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EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF LABOUR STRUCTURE ON FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A RESEARCH ON G7 COUNTRIES AND TURKEY

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 387 - 402, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1137393

Abstract

Due to its structure, the workforce is one of the main factors affecting financial development and performance. In this context, in this study, the effect of female labour force, education level of the labour force, working time of the labour force, part-time employee ratio, labour productivity and utilisation ratio and the minimum wage received by the labour force on the financial development were tried to be measured. The study examines the G7 (Germany, USA, UK, Italy, France, Japan and Canada) and Turkey's 21-year period between 2000-2020 with panel regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that there is a statistically positive and significant relationship between “The Rate of Labour with Higher Education”, “Average Annual Working Time”, and “The labour Productivity and Utilisation Ratio” and “Financial Development” at the 99% confidence interval. Among the significant relationships, “Higher Education Labour Force Ratio” was the variable that most affected financial development. In addition, the regression results also show that “The Female Labour Force Participation Rate”, “Part-Time Employee Ratio” and “Annual Minimum Wage” do not have a statistically significant relationship on “Financial Development”.

References

  • 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu, 2003.
  • Barra, C., & Zotti, R. (2022). Financial stability and local economic development: The experience of Italian labour market areas. Empirical Economics, 1951–1979.
  • Beck, T., Levine, R., & Levkov, A. (2010). Big bad banks? The winners and losers from bank deregulation in the United States. The Journal of Finance, 65 (5), 1637-1667.
  • Belke, M., & Özturgut, R. (2020). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ülkeye özgü belirleyicileri: Yükselen piyasa ekonomileri için panel veri analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12 (22), 12-26. Bottazzi, G., Secchi, A., & Tamagni, F. (2008). Productivity, profitability and financial performance. Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(4), 711-751.
  • Chen, G., & Chen, S. (2016). Financial development, labor praticipation and employment in urban China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 52, 754–764.
  • Choudhry, M. T., & Elhorst, P. (2018). Female labour force participation and economic development. International Journal of Manpower, 39 (7), 896-912.
  • Cubas, G., Ravikumar, B., & Ventura, G. (2016). Talent, labor quality and economic development. Review of Economic Dynamics, 21, 160-181.
  • Fonseca, J., & Doornik, B. V. (2022). Financial development and labor market outcomes: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Financial Economics, 143, 550–568.
  • Gatti, D., Rault, C., & Vaubourg, A.-G. (2011). Unemployment and finance: How do financial and labour market factors ınteract? Oxford Economic Papers, 64, 464-489.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (Fifth Edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
  • Hakeem, M., & Oluitan, O. (2012). Financial development and human capital in South Africa: A Time-Series approach. Research in Applied Economics, 4(3). doi:10.5296/rae.v4i3.1498
  • Khan, Z., Hussain, M., Shahbaz, M., Yang, S., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Natural resource abundance, technological ınnovation, and human capital nexus with financial development: A Case study of China. Resources Policy, 65, 101585.
  • Kılıç, D., & Öztürk, S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: Bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.
  • Kim, Y. M., & Park, K. S. (2020). Labour share and economic growth in OECD countries. Global Economic Review, 49 (1), 1-22.
  • Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1998). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods (2nd Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
  • Millea, M. (2002). Disentangling the Wage-Productivity relationship: Evidence from select OECD member countries, IAER, 8(4), ss. 314-323.
  • Nassar, C., Nastaca, C. C., & Nastaseanu, A. (2021). Women's contribution to economic development and the effects of the gender pay gap. Management Research and Practice, 13 (2), 60-68.
  • OECD. (2011). Women’s Economic Empowerment, Issues Paper. DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET).
  • Oyinlola, M. A., & Adedeji, A. (2019). Human capital, financial sector development and ınclusive growth in sub-saharan Africa. Economic Change And Restructuring, 52(1), 43-66.
  • Özduran, İ. Y., & Atik, H. (2021). Kadın işgücünün ekonomik kalkınma üzerine etkisi: AB üyesi ve aday ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14 (77), 992-1004.
  • Özer, M., & Biçerli, K. (2003). Türkiye’de kadın işgücünün panel veri analizi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 55-86.
  • Pagano, M., & Pica, G. (2012). Finance and employment: Credit constraints as a barrier to the entry and post-entry growth of firms. Economic Policy, 27 (69), 5-55.
  • Pistaferri, L., Guiso, L., & Schivardi, F. (2010). Credit Within the Firm. Cambridge, MA: NBER: NBER Working Paper Series.
  • Ruiters, M., & Charteris, A. (2020). Gender equality in labour force participation, economic growth and development in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 37 (6), 997-1011.
  • Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M. (1995). Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth, NBER Working Paper 5398, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Satrovic, E. (2017). Financial development and human capital in Turkey: ARDL approach. Kapadokya Akademik Bakış, 1(2), 1-15.
  • Shahbaz, M., Naeem, M., Ahad, M., & Tahir, I. (2018). Is Natural resource abundance a stimulus for financial development in the USA?. Resources Policy, 55, 223-232.
  • Su, C. W., Li, Z. Z., Tao, R., & Lobont, O. R. (2019). Can Economic development boost the active female labor force? Quality & Quantity, 53, 1021–1036.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi, Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • https://data.oecd.org/
  • https://data.worldbank.org/
  • https://stats.oecd.org/
  • https://tr.euronews.com/2022/05/26/oecd-turkiye-haftada-60-saatten-fazla-cal-san-kisi-oran-en-fazla-olan-ulke (Erişim Tarihi: 28.06.2022).

