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EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT

Year 2016, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 114 - 133, 25.08.2016

Abstract

Objectives: Fluoride is a toxic and reactive element. Human beings are exposed to fluoride from various sources such as toothpastes, mouth rinses, dietary supplements and ordinary drinking water. This work investigated the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF), alone or with green tea, on the grey matter of spinal cord of adult male albino rats.
Methods: Spinal cord sections were examined using light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical assessments for the expression of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were performed. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for DNA fragmentation.
Results: Our results showed that NaF produced neurodegeneration, vacuolation and haemorrhage with some abnormal blood vessels and a significant increase in the number and size of astrocytes. In addition, the neurons showed a significant decrease of their Nissl’s granules content and significant increased expression of caspase-3.
Conclusion: Green tea exerted a protective effect against NaF-induced neurotoxicity. The results of this work add to the known toxic effects of NaF and provide a new insight into the possible use of green tea to ameliorate these effects.

References

  • Dhar V, Bhatnagar M. Physiology and toxicity of fluoride. Indian J
  • Dent Res 2009;20:350–5.
  • Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR. Neurotoxic effects of fluoride in endemic skeletal fluorosis and in experimental chronic fluoride
  • toxicity. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2012;6:
  • –4.
  • Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat PG, Rao SH. Brain
  • lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride 2002;35:197–203.
  • Vani ML, Reddy KP. Effects of fluoride accumulation on some
  • enzymes of brain and gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Fluoride
  • ;33:17–26.
  • Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat PG, Rao SM, Rao
  • SH. Histological changes in the brain of young, fluoride intoxicated rats. Fluoride 2002;35:12–21.
  • Spittle B. Fluoride fatigue. Fluoride poisoning: is fluoride in your
  • drinking water—and from other sources—making you sick? Dunedin (NZ): Paua Press; 2009. p. 2–4.
  • Mandel SA, Amit T, Weinreb O, Youdim MB. Understanding the
  • broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols
  • in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;25:187–208.
  • Biasibetti R, Tramontina AC, Costa AP, Dutra MF, Quincozes-
  • Santos A, Nardin P, Bernardi, CL, Wartchow KM, Lunardi PS,
  • Gonçalves CA. Green tea (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate reverses
  • oxidative stress and reduces acetylcholinesterase activity in a streptozotocin-induced model of dementia. Behav Brain Res 2013;236:186–93.
  • Verma RJ, Trivedi MH, Chinoy NJ. Blake tea amelioration of sodium
  • fluoride – induced alterations of DNA, RNA, and protein contents
  • in the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and medulla oblongata
  • regions of mouse brain. Fluoride 2007;40:7–12.
  • Carol JVF. 2012. Calculating percent increase and decrease.
  • [Internet] Available from: http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/
  • algebra_book/online_problems/calc_percent_inc_dec.htm
  • Harrison RH. The nervous system. In: A laboratory manual of the
  • anatomy of the rat. New York (NY): The Macmillan Company;1924. p. 103–16.
  • Shen QF, Li HN, Xu TT, Xia YP. Damage of blood brain barrier of
  • spinal cord in rats with chronic fluorosis. Chin Med J 2012;92:2357–61.
  • Kiernan J. Histological and histochemical methods: theory and practice. 3rd ed. Oxford: Hodder Arnold Publishers; 1999. p. 94.
  • Horobin RW, Bancroft JD. Troubleshooting histology stains.
  • London: Churchill Livingstone; 1998. p. 88–93.
  • Sternbergcr L. Immunocytochemistry. 3rd ed. New York (NY): John Wiley; 1986. p. 190–209.
  • Bancroft JD, Gamble M. Theory and practice of histological techniques. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 373.
  • Al-Gholam MA, Elbarbary AA, Zolfakar AS, Nooh HZ, El-Mehi
  • AE. The role of rosemary on acrylamide neurotoxicity during postnatal
  • development of rat spinal cord: histological, immunohistochemical
