled with diseases since the past and striving to improve conditions, delay aging, prolong healthy lifespan. In ancient hunter-gatherer communities, who slept in tree branches or lived in caves, and faced various dangers every day, mortality at a young age was common.
Societies struggling with famine, war and epidemics for many years had a very short lifespan, the difference between birth rate and death rate was small. The human being was less exposed to danger with the shift from the hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agricultural societies. Lifespan has gradually increased, thanks to the improving health and hygiene conditions, developments in technology and medicine.
The species lifespan contributes to comprehending their role within the taxonomic classification. For this reason, in this study, the impact of changing conditions on life expectancy has been examined, by comparing the diets, illnesses, and medical facilities of societies lived in prehistoric and historic periods with those of today's societies. Whether the human life has a maximum limit has been explained, and it is aimed to interpret the estimated lifespan that awaits us in the future.

References

  • 1. Robson S.L., Wood B. (2008). Hominin Life History: Reconstruction and Evolution. Journal of Anatomy. 212(4): 394-425.
  • 2. Özbek M. (2007). Dünden Bugüne İnsan. Ankara: İmge Press.
  • 3. Carey J.R., Tuljapurkar S. (2003). Lifespan: A Conceptual Overview. ed.P.Demeny in. Lifespan: Evolutionary, Ecological, and Demographic Perspectives. Population and Development Review. 29:1-18. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • 4. Tobias P.V. (2006). Longevity, Death and Encephalisation among Plio-Pleistocene Hominins. International Congress Series. 1296, 1-15.
  • 5. Başoğlu O. (2010). Evrimsel Gelişim Sürecinde İnsan Ailesinin Paleodemografik Yapısı. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 9(32): 341-349.
  • 6. Hawkes K, Connell J.F.O. (2005). How Old is Human Longevity? Journal of Human Evolution. 49: 650-653.
  • 7. Hershkovitz I, Gopher A. (2008). Demographic, Biological and Cultural Aspects of the Neolithic Revolution: A View from the Southern Levant. The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences, 441-479.
  • 8. Riley J.C. (2005). Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800–2001. Population and Development Review. 31(3): 537–543.
  • 9. Gowdy J. (2019). Our Hunter-Gatherers Future: Climate Change, Agriculture and Uncivilization. Futures. 1-27.
  • 10. Gurven M., Kaplan H. (2007). Longevity Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Population and Development Review. 33(2): 321- 365.
  • 11. Gluckman P., Beedle A., Hanson M. Buklijas T., Low F., Hanson M. (2009). The Human Life Story. Principles of Evolutionary Medicine. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • 12. Eaton SB. (1992). Humans, Lipids and Evolution. Lipids. 27(10): 814-820.
  • 13. Sebastian, A., Frassetto, L. A., Sellmeyer, D. E., Merriam, R. L., & Morris, R. C. (2002). Estimation of the Net Acid Load of the Diet of Ancestral Preagricultural Homo Sapiens and their Hominid Ancestors. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(6), 1308–1316.
  • 14. Wells C. (1976). Ancient Obstetric Hazards and Female Mortality. The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 51(11): 1235-1249.
  • 15. Husain A.R. (2002). Life Expectancy in Developing Countries: A Cross-Section Analysis. The Bangladesh Development Studies. 23(1): 161-165.
  • 16. Fuchs K., Rinne C., Drummer C., Immel A., Krause-Kyora B., Nebel A. (2019). Infectious Diseases and Neolithic Transformations: Evaluating Biological and Archaeological Proxies in the German Loess Zone Between 5500 and 2500 BCE. The Holocene. 29(10): 1545.
  • 17. Houldcroft, CJ., & Underdown, SJ. (2016). Neanderthal genomics suggests a pleistocene time frame for the first epidemiologic transition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 160(3), 379-388.
  • 18. Kömürcü A. (2019). Hitit Krallığı’nda Veba Salgını ve Etkileri. (Yüksek lisans tezi) https://acikerisim.aku.edu.tr/
  • 19. Chakraborty R. (2015). Epidemics. ed. H. Have in. Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media
  • 20. Stern AM, Markel H. (2005). The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs. 24(3): 612.
  • 21. Plotkin S. (2014). History of Vaccination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111(34): 12283–12287.
  • 22. Dong, X., Milholland, B., & Vijg, J. (2016). Evidence for a limit to human lifespan. Nature, 538(7624): 257–259.
  • 23. World Mortality Data Booklet (2019). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • 24. Grosse, R. N., & Perry, B. H. (1982). Correlates of life expectancy in less developed countries. Health Policy and Education, 2(3-4), 275–304.
  • 25. Halıcıoğlu F. (2011). Modeling life expectancy in Turkey. Economic Modelling. 28: 2075-2082.
  • 26. Özmete, E., Gürboğa, C., Tamkoç, B. 2016. Country Report Republic of Turkey: National Ageing Situation: Ageing and Elderly Care Services in Turkey. UNECE, 5.
  • 27. OECD (2016). Assessing Regional Competitiveness in Turkey. Boosting Regional Competitiveness in Turkey. 51.
  • 28. Christenson M., McDevitt T., Stanecki K.A. (2004). Global Population Profile:2002. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
  • 29. Medina L., Sabo S., Vespa J. (2020). Living Longer: Historical and Projected Life Expectancy in the United States, 1960 to 2060. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
  • 30. World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision. (2017). United Nations, New York.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Anthropology
Journal Section DERLEME / COMPILATION
Authors

Havva Ahsen Şimşek 0000-0002-8050-6911

Publication Date December 29, 2020
Submission Date October 1, 2020
Acceptance Date December 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 9

Cite

Chicago Şimşek, Havva Ahsen. “PLEİSTOSEN HOMİNİNLERİNDEN MODERN İNSANA: ÖMÜR UZUNLUĞUNDA MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİMLER”. Amisos 5, no. 9 (December 2020): 503-12. https://doi.org/10.48122/amisos.803985.

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