İŞGÜCÜ YAPISININ FİNANSAL GELİŞİM ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: G7 ÜLKELERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 387 - 402, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1137393

Abstract

Yapısı itibariyle işgücü, finansal gelişim ve performans üzerinde etkili temel faktörlerden birisidir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmada, kadın işgücü oranı, işgücünün eğitim düzeyi, işgücünün çalışma süresi, kısmi zamanlı çalışan oranı, işgücünün emek ve verimliliği ile işgücünün almış olduğu asgari ücretin finansal gelişim üzerindeki etkisi ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma, G7 (Almanya, ABD, İngiltere, İtalya, Fransa, Japonya ve Kanada) ve 2000-2020 yılları arasındaki 21 yıllık dönemini panel regresyon analizi ile incelemektedir. Analiz sonucunda, “Yüksek Öğrenim Gören İşgücü Oranı (YOGIO)”, “Yıllık Ortalama Çalışma Süresi (YOCS)” ve “Emek Verimliği ve Kullanım Oranı (EVKO)” ile “Finansal Gelişme (FG)” arasında %99 güven aralığında istatistiki olarak pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anlamlı ilişkiler arasında “Yüksek Öğrenim Gören İşgücü Oranı” finansal gelişimi en çok etkileyen değişken olmuştur. Ayrıca, regresyon sonuçları “Kadın İşgücü Katılım Oranı (KIKO)”, “Kısmi Zamanlı Çalışan Oranı (KZCO)” ve “Yıllık Asgari Ücret (YAU)” ile “Finansal Gelişme (FG)” arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadığını da göstermiştir.