  • and genetic study. MD thesis. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt; 2015. p.197.
  • Soliman, N, Abdel Tawab S, Nada H., Mohammed S. Histological
  • and immunohistochemical study of the effect of hypo and hypercaloric
  • diet on the structure of aorta and hippocampus of male albino
  • rat. MD thesis. Department of Histology, Ain Shams University,
  • Cairo, Egypt; 2006. p. 40–2.
  • De Muth JE. Basic statistics and pharmaceutical statistical applications. 3rd ed. New York (NY): CRC Press; 2014. p. 95–61.
  • Afifi OK. Effect of sodium fluoride on the cerebellar cortex of adult
  • albino rats and the possible protective role of vitamin B6: a light and
  • electron microscopic study. The Egyptian Journal of Histology 2009;32:358–67.
  • Hamid S, Kawoosa, Z, Hamid S, Mir MA, Hafiz A, Jan I, Yaqoob F.
  • Histopathological effects of varied fluoride concentration on cerebrum
  • in albino rats. Journal of Interdisciplinary Histopathology 2012;1:30–4.
  • Reddy PY, Reddy KP, Kumar KP. Neurodegenerative changes in
  • different regions of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rats treated
  • with sodium fluoride. Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences 2011;1:30–5.
  • Trivedi MH, Verma RJ, Sangai NP, Chinoy NJ. Mitigation by black
  • tea extract of sodium fluoride induced histopathological changes in brain of mice. Fluoride 2012;45:13–26.
  • Nour-Edien NM, Mansour FK, El-Safti F, El-Habiby MM, El-Fiky
  • MM. Histological and immunohistochemical studies on the effect of
  • sodium fluoride on postnatal development of the cerebellum in rat.
  • MD thesis. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of
  • Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt; 2007. p.194–212.
  • Mitchell WA. Fluoride: friend or foe? 2000. Part 3. [Internet]
  • Available from: http://paradisecafediscussions.org/forum/showthread.
  • php?mode=linear&tid=1089&pid=13213
  • Lu C, Zhu W, Shen CL, Gao W. Green tea polyphenols reduce
  • body weight in rats by modulating obesity-related genes. PLoS One
  • ;7:e38332.
  • Farooqui AA. Phytochemicals, signal transduction, and neurological
  • disorders. New York (NY): Springer; 2012. Chapter 5, Beneficial
  • and side effects of green tea chatechines. p. 117–50.
  • Cooper R, Morré DJ, Morré DM. Medicinal benefits of green tea:
  • Part I. Review of noncancer health benefits. J Altern Complement
  • Med 2005;11:521–8.
  • Saad El-Dien, HM, El Gamal DA, Mubarak HA, Saleh SM. Effect
  • of fluoride on rat cerebellar cortex: light and electron microscopic
  • studies. The Egyptian Journal of Histology 2010;33:245–56.
  • Giri DK, Ghosh RC, Mondal M. Pathology of acute oral toxicity of
  • sodium fluoride in Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Veterinary
  • Pathology 2014;38:33–8.
  • Thangapandiyan S, Milton Prabu S. Molecular mechanism of fluoride
  • induced oxidative stress and its possible reversal by chelation
  • therapy. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT)
  • ;3(2):1–11.
  • Nasir N, Asad MR. Effects of fluoride on CA3 region of hippocampus
  • in adult albino rats. Journal of Asian Scientific Research 2013;3:729–33.
  • Refsnes M, Thrane EV, Lag M, Hege TG, Schwarze PE.
  • Mechanisms in fluoride-induced interleukin-8 synthesis in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicology 2001;167:145–58.
  • Levine VE. Acids and alkalies: In: Stewart CP, Stolman A, editors.
  • Toxicology: mechanisms and analytical methods. New York (NY):
  • Academic Press; 1961. p. 597–636.
  • Chen J, Chen X, Yang K, Xia T, Xie H. Studies on DNA damage
  • and apoptosis in rat brain induced by fluoride. [Article in Chinese]
  • Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002;36:222–4.
  • Song GH, Huang FB, Gao JP, Liu ML, Pang WB, Bin LW, Yan XY, Huo MJ, Yang X. Effects of fluoride on DNA damage and caspase- mediated apoptosis in the liver of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015;166:173–82.
  • Agalakova NI, Gusev GP. Molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity and
  • apoptosis induced by inorganic fluoride. ISRN Cell Biology 2012;403835:1–16.
  • Al-Hayani A, Elshal EB, Abdel IAH, Al-Shammeri E. Does vitamin
  • E protect against sodium fluoride toxicity on the cerebellar cortex of
  • albino rats? Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2013;16:1019–26.
  • Akinrinade ID, Memudu AE, Ogundele OM, Ajetunmobi OI. Interplay of glia activation and oxidative stress formation in fluoride and aluminium exposure. Pathophysiology 2015;22:39–48.
