Research Article
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Depiction of Bird Figures on Ancient Grave Stelae and Their Thoughts

Year 2025, Issue: 5, 14 - 34, 01.04.2025

Abstract

Grave steles act as a mirror that conveys the past to the present. The grave steles, which clarify many issues such as the cult of the dead, social status, economy and religious beliefs of the Ancient Period, are indebted to the depictions on them. Nitekim bu çalışmaya konu olmuş ve üzerlerinde tespit edilen güvercin, kartal, keklik, bıldırcın, papağan, leylek, kaz, sülün, ördek ve horozun her birinin ayrı ikonografisi bulunmaktadır. The bird figures on these stelae dating from the Classical Period to the Roman Imperial Period are described in general terms, iconographically evaluated in detail, and then information on the typology of the grave stelae is given. Thus, based on the depictions of birds on the stelae, information was obtained about the culture, beliefs and occupation of both the grave owner and the society to which he belonged. In addition, drawings of each bird figure were made through digital programs to make these figures more understandable.

References

  • Abay, N. (2016). Konya Koyunoğlu Müzesinde Roma Dönemine ait İki Stel. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 329-342.
  • Aburrow, Y. (1994). Auguries & Omens: The Magical Lore of Birds. Capall Bann Publishing.
  • Akurgal, E. (1955). Zwei Grabstelen Vorklassischer Zeit Aus Sinope. Winckelmannsprogramm der Archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 111, 5-38.
  • Anderson, W. D. (1984). Roman Military Tombstones. Shire Publications.
  • Arnott, W. G. (2007). Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.
  • Atalay, S., Çelik, A. & Ayabakan, C. (2022). Horoz Betimli Karabucak Lahdi. Phaselis, VIII, 109- 125.
  • Bailleul-LeSuer, R. (2012). Between Heaven and Earth: Birds in Ancient Egypt. Chicago Oriental Institute.
  • Beydiz, M. G. (2016). Mitolojiden Sanata Hayvan İmgesi. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Boardman, J. (1998). Early Greek Vase Painting. Thames and Hudson.
  • Bonnefoy, Y. (2000). Antik Dünya ve Geleneksel Toplumlarda Dinler ve Mitolojiler Sözlüğü. I. Cilt (Çev: L. Yılmaz), Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Brendel, O. J. (1995). Etruscan Art. (2nd ed.) New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Büyükparmaksız, M. A. & Ermiş, Y. (2022). Thalassa, Aphrodite’nin Doğuşu, Avlanan Amazonlar ve Germanicia Mozaiklerinin Gösterge bilimsel Analizi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 43-70.
  • Carroll, M. (2006). Spirits of the dead: Roman funerary commemoration in Western Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Chadd, R. W. & Taylor, M. (2016). Birds: Myth, Lore, and Legend. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Cheesman, C. (2008). Partridges: history of a prohibition. Coat of Arms, 3rd, S. 4, No: 215, 29- 62.
  • Cohen, A. (2007). Introduction: childhood between past and present. Hesperia Supplements, 41, 1-22.
  • Collignon, M. (1911). Les statues funeraires dans l’art grec. Ernest Leroux.
  • Conze, A. (1900). Die Attischen Grabreliefs, Band II. Verlag Von W. Spemann.
  • Conze, A. (1906). Die Attischen Grabreliefs, Band III. Verlag Von W. Spemann.
  • Cook, A. B. (1925). Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol: 2. Cambridge: The University Press.
  • Cooper, J. C. (1978). An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols. Thames and Hudson
  • Csapo, E. (2006). Cockfight, Contradictions and the Mythopetics of Ancient Greek Culture. ARTS - The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association, 28: 9-41.