References

  • 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu, 2003.
  • Barra, C., & Zotti, R. (2022). Financial stability and local economic development: The experience of Italian labour market areas. Empirical Economics, 1951–1979.
  • Beck, T., Levine, R., & Levkov, A. (2010). Big bad banks? The winners and losers from bank deregulation in the United States. The Journal of Finance, 65 (5), 1637-1667.
  • Belke, M., & Özturgut, R. (2020). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ülkeye özgü belirleyicileri: Yükselen piyasa ekonomileri için panel veri analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12 (22), 12-26. Bottazzi, G., Secchi, A., & Tamagni, F. (2008). Productivity, profitability and financial performance. Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(4), 711-751.
  • Chen, G., & Chen, S. (2016). Financial development, labor praticipation and employment in urban China. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 52, 754–764.
  • Choudhry, M. T., & Elhorst, P. (2018). Female labour force participation and economic development. International Journal of Manpower, 39 (7), 896-912.
  • Cubas, G., Ravikumar, B., & Ventura, G. (2016). Talent, labor quality and economic development. Review of Economic Dynamics, 21, 160-181.
  • Fonseca, J., & Doornik, B. V. (2022). Financial development and labor market outcomes: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Financial Economics, 143, 550–568.
  • Gatti, D., Rault, C., & Vaubourg, A.-G. (2011). Unemployment and finance: How do financial and labour market factors ınteract? Oxford Economic Papers, 64, 464-489.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (Fifth Edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
  • Hakeem, M., & Oluitan, O. (2012). Financial development and human capital in South Africa: A Time-Series approach. Research in Applied Economics, 4(3). doi:10.5296/rae.v4i3.1498
  • Khan, Z., Hussain, M., Shahbaz, M., Yang, S., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Natural resource abundance, technological ınnovation, and human capital nexus with financial development: A Case study of China. Resources Policy, 65, 101585.
  • Kılıç, D., & Öztürk, S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: Bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.
  • Kim, Y. M., & Park, K. S. (2020). Labour share and economic growth in OECD countries. Global Economic Review, 49 (1), 1-22.
  • Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L. L., & Muller, K. E. (1998). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods (2nd Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
  • Millea, M. (2002). Disentangling the Wage-Productivity relationship: Evidence from select OECD member countries, IAER, 8(4), ss. 314-323.
  • Nassar, C., Nastaca, C. C., & Nastaseanu, A. (2021). Women's contribution to economic development and the effects of the gender pay gap. Management Research and Practice, 13 (2), 60-68.
  • OECD. (2011). Women’s Economic Empowerment, Issues Paper. DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET).
  • Oyinlola, M. A., & Adedeji, A. (2019). Human capital, financial sector development and ınclusive growth in sub-saharan Africa. Economic Change And Restructuring, 52(1), 43-66.
  • Özduran, İ. Y., & Atik, H. (2021). Kadın işgücünün ekonomik kalkınma üzerine etkisi: AB üyesi ve aday ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14 (77), 992-1004.
  • Özer, M., & Biçerli, K. (2003). Türkiye’de kadın işgücünün panel veri analizi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 55-86.
  • Pagano, M., & Pica, G. (2012). Finance and employment: Credit constraints as a barrier to the entry and post-entry growth of firms. Economic Policy, 27 (69), 5-55.
  • Pistaferri, L., Guiso, L., & Schivardi, F. (2010). Credit Within the Firm. Cambridge, MA: NBER: NBER Working Paper Series.
  • Ruiters, M., & Charteris, A. (2020). Gender equality in labour force participation, economic growth and development in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 37 (6), 997-1011.
  • Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A. M. (1995). Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth, NBER Working Paper 5398, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Satrovic, E. (2017). Financial development and human capital in Turkey: ARDL approach. Kapadokya Akademik Bakış, 1(2), 1-15.
  • Shahbaz, M., Naeem, M., Ahad, M., & Tahir, I. (2018). Is Natural resource abundance a stimulus for financial development in the USA?. Resources Policy, 55, 223-232.
  • Su, C. W., Li, Z. Z., Tao, R., & Lobont, O. R. (2019). Can Economic development boost the active female labor force? Quality & Quantity, 53, 1021–1036.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi, Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • https://data.oecd.org/
  • https://data.worldbank.org/
  • https://stats.oecd.org/
  • https://tr.euronews.com/2022/05/26/oecd-turkiye-haftada-60-saatten-fazla-cal-san-kisi-oran-en-fazla-olan-ulke (Erişim Tarihi: 28.06.2022).
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance, Business Administration
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesileri
Authors

Süleyman Emir 0000-0002-3873-2712

Mustafa Ali Özay 0000-0001-7625-6916

Publication Date June 29, 2023
Submission Date June 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Emir, S., & Özay, M. A. (2023). İŞGÜCÜ YAPISININ FİNANSAL GELİŞİM ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: G7 ÜLKELERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 387-402. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1137393


This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License since 2023.