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Determining the relationship between nomophobia and health literacy in pregnant women

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 211 - 219, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.61534/anatoljhr.1445104

Abstract

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between nomophobia and health literacy during pregnancy.
Methods: The population of our study consisted of pregnant women who applied to the Obstetrics Outpatient Clinic of a university hospital between 20.07.2022 and 20.08.2022. A total of 215 pregnant women who applied to the outpatient clinic between these dates and voluntarily accepted to participate in the study were included in the study. "Personal Information Form" consisting of 12 items, "Nomophobia Scale" and "Health Literacy Scale" were used as data collection tools. The data were collected by the researchers through face-to-face interview technique.
Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 28.14±4.52 years. A significant relationship was found between nomophobia scale sub-dimension and total scores and age, educational status, place of residence, number of pregnancies, trimester and having problems during pregnancy (p<0.05). A significant relationship was found between health literacy subscale and total scores and educational status, spouse's educational status, place of residence, number of pregnancies and number of births (p<0.05). A positive, moderately significant relationship was found between the total and sub-dimensions of the two scales (p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to our study results, nomophobia level of pregnant women was found to be high and it was seen that this affected health literacy. This result may be due to the increasing frequency of mobile device use with the developing world conditions.

References

  • Akca, E., Sürücü, S. G., & Akbaş, M. (2020). Health perception, health literacy and related factors in pregnant women. Journal of Vocational School of Health Service, 8(3), 630-642. https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.735467
  • Aksu, B. C., & Dogan, A. (2021). Çalışanların nomofobi düzeylerinin demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi ve bir araştırma [Examination of employees' nomophobia levels in terms of demographic variables and a research]. Ordu University Social Sciences Institute Journal of Social Sciences Research, 11(2), 483-508. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.927638
  • Aktas, H., & Yılmaz, N. (2017). Üniversite gençlerinin yalnızlık ve utangaçlık unsurları açısından akıllı telefon bağımlılığı [Smartphone addiction in terms of the elements of loneliness and shyness of university youth]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(1), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.283590
  • Alsancak Sırakaya, D., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2018). Türkiye’nin mobil öğrenme karnesi: İmkânlar, fırsatlar ve sorunlarla ilgili bir inceleme [Turkey's mobile learning scorecard: An investigation on possibilities, opportunities and problems]. In B. Akkoyunlu, A. İşman, & H. F. Odabaşı (Eds.), Educational technology readings (pp. 492-513). TOJET ve Sakarya University Universitesi [TOJET and Sakarya University].
  • Ankara, H. G., Tekin, B., & Esma, O. Z. (2020). Elmayı en çok kim ısırıyor? Akıllı telefon bağımlılığını etkileyen sosyoekonomik faktörlerin tespiti [Who bites the apple the most? Determination of socioeconomic factors affecting smartphone addiction]. Journal of Information Technologies, 13(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.690046
  • Aras, Z., & Bayık Temel, A., (2017). Sağlık okuryazarlığı ölçeği’nin türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin değerlendirilmesi: F.N. iki dergi [Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the health literacy scale: F.N. both journal]. Ege University Faculty of Nursing Public Health, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.17672/fnhd.94626
  • Arpaci, I. (2019). Culture and nomophobia: The role of vertical versus horizontal collectivism in predicting nomophobia. Information Development, 35(1), 96.
  • Aydın, E., Karabacak, E., & Aydın, C. (2013). İnternet ve sağlık hizmeti [Internet and health service]. Turkiye Klinikleri Family Medicine-Special Topics Journal Identity, 4(3), 133-136. https://doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2018.13.3.4B0018
  • Bekaroğlu, E., & Yılmaz, T. (2020). Nomofobi: Ayırıcı tanı ve tedavisi [Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment]. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(1), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897
  • Celebi, M., Metin, A., Incedere, F., Aygün, N., Bedir, M., & Ozbulut, O. (2020). [Nomofobi ve yalnızlık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Erciyes Üniversitesi örneği [Investigation of relationship between nomophobia and loneliness level. Erciyes University sample]. Sciences, 10(2), 315-334. https://doi.org/10.26579/jocress.362
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Dadipoor, S., Ramezankhani, A., Alavi, A., Aghamolaei, T., & Safari-Moradabadi, A. (2017). Pregnant women’s health literacy in the south of Iran. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 11(4), 211-218.