  • Wang X, Xu Y, Wang F, Tang L, Liu Z, Li H, Liu S. Aging-related
  • changes of microglia and astrocytes in hypothalamus after intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline in rats. J Huazhong
  • Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2006;26:231–4.
  • Nakase T, Fushiki S, Naus CC. Astrocytic gap junctions composed
  • of connexin 43 reduce apoptotic neuronal damage in cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2003;34:1987–93.
  • Reddy PY, Reddy KP, Kumar KP. Neurodegenerative changes in
  • different regions of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rats treated
  • with sodium fluoride. Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences
  • ;1:30–5.
  • Agha FE, El–Badry MO, Hassan DAA, Abdelraouf AA. Role of vitamin
  • E in combination with methionine and l-carnosine against sodium
  • fluoride -induced hematological, biochemical, DNA damage, histological and immunohistochemical changes in pancreas of albino
  • rats. Life Science Journal 2012;9:1260 –75.
  • Jacinto-Alemán LF, Hernández-Guerrero JC, Trejo-Solís C,
  • Jiménez-Farfán MD, Fernández-Presas AM. In vitro effect of sodium
  • fluoride on antioxidative enzymes and apoptosis during murine
  • odontogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39:709–14.
  • Ge Y, Ning H, Wang S, Wang J, Effects of high fluoride and low
  • iodine on the histopathology of brain in offspring rats. Fluoride
  • ;38:127–32.
  • Shashi A. Histopathological investigation of the fluoride-induced
  • neurotoxicity in rabbits. Fluoride 2003;36:95–105.
  • Shah SD, Chinoy NJ. Adverse effects of fluoride and/or arsenic on
  • the cerebral hemisphere of mice and recovery by some antidotes.
  • Fluoride 2004;37:162–71.
  • Thangapandiyan S, Milton Prabu S. Epigallocatechin gallate potentially ameliorates sodium fluoride-induced genotoxicity in rats. Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2013;;1:8–16.
  • Wei H, Leeds P, Chen RW, Wei W, Leng, Y, Bredesen, DE, Chuang
  • DM. Neuronal apoptosis induced by pharmacological concentrations
  • of 3-hydroxykynurenine: characterization and protection by
  • Manivannan J, Sinha S, Ghosh M, Mukherjee A. Evaluation of multiendpoint assay to detect genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice
  • exposed to sodium fluoride. Mutat Res 2013; 751:59–65.
  • Miltonprabu S, Thangapandiyan S. Epigallocatechin gallate potentially
  • attenuates fluoride induced oxidative stress mediated cardiotoxicity
  • and dyslipidemia in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015;29:321–35.
  • Paterniti I, Genovese T, Crisafulli C, Mazzon E, Di Paola R,
  • Galuppo M, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Treatment with green tea
  • extract attenuates secondary inflammatory response in an experimental
  • model of spinal cord trauma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
  • Pharmacol 2009;380:179–92.
  • Renno WM, Alkhalaf M, Afsari Z, Abd-El-Basset E, Mousa A.
  • Consumption of green tea alters glial fibriliary acidic protein
  • immunoreactivity in the spinal cord astrocytes of STZ-diabetic rats.
  • Nutr Neurosci 2008;11:32–40.
  • Jeong JH, Kim HJ, Lee TJ, Kim MK, Park ES, Choi BS.
  • Epigallocatechin 3-gallate attenuates neuronal damage induced by 3-
  • hydroxykynurenine. Toxicology 2004;195:53–60.
  • Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Neuroprotective
  • molecular mechanisms of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a reflective
  • outcome of its antioxidant, iron chelating and neuritogenic properties.
  • Genes Nutr 2009;4:283–96.
  • Levites Y, Amit T, Youdim, MB, Mandel S. Involvement of protein
  • kinase C activation and cell survival/cell cycle genes in green tea
  • polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate neuroprotective action. J
  • Biol Chem 2002;277: 30574–80.
  • Hamdy MA, El-Maraghy SA, Kortam MA. Modulatory effects of
  • curcumin and green tea extract against experimentally induced pulmonary fibrosis: a comparison with N-acetyl cysteine. J Biochem
  • Mol Toxicol 2012;26:461-8.
  • Thangapandiyan S, Milton Prabu S. Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on sodium fluoride (NaF) induced changes in histology of selected organs in rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT) 2013;3(1):1.
Year 2016, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 114 - 133, 25.08.2016