  • Cumont, F. (1966). Recherches Sur Le Symbolisme Funeraire Des Romains. Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
  • Cumont, F. V. M (1917). Études Syriennes. Auguste Picard.
  • Dittrich, L. & Dittrich, S. (1996). Der Fasan Zoologische Identität und Ikonographie. Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch, 57, 101-131.
  • Davis, S. J. (2012). Bird watching in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. From child's play to rituals of divine discernment. In: S. E. Myers (Ed.), Portraits of Jesus: Essays in Christology, 125-153. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
  • Dover, K. J. (1989). Greek Homosexuality. Harvard Universty Press.
  • Eda, M., Itahashi, Y., Kikuchi, H., Sun, G., Hsu, K. H., Gakuhari, T. & Nakamura, S. (2022). Multiple lines of evidence of early goose domestication in a 7,000-y-old rice cultivation village in the lower Yangtze River, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12). https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2117064119
  • Eliüşük, M. & Çelikbaş, E. (2018). Safranbolu’dan Alınlık Tipli Bir Mezar. Tüba-Ked - Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi, 18, 33-47.
  • Erdemol, H (2013). Mitolojiden Yansıyanlar. Bilgi Dünyası (Mart), 95-99. Fıratlı, N. (1964). Les stèles funéraires de Byzance gréco-romaine. Paris: A. Maisonneuve.
  • Fögen, T. (2007). Antike Zeugnisse zu Kommunikationsformen von Tieren. Antike und Abendland, 53(1), 39-75. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110192377.39
  • Fögen, T. (2018). Zum Sterben und Tod von Tieren in lateinischen Trauergedichten. Antike und Abendland, 64(1), 130-155. https://doi.org/10.1515/anab-2018-640109
  • Friedell, E. (1999). Antik Yunan Kültür Tarihi. Dost Kitapevi.
  • Gezgin, D. (2019). Hayvan Mitosları. Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Graves, R. (2010). Yunan Mitleri, Tanrılar, Kahramanlar, Söylenceler. Say Yayınları
  • Grimal, P. (1990). A Concise Dictionary of Classical Mythology. (Ed: S. Kershaw). Basil Blackbell Ltd.
  • Grossmann, J. B. (2001). Greek Funerary Sculpture Catalouge of the Collections at the getty Villa. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
  • Hehn, V. (1870). Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in İhrem Übergang Aus Asien Nach Griechenland und İtalien Sowie İn Das Übrige Europa. Gebrüder Borntraeger.
  • Karagöz Ş. (1984). Anadolu’dan Mezar Stelleri Arkaik - Greko Pers- HellenistikRoma - Bizans Çağları. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Keller, O. (1913). Die Antike Tierwelt (Zweiter Band: Vögel, Reptilien, Fische, Insekten, Spinnentiere, Tausendfüssler,
  • Krebstiere, Würmer, Weichtiere, Stachelhäuter, Schlauchtiere). Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann.
  • Kitchell, K. F. JR (2014). Animals in The Ancient World From A To Z. Routledge.
  • Kleczkowska, K. (2015). Bird communication in ancient Greek and Roman thought. Maska, 28, 95-106, https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/9813
  • Lamberton, R. & Rotroff, S. I. (1985). Birds of the Athenian Agora (Excavations of the Athenian Agora, Picture Book No. 22). American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Lazenby, F. D. (1949). Greek and Roman Household Pets. The Classical Journal, 44(5), 299–307. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3292469
  • Lewis, S. & Llewellyn-Jones, L. (2018). The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries. Routledge.
  • Lochman, T. (2003). Studien zu kaiserzeitlichen Grab- und Votifreliefs aus Phrygien. Art Print. Mackay, E. A (1995). Two Youths from Boiotia. In: John M. Fossey (Ed.), Bogota Antiqua V Studies on Boiotian Topography, Cult and Terracottas, 105-108.