  • Demirli, P. (2019). Bireylerin sağlık okuryazarlığı üzerine bir araştırma: Edirne ili örneği [A research on individuals' health literacy: the example of Edirne province]. [Doctoral Thesis]. Trakya University.
  • Durak, H. Y. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
  • Erdem, H., Kalkın, G., Türen, U., & Deniz, M. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinde mobil telefon yoksunluğu korkusunun (nomofobi) akademik başariya etkisi [The effect of fear of mobile phone deprivation (nomophobia) on academic achievement in university students]. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(3).
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  • Gezgin, D. M., & Cakır, Ö. (2016) Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. Journal of Human Sciences, 13, 2504-2519.
  • Gezgin, D. M., Sahin, Y. L., & Yıldırım, S. (2017). Sosyal ağ kullanicilari arasinda nomofobi yayginliğinin çeşitli faktörler açisindan incelenmesi. [The investigation of nomophobia prominence among social network users in terms of various factors]. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.288485
  • Gök, S. M., Küçük, K., & Kanbur, A. (2022). Gebelerde sağlık okuryazarlığı ile sağlık uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between health literacy and health practices of pregnant women]. STED, 31(6), 409-417. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1021910
  • Gurbuz, I. B., & Ozkan, G. (2020). What is your level of nomophobia? An investigation of prevalence and level of nomophobia among young people in Turkey. Community Mental Health Journal, 56, 814-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00541-2
  • Gutiérrez Puertas, L., Márquez Hernández, V. V., São Romão Preto, L., Granados Gámez, G., Gutiérrez Puertas, V., & Aguilera Manrique, G. (2019). Comparative study of nomophobia among Spanish and Portuguese nursing students. Nurse Education in Practice, 34, 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.11.010
  • Güzel, S., & Özen, M. Y. (2022). Salgın hastalık döneminde nomofobi ve kaygı düzeyinin incelenmesi [Investigation of nomophobia and anxiety level during the epidemic period]. Ekev Academy Journal, 90, 421-440.
  • Hadımlı, A., Demirelöz Akyüz, M., & Tuna Oran, N. (2018). Gebelerin interneti kullanma sıklıkları ve nedenleri [Pregnant women's frequency and reasons for using the internet]. Life Sciences, 13(3), 32-43, https://doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2018.13.3.4b0018
  • Jacobs, E. J., Van Steijn, M. E., & Van Pampus, M. G. (2019). Internet usage of women attempting pregnancy and pregnant women in the Netherlands. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 21, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2019.04.005
  • Khorasani, E. C., Peyman, N., & Esmaily, H. (2018). Measuring maternal health literacy in pregnant women referred to the Healthcare Centers of Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, 6(1). 1157-1162 https://doi.org/10.22038/JMRH.2017.9613
  • King, A. L. S., Valenca, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.025
  • Lupton, D. (2016). The use and value of digital media for information about pregnancy and early motherhood: A focus group study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0971-3
  • Okuyan, C., Güner, P. D., & Güneş, S. U. (2019). Hemşirelik ve Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi [Determination of nomophobia levels of nursing and medical faculty students]. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 8(4), 372-382.
  • Pavithra, M. B., Madhukumar, S., & Mahadeva Murthy, T. S. (2015). A study on nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, among students of a medical college in Bangalore. National Journal of Community Medicine, 6(03), 340-344.
  • Pazarözyurt, A., & Özkan, H. (2023). Gebelerin sağlık okuryazarlığı ile öz bakım gücü arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the relationship between pregnant women's health literacy and self-care ability]. Journal of Public Health Nursing, 5(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.54061/jphn.1154752
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (10th Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2015.01.005
  • Solhi, M., Abbasi, K., Azar, F. E. F., & Hosseini, A. (2019). Effect of health literacy education on self-care in pregnant women: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 7(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2019.40841
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  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). (2018). Household information technologies usage survey. Access Address: http://tuik.gov.tr/veribilgi.do?alt_id=1062
  • United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2013). Adult and youth literacy: National, regional and global trends, 1985-2015. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217409
  • Vagka, E., Gnardellis, C., Lagiou, A., & Notara, V. (2023). Prevalence and factors related to nomophobia: Arising issues among young adults. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(8), 1467-1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13080107
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Gebelerde nomofobi ile sağlık okuryazarlığı arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 211 - 219, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.61534/anatoljhr.1445104