Abstract

References

  • Dhar V, Bhatnagar M. Physiology and toxicity of fluoride. Indian J
  • Dent Res 2009;20:350–5.
  • Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR. Neurotoxic effects of fluoride in endemic skeletal fluorosis and in experimental chronic fluoride
  • toxicity. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2012;6:
  • –4.
  • Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat PG, Rao SH. Brain
  • lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride 2002;35:197–203.
  • Vani ML, Reddy KP. Effects of fluoride accumulation on some
  • enzymes of brain and gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Fluoride
  • ;33:17–26.
  • Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat PG, Rao SM, Rao
  • SH. Histological changes in the brain of young, fluoride intoxicated rats. Fluoride 2002;35:12–21.
  • Spittle B. Fluoride fatigue. Fluoride poisoning: is fluoride in your
  • drinking water—and from other sources—making you sick? Dunedin (NZ): Paua Press; 2009. p. 2–4.
  • Mandel SA, Amit T, Weinreb O, Youdim MB. Understanding the
  • broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols
  • in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;25:187–208.
  • Biasibetti R, Tramontina AC, Costa AP, Dutra MF, Quincozes-
  • Santos A, Nardin P, Bernardi, CL, Wartchow KM, Lunardi PS,
  • Gonçalves CA. Green tea (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate reverses
  • oxidative stress and reduces acetylcholinesterase activity in a streptozotocin-induced model of dementia. Behav Brain Res 2013;236:186–93.
  • Verma RJ, Trivedi MH, Chinoy NJ. Blake tea amelioration of sodium
  • fluoride – induced alterations of DNA, RNA, and protein contents
  • in the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and medulla oblongata
  • regions of mouse brain. Fluoride 2007;40:7–12.
  • Carol JVF. 2012. Calculating percent increase and decrease.
  • [Internet] Available from: http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/
  • algebra_book/online_problems/calc_percent_inc_dec.htm
  • Harrison RH. The nervous system. In: A laboratory manual of the
  • anatomy of the rat. New York (NY): The Macmillan Company;1924. p. 103–16.
  • Shen QF, Li HN, Xu TT, Xia YP. Damage of blood brain barrier of
  • spinal cord in rats with chronic fluorosis. Chin Med J 2012;92:2357–61.
  • Kiernan J. Histological and histochemical methods: theory and practice. 3rd ed. Oxford: Hodder Arnold Publishers; 1999. p. 94.
  • Horobin RW, Bancroft JD. Troubleshooting histology stains.
  • London: Churchill Livingstone; 1998. p. 88–93.
  • Sternbergcr L. Immunocytochemistry. 3rd ed. New York (NY): John Wiley; 1986. p. 190–209.
  • Bancroft JD, Gamble M. Theory and practice of histological techniques. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 373.
  • Al-Gholam MA, Elbarbary AA, Zolfakar AS, Nooh HZ, El-Mehi
  • AE. The role of rosemary on acrylamide neurotoxicity during postnatal
  • development of rat spinal cord: histological, immunohistochemical
  • and genetic study. MD thesis. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt; 2015. p.197.
  • Soliman, N, Abdel Tawab S, Nada H., Mohammed S. Histological
  • and immunohistochemical study of the effect of hypo and hypercaloric
  • diet on the structure of aorta and hippocampus of male albino
  • rat. MD thesis. Department of Histology, Ain Shams University,
  • Cairo, Egypt; 2006. p. 40–2.
  • De Muth JE. Basic statistics and pharmaceutical statistical applications. 3rd ed. New York (NY): CRC Press; 2014. p. 95–61.
  • Afifi OK. Effect of sodium fluoride on the cerebellar cortex of adult
  • albino rats and the possible protective role of vitamin B6: a light and
  • electron microscopic study. The Egyptian Journal of Histology 2009;32:358–67.
  • Hamid S, Kawoosa, Z, Hamid S, Mir MA, Hafiz A, Jan I, Yaqoob F.
  • Histopathological effects of varied fluoride concentration on cerebrum
  • in albino rats. Journal of Interdisciplinary Histopathology 2012;1:30–4.
