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Örtülü Eylemler: Amerikan Dış Politikasının Gizli Eli ve Nikaragua Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 39 - 51, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı istihbarat örgütlerinin çalışma alanı olarak örtülü eylemlerin dış politikadaki yerinin ne olduğu sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Bu çerçevede Soğuk Savaş’ta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) Nikaragua’da gerçekleştirdiği örtülü eylemler üzerinden ABD dış politikasının bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Soğuk Savaş'ın iki süper gücü olan ABD ve Sovyetler Birliği, Üçüncü Dünya'daki etkilerini korumaya ve artırmaya çalıştılar. ABD, özellikle Karayipler bölgesinde, uluslararası komünizmin yayılmasını durdurmak için dış politikanın gizli olan eli olan örtülü eylemler icra etmiştir. Örtülü eylemler, geleneksel istihbarat toplama faaliyetleriyle elde edilmesi mümkün olmayan ancak, dış politikayı destekleyen siyasi, askeri, ekonomik, ideolojik alanlardaki istihbarat eylemleridir. Bu çerçevede çalışma iki temel bulguya ulaşılmıştır. Birincisi örtülü eylemlerin sonuçları itibariyle siyasi karar alıcının dış politikadaki hedeflerine ulaşmasını kolaylaştıracak bir gizli el vazifesi gördüğüdür. İkinci bulgu, ABD’nin Nikaragua örneğinde olduğu gibi geleneksel olarak etki alanı olarak tanımladığı coğrafyalarda örtülü eylemleri kullanmaktan çekinmediğidir. ABD bu tür eylemleri icra ederken siyaset oluşturma ve karar alma süreçlerinde başkan ile diğer ilgili kurumlar arasında yüksek bir koordinasyon sağlamayı amaç edinmiştir. Bu sayede de örtülü faaliyetlerle siyasi hedeflere ulaşma konusunda hedef üzerindeki etkiyi arttırmayı amaçlamıştır.

References

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Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 39 - 51, 30.06.2022

Abstract

References

  • Alexander, L.M. (1955). World Political Patterns. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.
  • Allison, G.T. (1971). Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. M.H. Halperin ve A. Kanter içinde, Readings in American Foreign Policy: A Bureaucratic Perspective. Boston MA: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Armstrong, W. C., Leonhart, W., McCaffrey, W. J., ve Rothenberg, H. C. (1995). The Hazards of Single-Outcome Forecasting. H. Bradford Westerfield içinde, Inside CIA’s Private World (s. 238-254). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Ashby, T. (1987). The Bear in the Backyard: Moscow’s Carribean Strategy. Lexington: DC Health and Company.
  • Asprey, R. B. (1994). War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History. New York: William Morrow and Company.
  • Ataç, K.K. ve Özcan, B.S. (2021). 1962 Küba Krizi: Amerikan Arşivleri Üzerinden Bir Okuma. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 17(39): 522-561.
  • Foreign Relation of the United States. (1951). Paper Prepared in the Office of Policy Coordination of the Central Intelligence Agency. 1950–1955, THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, 1950–1955, Erişim Tarihi: 2 Eylül 2021, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55ıntel/d61.
  • Godson, R. (2011). Dirty Trick or Trump Card: U.S. Covert Action and Counterintelligence. (7. Baskı). New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Gutman, R. (1988). Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua 1981-1987. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Halliday, F. (1984). The Making of the Second Cold War. London: Verso.
  • Howe, R.W. (1981). WEAPONS: The Shattering Truth about the International Game of Power, Money and Arms. London: Abacus.
  • Kapcia, A. (1994, September). Review: What Went Wrong? The Sandinista Revolution. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 13(3), 311-318.
  • Kupperman, R.H. ve Taylor Jr., W.J. (1985), Special Supplement: Low Intensity Conflict, the Strategic Challenge, G.E. Hudson ve J. Kruzel içinde, American Defense Annual 1985, Lexington: DC Health and Company.
  • National Security Decision Directive 17. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ekim 2021. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/archives/reference/scanned-nsdds/nsdd17.pdf
  • O’Rourke, L.A. (2018). Covert Regime Change: America’s Secret Cold War. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Papp, D. S. (1986). Soviet Policies Toward the Developing World During the 1980s: The Dilemmas of Power and Presence. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press.
  • Reagan, R. (1982, June 8). Address to Members of the British Parliament. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ekim 2021. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-members-british-parliament.
  • Secret Presidential Finding, March 9, 1981. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ekim 2021. https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-nic-5.pdf Senate Report. (1976). Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. United States Senate together with Additional, Supplemental, and Separate Views. Senate Report, 94th Congress, 2 session, Report No. 94–755, April 26, 1976, Washington D.C.
  • Smith, e: Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Snow, D. M. ve Brown, E. (1994). Puzzle Palaces and Foggy Bottom: US Foreign and Defense Policy-making in the 1990s. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Spykman, N. J. (1955). Political Geography of the Americas, Harold Sprout ve Margaret Sprout içinde, Foundations of National Power (s. 252-262). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
  • U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. (2007). Battle Book ST-100-3 AY-07-08. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
  • United States Special Operations Command. (2015). Gray Zone, White Paper, 9 September. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ekim 2021.
  • U.S. Code, 50 U.S. Code § 3093, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3093#e, Erişim Tarihi: 2 Eylül 2021.
  • Wiarda, H.J. (1986). Updating US Strategic Policy: Containment in the Caribbean Basin. T. L. Deibel ve J.L. Gaddis içinde, Containment: Concept and Policy: Volume 2 (s. 559-579). Fort McNair Washington DC: National Defense University Press.
  • Woodward, R. (1987). VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987. London: Simon & Schuster.
  • Yergin, D. (1977). Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kaan Kutlu Ataç 0000-0003-3435-9073

Arda Tezcanlar 0000-0002-2352-5091

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ataç, K. K., & Tezcanlar, A. (2022). Örtülü Eylemler: Amerikan Dış Politikasının Gizli Eli ve Nikaragua Örneği. Anadolu Strateji Dergisi, 4(1), 39-51.

ANADOLU STRATEJİ DERGİSİ / JOURNAL OF ANATOLIAN STRATEGY e-ISSN: 2687-5721