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma gebelikte nomofobi ve sağlık okuryazarlığı arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmamızın evreni 20.07.2022-20.08.2022 tarihleri arasında bir üniversite hastanesinin Kadın Doğum Polikliniğine başvuran gebeler oluşturmuştur. Bu tarihler arasında polikliniğe başvuran ve çalışmaya katılmayı gönüllü olarak kabul eden toplam 215 gebe çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak 12 maddeden oluşan "Kişisel Bilgi Formu", "Nomofobi Ölçeği" ve "Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından yüz yüze görüşme tekniği ile toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Gebelerin yaş ortalaması 28.14±4.52 yıl olarak bulunmuştur. Nomofobi ölçeği alt boyut ve toplam puanları ile yaş, eğitim durumu, yaşadığı yer, gebelik sayısı, trimester ve gebelikte sorun yaşama faktörleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sağlık okuryazarlığı alt boyutu ve toplam puanları ile eğitim durumu, eşin eğitim durumu, yaşanılan yer, gebelik sayısı ve doğum sayısı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p<0.05). İki ölçeğin toplam ve alt boyutları arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuçlar: Çalışma sonucumuza göre gebelerin nomofobi düzeyi yüksek bulunmuş ve bunun sağlık okuryazarlığını etkilediği görülmüştür. Bu sonucun gelişen dünya koşulları ile birlikte mobil cihaz kullanım sıklığının artmasından kaynaklı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Thanks

We thank all pregnant women who participated in the study.