  • Margariti, K. (2018a). The Sombre Smile of Melisto: Grave-Reliefs of Prepubescent Girls in Classical Athens. Mediterranean Archaeology, 31, 27–45.
  • Margariti, K. (2018b). Lament and Death instead of Marriage: The Iconography of Deceased Maidens on Attic Grave Reliefs of the Classical Period. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 87(1), 91–176.
  • Margariti, K. (2019). Gesturing Emotions: Mourning and Affection on Classical Attic Funerary Reliefs. Babesch, 94 (2019), 65-86.
  • Mendel, G. (1914). Catalogue Des Sculptures Grecques, Romaines Et Byzantines (Vol. III). Constantinople: En vente Au Musee İmperial.
  • Merten, H. (1999). Cuppedinarius - ein Delikatessenhändler im römischen Trier. Trierer Zeitschrift - Archäologie Und Kunst Des Trierer Landes Und Seiner Nachbargebiete, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.11588/.1999..55335
  • Moreman, C. M. (2014). On the Relationship between Birds and Spirits of the Dead. Society and Animals, 22(5), 481–502. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341328
  • Moses, H. (1965). İmperial Rome. New York: Time Incorporated.
  • Mynott, J. (2018). Birds in the Ancient World. NY: Oxford Üniversty Press.
  • Neils, J. (2003). Coming of age in ancient Greece: images of childhood from the classical past. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Özer, E. (2016). Aizanoi’dan Horozlu Mezar. Art-Sanat, 5, 1-24.
  • Pfuhl, E. & Möbius, H. (1977). Die Ostgriechischen Grabreliefs I. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Pfuhl, E. & Möbius, H. (1979). Die Ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Richter, G. M. A. (1950). The sculpture and sculptors of the Greeks. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Ridgway, B. S. (2006). The Boy Strangling the Goose: Genre Figure or Mythological Symbol? American Journal of Archaeology, 110(4), 643–648. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40025061
  • Saltuk, S. (1997). Arkeoloji Sözlüğü. İnkılap Kitapevi.
  • Sax, B. (2013). The Mythical Zoo: Animals İn Myth, Legend, and Literature. Overlook Duckworth.
  • Söğüt, B. (2003). Antik Dönem’de Doğumdan Evliliğe Sosyal Hayat. İdol Dergisi, Sayı: 18-19. 18- 26.
  • Taşpınar, P. & Çekilmez, M. (2020). Kyme Doğu Nekropolü (Habaş Kurtarma Kazısı 2010 Yılı) Arkaik Dönem Figürinleri. Lycus Dergisi, (1), 45-68.
  • Tatas, A. E. (2009). Die figürlichen Grabstelen im römischen Thessaloniki (Daidalos 5). (Master's thesis).
  • Tatas, A. E. (2015). Die figürlichen Grabstelen im römischen Thessaloniki. Heidelberg: Propylaeum.
  • Tate, P. (2009). Flights Of Gancy: Birds in Myth, Legend and Superstition. Arrow Books.
  • Teraman Çınar, Ö. (2010). Antik Dönem’de ‘Öteki Dünya’, ‘Apotheosis’ ve ‘Consegratio’ Kavramları. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi, Sayı: 135, 85-101
  • Toynbee, J.M. C. (1973). Animals in Roman Life and Art. New York: Cornell Unıversıty Press Ithaca.
  • Waelkens, M. (1986). Die kleinasiatischen Türsteine: Typologische und epigraphische Untersuchungen der kleinasiatischen Grabreliefs mit Scheintür. Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
  • Wagner, J. (1976). Seleukeia am Euphrat / Zeugma. TAVOBeih. B. 10 (Wiesbaden), 1-307.
  • Woysch-Méautis, D. (1982). La représentation des animaux et des êtres fabuleux sur les monuments funéraires grecs: de l’époque archaïque à la fin du ive siècle av. j.-c. Bibliothèque historique vaudoise.
  • Wujewski, T. (1991). Anatolian Sepulchral Stelae in Roman Times. Joint Library of The Hellenic and Roman Societies.
  • Yılmaz, O., Coşkun, F. & Ertuğrul, M. (2014). Kutsal Bir Fenomen olarak Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet’te Güvercin. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c /III, s/2, 129-132