  • Reddy PY, Reddy KP, Kumar KP. Neurodegenerative changes in
  • different regions of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rats treated
  • with sodium fluoride. Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences 2011;1:30–5.
  • Trivedi MH, Verma RJ, Sangai NP, Chinoy NJ. Mitigation by black
  • tea extract of sodium fluoride induced histopathological changes in brain of mice. Fluoride 2012;45:13–26.
  • Nour-Edien NM, Mansour FK, El-Safti F, El-Habiby MM, El-Fiky
  • MM. Histological and immunohistochemical studies on the effect of
  • sodium fluoride on postnatal development of the cerebellum in rat.
  • MD thesis. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of
  • Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt; 2007. p.194–212.
  • Mitchell WA. Fluoride: friend or foe? 2000. Part 3. [Internet]
  • Available from: http://paradisecafediscussions.org/forum/showthread.
  • php?mode=linear&tid=1089&pid=13213
  • Lu C, Zhu W, Shen CL, Gao W. Green tea polyphenols reduce
  • body weight in rats by modulating obesity-related genes. PLoS One
  • ;7:e38332.
  • Farooqui AA. Phytochemicals, signal transduction, and neurological
  • disorders. New York (NY): Springer; 2012. Chapter 5, Beneficial
  • and side effects of green tea chatechines. p. 117–50.
  • Cooper R, Morré DJ, Morré DM. Medicinal benefits of green tea:
  • Part I. Review of noncancer health benefits. J Altern Complement
  • Med 2005;11:521–8.
  • Saad El-Dien, HM, El Gamal DA, Mubarak HA, Saleh SM. Effect
  • of fluoride on rat cerebellar cortex: light and electron microscopic
  • studies. The Egyptian Journal of Histology 2010;33:245–56.
  • Giri DK, Ghosh RC, Mondal M. Pathology of acute oral toxicity of
  • sodium fluoride in Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Veterinary
  • Pathology 2014;38:33–8.
  • Thangapandiyan S, Milton Prabu S. Molecular mechanism of fluoride
  • induced oxidative stress and its possible reversal by chelation
  • therapy. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT)
  • ;3(2):1–11.
  • Nasir N, Asad MR. Effects of fluoride on CA3 region of hippocampus
  • in adult albino rats. Journal of Asian Scientific Research 2013;3:729–33.
  • Refsnes M, Thrane EV, Lag M, Hege TG, Schwarze PE.
  • Mechanisms in fluoride-induced interleukin-8 synthesis in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicology 2001;167:145–58.
  • Levine VE. Acids and alkalies: In: Stewart CP, Stolman A, editors.
  • Toxicology: mechanisms and analytical methods. New York (NY):
  • Academic Press; 1961. p. 597–636.
  • Chen J, Chen X, Yang K, Xia T, Xie H. Studies on DNA damage
  • and apoptosis in rat brain induced by fluoride. [Article in Chinese]
  • Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002;36:222–4.
  • Song GH, Huang FB, Gao JP, Liu ML, Pang WB, Bin LW, Yan XY, Huo MJ, Yang X. Effects of fluoride on DNA damage and caspase- mediated apoptosis in the liver of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015;166:173–82.
  • Agalakova NI, Gusev GP. Molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity and
  • apoptosis induced by inorganic fluoride. ISRN Cell Biology 2012;403835:1–16.
  • Al-Hayani A, Elshal EB, Abdel IAH, Al-Shammeri E. Does vitamin
  • E protect against sodium fluoride toxicity on the cerebellar cortex of
  • albino rats? Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2013;16:1019–26.
  • Akinrinade ID, Memudu AE, Ogundele OM, Ajetunmobi OI. Interplay of glia activation and oxidative stress formation in fluoride and aluminium exposure. Pathophysiology 2015;22:39–48.
  • Wang X, Xu Y, Wang F, Tang L, Liu Z, Li H, Liu S. Aging-related
  • changes of microglia and astrocytes in hypothalamus after intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline in rats. J Huazhong
  • Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2006;26:231–4.
  • Nakase T, Fushiki S, Naus CC. Astrocytic gap junctions composed
  • of connexin 43 reduce apoptotic neuronal damage in cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2003;34:1987–93.