References

  • Akca, E., Sürücü, S. G., & Akbaş, M. (2020). Health perception, health literacy and related factors in pregnant women. Journal of Vocational School of Health Service, 8(3), 630-642. https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.735467
  • Aksu, B. C., & Dogan, A. (2021). Çalışanların nomofobi düzeylerinin demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi ve bir araştırma [Examination of employees' nomophobia levels in terms of demographic variables and a research]. Ordu University Social Sciences Institute Journal of Social Sciences Research, 11(2), 483-508. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.927638
  • Aktas, H., & Yılmaz, N. (2017). Üniversite gençlerinin yalnızlık ve utangaçlık unsurları açısından akıllı telefon bağımlılığı [Smartphone addiction in terms of the elements of loneliness and shyness of university youth]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(1), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.283590
  • Alsancak Sırakaya, D., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2018). Türkiye’nin mobil öğrenme karnesi: İmkânlar, fırsatlar ve sorunlarla ilgili bir inceleme [Turkey's mobile learning scorecard: An investigation on possibilities, opportunities and problems]. In B. Akkoyunlu, A. İşman, & H. F. Odabaşı (Eds.), Educational technology readings (pp. 492-513). TOJET ve Sakarya University Universitesi [TOJET and Sakarya University].
  • Ankara, H. G., Tekin, B., & Esma, O. Z. (2020). Elmayı en çok kim ısırıyor? Akıllı telefon bağımlılığını etkileyen sosyoekonomik faktörlerin tespiti [Who bites the apple the most? Determination of socioeconomic factors affecting smartphone addiction]. Journal of Information Technologies, 13(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.690046
  • Aras, Z., & Bayık Temel, A., (2017). Sağlık okuryazarlığı ölçeği’nin türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin değerlendirilmesi: F.N. iki dergi [Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the health literacy scale: F.N. both journal]. Ege University Faculty of Nursing Public Health, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.17672/fnhd.94626
  • Arpaci, I. (2019). Culture and nomophobia: The role of vertical versus horizontal collectivism in predicting nomophobia. Information Development, 35(1), 96.
  • Aydın, E., Karabacak, E., & Aydın, C. (2013). İnternet ve sağlık hizmeti [Internet and health service]. Turkiye Klinikleri Family Medicine-Special Topics Journal Identity, 4(3), 133-136. https://doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2018.13.3.4B0018
  • Bekaroğlu, E., & Yılmaz, T. (2020). Nomofobi: Ayırıcı tanı ve tedavisi [Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment]. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(1), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897
  • Celebi, M., Metin, A., Incedere, F., Aygün, N., Bedir, M., & Ozbulut, O. (2020). [Nomofobi ve yalnızlık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Erciyes Üniversitesi örneği [Investigation of relationship between nomophobia and loneliness level. Erciyes University sample]. Sciences, 10(2), 315-334. https://doi.org/10.26579/jocress.362
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Dadipoor, S., Ramezankhani, A., Alavi, A., Aghamolaei, T., & Safari-Moradabadi, A. (2017). Pregnant women’s health literacy in the south of Iran. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 11(4), 211-218.
  • Demirli, P. (2019). Bireylerin sağlık okuryazarlığı üzerine bir araştırma: Edirne ili örneği [A research on individuals' health literacy: the example of Edirne province]. [Doctoral Thesis]. Trakya University.
  • Durak, H. Y. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
  • Erdem, H., Kalkın, G., Türen, U., & Deniz, M. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinde mobil telefon yoksunluğu korkusunun (nomofobi) akademik başariya etkisi [The effect of fear of mobile phone deprivation (nomophobia) on academic achievement in university students]. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(3).
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  • Gezgin, D. M., & Cakır, Ö. (2016) Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. Journal of Human Sciences, 13, 2504-2519.
  • Gezgin, D. M., Sahin, Y. L., & Yıldırım, S. (2017). Sosyal ağ kullanicilari arasinda nomofobi yayginliğinin çeşitli faktörler açisindan incelenmesi. [The investigation of nomophobia prominence among social network users in terms of various factors]. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.288485
  • Gök, S. M., Küçük, K., & Kanbur, A. (2022). Gebelerde sağlık okuryazarlığı ile sağlık uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between health literacy and health practices of pregnant women]. STED, 31(6), 409-417. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1021910
  • Gurbuz, I. B., & Ozkan, G. (2020). What is your level of nomophobia? An investigation of prevalence and level of nomophobia among young people in Turkey. Community Mental Health Journal, 56, 814-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00541-2
  • Gutiérrez Puertas, L., Márquez Hernández, V. V., São Romão Preto, L., Granados Gámez, G., Gutiérrez Puertas, V., & Aguilera Manrique, G. (2019). Comparative study of nomophobia among Spanish and Portuguese nursing students. Nurse Education in Practice, 34, 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.11.010
  • Güzel, S., & Özen, M. Y. (2022). Salgın hastalık döneminde nomofobi ve kaygı düzeyinin incelenmesi [Investigation of nomophobia and anxiety level during the epidemic period]. Ekev Academy Journal, 90, 421-440.
  • Hadımlı, A., Demirelöz Akyüz, M., & Tuna Oran, N. (2018). Gebelerin interneti kullanma sıklıkları ve nedenleri [Pregnant women's frequency and reasons for using the internet]. Life Sciences, 13(3), 32-43, https://doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2018.13.3.4b0018
  • Jacobs, E. J., Van Steijn, M. E., & Van Pampus, M. G. (2019). Internet usage of women attempting pregnancy and pregnant women in the Netherlands. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 21, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2019.04.005
  • Khorasani, E. C., Peyman, N., & Esmaily, H. (2018). Measuring maternal health literacy in pregnant women referred to the Healthcare Centers of Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, 6(1). 1157-1162 https://doi.org/10.22038/JMRH.2017.9613
  • King, A. L. S., Valenca, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.025
  • Lupton, D. (2016). The use and value of digital media for information about pregnancy and early motherhood: A focus group study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0971-3
  • Okuyan, C., Güner, P. D., & Güneş, S. U. (2019). Hemşirelik ve Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi [Determination of nomophobia levels of nursing and medical faculty students]. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 8(4), 372-382.
  • Pavithra, M. B., Madhukumar, S., & Mahadeva Murthy, T. S. (2015). A study on nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, among students of a medical college in Bangalore. National Journal of Community Medicine, 6(03), 340-344.
  • Pazarözyurt, A., & Özkan, H. (2023). Gebelerin sağlık okuryazarlığı ile öz bakım gücü arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the relationship between pregnant women's health literacy and self-care ability]. Journal of Public Health Nursing, 5(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.54061/jphn.1154752
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (10th Ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2015.01.005
  • Solhi, M., Abbasi, K., Azar, F. E. F., & Hosseini, A. (2019). Effect of health literacy education on self-care in pregnant women: A randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 7(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2019.40841
  • Sorenson, K. (2013). The European health literacy survey. in health literacy: Improving health, health systems, and health policy around the world: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18325
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). (2018). Household information technologies usage survey. Access Address: http://tuik.gov.tr/veribilgi.do?alt_id=1062
  • United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2013). Adult and youth literacy: National, regional and global trends, 1985-2015. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217409
  • Vagka, E., Gnardellis, C., Lagiou, A., & Notara, V. (2023). Prevalence and factors related to nomophobia: Arising issues among young adults. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(8), 1467-1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13080107
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There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Midwifery (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gizem Çıtak 0000-0002-5484-2233

Özgür Alparslan 0000-0002-2264-2886

Yasemin Yücel 0000-0002-0364-961X

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date February 29, 2024
Acceptance Date September 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çıtak, G., Alparslan, Ö., & Yücel, Y. (2024). Determining the relationship between nomophobia and health literacy in pregnant women. Anatolian Journal of Health Research, 5(3), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.61534/anatoljhr.1445104

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