Antik Dönem Mezar Stellerinde Kuş Figürü Betimlemeleri ve Düşündürdükleri

Year 2025, Issue: 5, 14 - 34, 01.04.2025

Abstract

Mezar stelleri, geçmişi günümüze aktaran bir ayna görevi üstlenmektedir. Antik Dönemin ölü kültünü, sosyal durumunu, ekonomisini ve dini inanışları gibi birçok konuya açıklık getiren mezar stelleri bunu üzerinde yer alan tasvirlere borçludur. Nitekim bu çalışmaya konu olmuş ve üzerlerinde tespit edilen güvercin, kartal, keklik, bıldırcın, papağan?, leylek, kaz, sülün, ördek ve horozun her birinin ayrı ikonografisi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tarihleri Klasik Dönemden Roma İmparatorluk Dönemine kadar uzanan bu steller üzerindeki kuş figürlerinin her biri için genel tanımlamalar yapılmış, ikonografik olarak detaylı değerlendirilmiş ardından mezar stelleri üzerinde hangi tipolojide olduğuna dair bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Böylelikle steller üzerinde yer alan kuş tasvirlerinden yola çıkılarak hem mezar sahibinin hem de bağlı olduğu toplumun kültürü, inancı ve mesleği hakkında bilgiler edinilmiştir. Ayrıca her bir kuş figürünün dijital programlar aracılığıyla da çizimleri yapılarak bu figürlerin daha anlaşılabilir hale gelmesi sağlanmıştır.