  • Reddy PY, Reddy KP, Kumar KP. Neurodegenerative changes in
  • different regions of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rats treated
  • with sodium fluoride. Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences
  • ;1:30–5.
  • Agha FE, El–Badry MO, Hassan DAA, Abdelraouf AA. Role of vitamin
  • E in combination with methionine and l-carnosine against sodium
  • fluoride -induced hematological, biochemical, DNA damage, histological and immunohistochemical changes in pancreas of albino
  • rats. Life Science Journal 2012;9:1260 –75.
  • Jacinto-Alemán LF, Hernández-Guerrero JC, Trejo-Solís C,
  • Jiménez-Farfán MD, Fernández-Presas AM. In vitro effect of sodium
  • fluoride on antioxidative enzymes and apoptosis during murine
  • odontogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39:709–14.
  • Ge Y, Ning H, Wang S, Wang J, Effects of high fluoride and low
  • iodine on the histopathology of brain in offspring rats. Fluoride
  • ;38:127–32.
  • Shashi A. Histopathological investigation of the fluoride-induced
  • neurotoxicity in rabbits. Fluoride 2003;36:95–105.
  • Shah SD, Chinoy NJ. Adverse effects of fluoride and/or arsenic on
  • the cerebral hemisphere of mice and recovery by some antidotes.
  • Fluoride 2004;37:162–71.
  • Thangapandiyan S, Milton Prabu S. Epigallocatechin gallate potentially ameliorates sodium fluoride-induced genotoxicity in rats. Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2013;;1:8–16.
  • Wei H, Leeds P, Chen RW, Wei W, Leng, Y, Bredesen, DE, Chuang
  • DM. Neuronal apoptosis induced by pharmacological concentrations
  • of 3-hydroxykynurenine: characterization and protection by
  • Manivannan J, Sinha S, Ghosh M, Mukherjee A. Evaluation of multiendpoint assay to detect genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice
  • exposed to sodium fluoride. Mutat Res 2013; 751:59–65.
  • Miltonprabu S, Thangapandiyan S. Epigallocatechin gallate potentially
  • attenuates fluoride induced oxidative stress mediated cardiotoxicity
  • and dyslipidemia in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015;29:321–35.
  • Paterniti I, Genovese T, Crisafulli C, Mazzon E, Di Paola R,
  • Galuppo M, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Treatment with green tea
  • extract attenuates secondary inflammatory response in an experimental
  • model of spinal cord trauma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
  • Pharmacol 2009;380:179–92.
  • Renno WM, Alkhalaf M, Afsari Z, Abd-El-Basset E, Mousa A.
  • Consumption of green tea alters glial fibriliary acidic protein
  • immunoreactivity in the spinal cord astrocytes of STZ-diabetic rats.
  • Nutr Neurosci 2008;11:32–40.
  • Jeong JH, Kim HJ, Lee TJ, Kim MK, Park ES, Choi BS.
  • Epigallocatechin 3-gallate attenuates neuronal damage induced by 3-
  • hydroxykynurenine. Toxicology 2004;195:53–60.
  • Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Neuroprotective
  • molecular mechanisms of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a reflective
  • outcome of its antioxidant, iron chelating and neuritogenic properties.
  • Genes Nutr 2009;4:283–96.
  • Levites Y, Amit T, Youdim, MB, Mandel S. Involvement of protein
  • kinase C activation and cell survival/cell cycle genes in green tea
  • polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate neuroprotective action. J
  • Biol Chem 2002;277: 30574–80.
  • Hamdy MA, El-Maraghy SA, Kortam MA. Modulatory effects of
  • curcumin and green tea extract against experimentally induced pulmonary fibrosis: a comparison with N-acetyl cysteine. J Biochem
  • Mol Toxicol 2012;26:461-8.
  • Thangapandiyan S, Milton Prabu S. Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on sodium fluoride (NaF) induced changes in histology of selected organs in rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT) 2013;3(1):1.
There are 160 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Doaa M. Abo El-khair This is me