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References

  • Abay, N. (2016). Konya Koyunoğlu Müzesinde Roma Dönemine ait İki Stel. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 329-342.
  • Aburrow, Y. (1994). Auguries & Omens: The Magical Lore of Birds. Capall Bann Publishing.
  • Akurgal, E. (1955). Zwei Grabstelen Vorklassischer Zeit Aus Sinope. Winckelmannsprogramm der Archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 111, 5-38.
  • Anderson, W. D. (1984). Roman Military Tombstones. Shire Publications.
  • Arnott, W. G. (2007). Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.
  • Atalay, S., Çelik, A. & Ayabakan, C. (2022). Horoz Betimli Karabucak Lahdi. Phaselis, VIII, 109- 125.
  • Bailleul-LeSuer, R. (2012). Between Heaven and Earth: Birds in Ancient Egypt. Chicago Oriental Institute.
  • Beydiz, M. G. (2016). Mitolojiden Sanata Hayvan İmgesi. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Boardman, J. (1998). Early Greek Vase Painting. Thames and Hudson.
  • Bonnefoy, Y. (2000). Antik Dünya ve Geleneksel Toplumlarda Dinler ve Mitolojiler Sözlüğü. I. Cilt (Çev: L. Yılmaz), Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Brendel, O. J. (1995). Etruscan Art. (2nd ed.) New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Büyükparmaksız, M. A. & Ermiş, Y. (2022). Thalassa, Aphrodite’nin Doğuşu, Avlanan Amazonlar ve Germanicia Mozaiklerinin Gösterge bilimsel Analizi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 43-70.
  • Carroll, M. (2006). Spirits of the dead: Roman funerary commemoration in Western Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Chadd, R. W. & Taylor, M. (2016). Birds: Myth, Lore, and Legend. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Cheesman, C. (2008). Partridges: history of a prohibition. Coat of Arms, 3rd, S. 4, No: 215, 29- 62.
  • Cohen, A. (2007). Introduction: childhood between past and present. Hesperia Supplements, 41, 1-22.
  • Collignon, M. (1911). Les statues funeraires dans l’art grec. Ernest Leroux.
  • Conze, A. (1900). Die Attischen Grabreliefs, Band II. Verlag Von W. Spemann.
  • Conze, A. (1906). Die Attischen Grabreliefs, Band III. Verlag Von W. Spemann.
  • Cook, A. B. (1925). Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol: 2. Cambridge: The University Press.
  • Cooper, J. C. (1978). An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols. Thames and Hudson
  • Csapo, E. (2006). Cockfight, Contradictions and the Mythopetics of Ancient Greek Culture. ARTS - The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association, 28: 9-41.
  • Cumont, F. (1966). Recherches Sur Le Symbolisme Funeraire Des Romains. Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
  • Cumont, F. V. M (1917). Études Syriennes. Auguste Picard.
  • Dittrich, L. & Dittrich, S. (1996). Der Fasan Zoologische Identität und Ikonographie. Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch, 57, 101-131.
  • Davis, S. J. (2012). Bird watching in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. From child's play to rituals of divine discernment. In: S. E. Myers (Ed.), Portraits of Jesus: Essays in Christology, 125-153. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
  • Dover, K. J. (1989). Greek Homosexuality. Harvard Universty Press.
  • Eda, M., Itahashi, Y., Kikuchi, H., Sun, G., Hsu, K. H., Gakuhari, T. & Nakamura, S. (2022). Multiple lines of evidence of early goose domestication in a 7,000-y-old rice cultivation village in the lower Yangtze River, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12). https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2117064119
  • Eliüşük, M. & Çelikbaş, E. (2018). Safranbolu’dan Alınlık Tipli Bir Mezar. Tüba-Ked - Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi, 18, 33-47.
  • Erdemol, H (2013). Mitolojiden Yansıyanlar. Bilgi Dünyası (Mart), 95-99. Fıratlı, N. (1964). Les stèles funéraires de Byzance gréco-romaine. Paris: A. Maisonneuve.
  • Fögen, T. (2007). Antike Zeugnisse zu Kommunikationsformen von Tieren. Antike und Abendland, 53(1), 39-75. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110192377.39
  • Fögen, T. (2018). Zum Sterben und Tod von Tieren in lateinischen Trauergedichten. Antike und Abendland, 64(1), 130-155. https://doi.org/10.1515/anab-2018-640109
  • Friedell, E. (1999). Antik Yunan Kültür Tarihi. Dost Kitapevi.
  • Gezgin, D. (2019). Hayvan Mitosları. Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Graves, R. (2010). Yunan Mitleri, Tanrılar, Kahramanlar, Söylenceler. Say Yayınları
  • Grimal, P. (1990). A Concise Dictionary of Classical Mythology. (Ed: S. Kershaw). Basil Blackbell Ltd.
  • Grossmann, J. B. (2001). Greek Funerary Sculpture Catalouge of the Collections at the getty Villa. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
  • Hehn, V. (1870). Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in İhrem Übergang Aus Asien Nach Griechenland und İtalien Sowie İn Das Übrige Europa. Gebrüder Borntraeger.
  • Karagöz Ş. (1984). Anadolu’dan Mezar Stelleri Arkaik - Greko Pers- HellenistikRoma - Bizans Çağları. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Keller, O. (1913). Die Antike Tierwelt (Zweiter Band: Vögel, Reptilien, Fische, Insekten, Spinnentiere, Tausendfüssler,
  • Krebstiere, Würmer, Weichtiere, Stachelhäuter, Schlauchtiere). Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann.
  • Kitchell, K. F. JR (2014). Animals in The Ancient World From A To Z. Routledge.
  • Kleczkowska, K. (2015). Bird communication in ancient Greek and Roman thought. Maska, 28, 95-106, https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/9813
  • Lamberton, R. & Rotroff, S. I. (1985). Birds of the Athenian Agora (Excavations of the Athenian Agora, Picture Book No. 22). American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Lazenby, F. D. (1949). Greek and Roman Household Pets. The Classical Journal, 44(5), 299–307. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3292469
  • Lewis, S. & Llewellyn-Jones, L. (2018). The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries. Routledge.
  • Lochman, T. (2003). Studien zu kaiserzeitlichen Grab- und Votifreliefs aus Phrygien. Art Print. Mackay, E. A (1995). Two Youths from Boiotia. In: John M. Fossey (Ed.), Bogota Antiqua V Studies on Boiotian Topography, Cult and Terracottas, 105-108.
  • Margariti, K. (2018a). The Sombre Smile of Melisto: Grave-Reliefs of Prepubescent Girls in Classical Athens. Mediterranean Archaeology, 31, 27–45.
  • Margariti, K. (2018b). Lament and Death instead of Marriage: The Iconography of Deceased Maidens on Attic Grave Reliefs of the Classical Period. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 87(1), 91–176.
  • Margariti, K. (2019). Gesturing Emotions: Mourning and Affection on Classical Attic Funerary Reliefs. Babesch, 94 (2019), 65-86.
  • Mendel, G. (1914). Catalogue Des Sculptures Grecques, Romaines Et Byzantines (Vol. III). Constantinople: En vente Au Musee İmperial.
  • Merten, H. (1999). Cuppedinarius - ein Delikatessenhändler im römischen Trier. Trierer Zeitschrift - Archäologie Und Kunst Des Trierer Landes Und Seiner Nachbargebiete, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.11588/.1999..55335
  • Moreman, C. M. (2014). On the Relationship between Birds and Spirits of the Dead. Society and Animals, 22(5), 481–502. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341328
  • Moses, H. (1965). İmperial Rome. New York: Time Incorporated.
  • Mynott, J. (2018). Birds in the Ancient World. NY: Oxford Üniversty Press.
  • Neils, J. (2003). Coming of age in ancient Greece: images of childhood from the classical past. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Özer, E. (2016). Aizanoi’dan Horozlu Mezar. Art-Sanat, 5, 1-24.
  • Pfuhl, E. & Möbius, H. (1977). Die Ostgriechischen Grabreliefs I. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Pfuhl, E. & Möbius, H. (1979). Die Ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Richter, G. M. A. (1950). The sculpture and sculptors of the Greeks. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Ridgway, B. S. (2006). The Boy Strangling the Goose: Genre Figure or Mythological Symbol? American Journal of Archaeology, 110(4), 643–648. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40025061
  • Saltuk, S. (1997). Arkeoloji Sözlüğü. İnkılap Kitapevi.
  • Sax, B. (2013). The Mythical Zoo: Animals İn Myth, Legend, and Literature. Overlook Duckworth.
  • Söğüt, B. (2003). Antik Dönem’de Doğumdan Evliliğe Sosyal Hayat. İdol Dergisi, Sayı: 18-19. 18- 26.
  • Taşpınar, P. & Çekilmez, M. (2020). Kyme Doğu Nekropolü (Habaş Kurtarma Kazısı 2010 Yılı) Arkaik Dönem Figürinleri. Lycus Dergisi, (1), 45-68.
  • Tatas, A. E. (2009). Die figürlichen Grabstelen im römischen Thessaloniki (Daidalos 5). (Master's thesis).
  • Tatas, A. E. (2015). Die figürlichen Grabstelen im römischen Thessaloniki. Heidelberg: Propylaeum.
  • Tate, P. (2009). Flights Of Gancy: Birds in Myth, Legend and Superstition. Arrow Books.
  • Teraman Çınar, Ö. (2010). Antik Dönem’de ‘Öteki Dünya’, ‘Apotheosis’ ve ‘Consegratio’ Kavramları. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi, Sayı: 135, 85-101
  • Toynbee, J.M. C. (1973). Animals in Roman Life and Art. New York: Cornell Unıversıty Press Ithaca.
  • Waelkens, M. (1986). Die kleinasiatischen Türsteine: Typologische und epigraphische Untersuchungen der kleinasiatischen Grabreliefs mit Scheintür. Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
  • Wagner, J. (1976). Seleukeia am Euphrat / Zeugma. TAVOBeih. B. 10 (Wiesbaden), 1-307.
  • Woysch-Méautis, D. (1982). La représentation des animaux et des êtres fabuleux sur les monuments funéraires grecs: de l’époque archaïque à la fin du ive siècle av. j.-c. Bibliothèque historique vaudoise.
  • Wujewski, T. (1991). Anatolian Sepulchral Stelae in Roman Times. Joint Library of The Hellenic and Roman Societies.
  • Yılmaz, O., Coşkun, F. & Ertuğrul, M. (2014). Kutsal Bir Fenomen olarak Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet’te Güvercin. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c /III, s/2, 129-132
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeological Science, Hellenistic Period Archeology, Greek and Roman Period Archeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdulbekir Yüksekdağ This is me 0009-0002-6800-6372

Nizam Abay 0000-0002-8334-4436

Publication Date April 1, 2025
Submission Date August 18, 2024
Acceptance Date April 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Yüksekdağ, A., & Abay, N. (2025). Antik Dönem Mezar Stellerinde Kuş Figürü Betimlemeleri ve Düşündürdükleri. Anatolian Archaeology(5), 14-34.

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