Fatma El-nabawia A. El-safti This is me

Mostafa M. El-habeby This is me

Wael B. El-kholy This is me

Neveen M. El-sherif This is me

Publication Date August 25, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA El-khair, D. M. A., A. El-safti, F. E.-n., El-habeby, M. M., El-kholy, W. B., et al. (2016). EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT. Anatomy, 10(2), 114-133.
AMA El-khair DMA, A. El-safti FEn, El-habeby MM, El-kholy WB, El-sherif NM. EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT. Anatomy. October 2016;10(2):114-133.
Chicago El-khair, Doaa M. Abo, Fatma El-nabawia A. El-safti, Mostafa M. El-habeby, Wael B. El-kholy, and Neveen M. El-sherif. “EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT”. Anatomy 10, no. 2 (October 2016): 114-33.
EndNote El-khair DMA, A. El-safti FE-n, El-habeby MM, El-kholy WB, El-sherif NM (October 1, 2016) EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT. Anatomy 10 2 114–133.
IEEE D. M. A. El-khair, F. E.-n. A. El-safti, M. M. El-habeby, W. B. El-kholy, and N. M. El-sherif, “EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT”, Anatomy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 114–133, 2016.
ISNAD El-khair, Doaa M. Abo et al. “EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT”. Anatomy 10/2 (October 2016), 114-133.
JAMA El-khair DMA, A. El-safti FE-n, El-habeby MM, El-kholy WB, El-sherif NM. EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT. Anatomy. 2016;10:114–133.
MLA El-khair, Doaa M. Abo et al. “EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT”. Anatomy, vol. 10, no. 2, 2016, pp. 114-33.
Vancouver El-khair DMA, A. El-safti FE-n, El-habeby MM, El-kholy WB, El-sherif NM. EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD IN THE ALBINO RAT AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT. Anatomy. 2016;10(2):114-33.

Anatomy is the official journal of Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA).