Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population

Year 2016, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 205 - 210, 30.12.2016

Abstract

Objectives: An understanding of orbital morphology is relevant to forensic identification, craniofacial surgery, and anthropological analysis. Orbital index (OI), the relationship between the height and width of the orbit, varies between different populations of humans. This study examines modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan skulls to determine normal values for OI and explore how OI may vary with laterality and sex.

Methods: Measurements of fifty modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan skulls (origin Central Province, Sri Lanka) of known sex (34 male and 16 female) were undertaken for orbital height and width (bilaterally) using a digital caliper. OI was calculated using a standard formula ([orbital breadth / orbital height] × 100). Statistical tests analysing OI and size for both sex and laterality were performed using unpaired and paired 2-tailed t-tests (p<0.05), respectively.

Results: Overall mean (±standard deviation) OI was 81.29±6.14, with significant differences found between males (79.29±5.65) and females (84.39±5.59) OI. Left OI was significantly greater than right in both males (80.74±5.85 vs. 77.83±5.11) and females (85.47±5.70 vs. 83.31±5.39), indicating OI asymmetry. Individual heights and breadths of the orbits were symmetrical in both males and females.

Conclusion: Findings indicate OI asymmetry (left larger than right OI) and sexual dimorphism in this population of modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan skulls. Male orbits were microseme (OI<83) and female mesoseme (OI 83–89), an unexpected finding as Asian populations supposedly have megaseme (OI>89) orbits, therefore challenging previous assumptions on ethnic OI norms.

References

  • 1. Xing S, Gibbon V, Clarke R, Liu W. Geometric morphometric analyses of orbit shape in Asian, African, and European human populations. Anthropological Science 2013;121:1–11.
  • 2. Fetouh FA, Mandour D. Morphometric analysis of the orbit in adult Egyptian skulls and its surgical relevance. Eur J Anat 2014;18:303– 15.
  • 3. Kumar SS, Gnanagurudasan E. Morphometry of bony orbit related to gender in dry adult skulls of South Indian population. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 2015;5:207– 14.
  • 4. Pires LAS, Teixeira AR, Leite TFO, Babinski MA, Chagas CAA. Morphometric aspects of the foramen magnum and the orbit in Brazilian dry skulls. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 2016;5:34–42.
  • 5. Oladipo GS, Olotu JE, Suleiman Y. Anthropometric studies of cephalic indices of the Ogonis in Nigeria. Asian J Med Sci 2009;1: 15–17.
  • 6. Evereklioglu C, Doganay S, Er H, Gunduz A, Tercan M, Balat A, Cumurcu T. Craniofacial anthropometry in a Turkish population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002;39:208–18.
  • 7. Giles E, Elliot O. Race identification from cranial measurements. J Forensic Sci 1962;7:147–57.
  • 8. Lo LJ, Marsh JL, Kane AA, Vannier MW. Orbital dysmorphology in unilateral coronal synostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1996;33: 190–7. 9. Munguti J, Mandela P, Butt F. Referencing orbital measures for surgical and cosmetic procedures. Anatomy Journal of Africa 2012;1:40– 5. 10. ChengAC, Lucas PW, Yuen HK, Lam DS, So KF. Surgical anatomy of the Chinese orbit. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;24:136– 41.
  • 11. Rehman KU, Shetty S, Williams R. An orbital depth guide for the repair of the orbital floor. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:338. 12. Kumar A, Nagar M. Morphometry of the orbital region: “Beauty is bought by judgment of the eyes.” International Journal of Anatomy and Research 2014;2:566–70.
  • 13. Igbigbi PS, Ebite LE. Orbital index of adult Malawians. Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2010;11:1.
  • 14. Kaur J, Ydav S, Singh Z. Orbital dimensions - A direct measurement study using dry skulls. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research 2012;1:293–5.
  • 15. Gosavi SN, Jadhav SD, Zambre BR. A study of orbital morphometry in Indian dry skulls. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014a;4:23–5.
  • 16. Gosavi SN, Jadhav SD, Zambre BR. Orbital morphology with reference to bony landmarks. Revista Argentina de Anatomia Clinica 2014b;6:20–5.
  • 17. Anibor E, Ihodae W. Orbital index of adult Binis in Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation 2015;2:17–9.
  • 18. Alam MT, Rai R, Singh MK. Orbital dimensions and orbital index of adult human dry skulls: a direct measurement study. International Journal of Science and Research 2016;5:523–4.
  • 19. Maharana SS, Agarwal RK. Variations in the dimensions of the orbit in the adult human skull (a dry bone study). International Journal of Recent Biotechnology 2015;3:20–2.
  • 20. Orish CN, Ibeachu PC. Craniometric indices of Nigeria skulls. International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology 2016;2:6– 13.
  • 21. Mekala D, Shubha R, Rohini Devi M. Orbital dimensions and orbital index: A measurement study on South Indian dry skulls. International Journal of Anatomy and Research 2015;3:1387–91.
  • 22. Cornwall J, Stringer MD, Duxson M. The functional morphology of the thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:E1053–61.
  • 23. Cornwall J, Samarakoon L, Antony DJ, Dias GJ. Morphological and degenerative changes in a post-traumatic bifid mandibular condyle. Anatomy 2014:8:27–31.
  • 24. Hwang K, Baik SH. Surgical anatomy of the orbit of Korean adults. J Craniofac Surg 1999;10:129–34.
  • 25. Novita M. Facial, upper facial, and orbital index in Batak, Klaten, and Flores students of Jember University. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 2006;39:116–9.
  • 26. Patil GV, T Shishirkumar, D Apoorva, Sharif J, Sheshgiri C, Sushanth NK. Study of orbital index in human dry skulls of South Indian origin. Int J Health Sci Res 2014;4:125–8.
  • 27. Narasinga RB, Pramila PM. A study of orbital index in dry skulls of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Basic Applied Medical Sciences 2015;5:1–3.
  • 28. Ukoha U, Egwu OA, Okafor IJ, Oguagu PC, Onwudingo O, Udemezue OO. Orbital dimensions of adult male Nigerians: a direct measurement study using dry skulls. Int J Biol Med Res 2011;2:688– 90.
  • 29. Ebeye OA, Otikpo O. Orbital index in Urhobos of Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Dental and MedicalSciences 2013;8:51–3.
  • 30. Munguti J, Mandela P, Butt F. Sex differences in the cranial and orbital indices for a black Kenyan population. International Journal of Medical Sciences 2013;5:81–4.
  • 31. Dias GJ, Perumal V, Smith C, Cornwall J. The relationship between jugular foramen asymmetry and superior sagittal sinus laterality. Anthropological Science 2014;122:115–20.
Year 2016, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 205 - 210, 30.12.2016

Abstract

References

  • 1. Xing S, Gibbon V, Clarke R, Liu W. Geometric morphometric analyses of orbit shape in Asian, African, and European human populations. Anthropological Science 2013;121:1–11.
  • 2. Fetouh FA, Mandour D. Morphometric analysis of the orbit in adult Egyptian skulls and its surgical relevance. Eur J Anat 2014;18:303– 15.
  • 3. Kumar SS, Gnanagurudasan E. Morphometry of bony orbit related to gender in dry adult skulls of South Indian population. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 2015;5:207– 14.
  • 4. Pires LAS, Teixeira AR, Leite TFO, Babinski MA, Chagas CAA. Morphometric aspects of the foramen magnum and the orbit in Brazilian dry skulls. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 2016;5:34–42.
  • 5. Oladipo GS, Olotu JE, Suleiman Y. Anthropometric studies of cephalic indices of the Ogonis in Nigeria. Asian J Med Sci 2009;1: 15–17.
  • 6. Evereklioglu C, Doganay S, Er H, Gunduz A, Tercan M, Balat A, Cumurcu T. Craniofacial anthropometry in a Turkish population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002;39:208–18.
  • 7. Giles E, Elliot O. Race identification from cranial measurements. J Forensic Sci 1962;7:147–57.
  • 8. Lo LJ, Marsh JL, Kane AA, Vannier MW. Orbital dysmorphology in unilateral coronal synostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1996;33: 190–7. 9. Munguti J, Mandela P, Butt F. Referencing orbital measures for surgical and cosmetic procedures. Anatomy Journal of Africa 2012;1:40– 5. 10. ChengAC, Lucas PW, Yuen HK, Lam DS, So KF. Surgical anatomy of the Chinese orbit. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;24:136– 41.
  • 11. Rehman KU, Shetty S, Williams R. An orbital depth guide for the repair of the orbital floor. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:338. 12. Kumar A, Nagar M. Morphometry of the orbital region: “Beauty is bought by judgment of the eyes.” International Journal of Anatomy and Research 2014;2:566–70.
  • 13. Igbigbi PS, Ebite LE. Orbital index of adult Malawians. Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2010;11:1.
  • 14. Kaur J, Ydav S, Singh Z. Orbital dimensions - A direct measurement study using dry skulls. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research 2012;1:293–5.
  • 15. Gosavi SN, Jadhav SD, Zambre BR. A study of orbital morphometry in Indian dry skulls. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014a;4:23–5.
  • 16. Gosavi SN, Jadhav SD, Zambre BR. Orbital morphology with reference to bony landmarks. Revista Argentina de Anatomia Clinica 2014b;6:20–5.
  • 17. Anibor E, Ihodae W. Orbital index of adult Binis in Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation 2015;2:17–9.
  • 18. Alam MT, Rai R, Singh MK. Orbital dimensions and orbital index of adult human dry skulls: a direct measurement study. International Journal of Science and Research 2016;5:523–4.
  • 19. Maharana SS, Agarwal RK. Variations in the dimensions of the orbit in the adult human skull (a dry bone study). International Journal of Recent Biotechnology 2015;3:20–2.
  • 20. Orish CN, Ibeachu PC. Craniometric indices of Nigeria skulls. International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology 2016;2:6– 13.
  • 21. Mekala D, Shubha R, Rohini Devi M. Orbital dimensions and orbital index: A measurement study on South Indian dry skulls. International Journal of Anatomy and Research 2015;3:1387–91.
  • 22. Cornwall J, Stringer MD, Duxson M. The functional morphology of the thoracolumbar transversospinal muscles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:E1053–61.
  • 23. Cornwall J, Samarakoon L, Antony DJ, Dias GJ. Morphological and degenerative changes in a post-traumatic bifid mandibular condyle. Anatomy 2014:8:27–31.
  • 24. Hwang K, Baik SH. Surgical anatomy of the orbit of Korean adults. J Craniofac Surg 1999;10:129–34.
  • 25. Novita M. Facial, upper facial, and orbital index in Batak, Klaten, and Flores students of Jember University. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 2006;39:116–9.
  • 26. Patil GV, T Shishirkumar, D Apoorva, Sharif J, Sheshgiri C, Sushanth NK. Study of orbital index in human dry skulls of South Indian origin. Int J Health Sci Res 2014;4:125–8.
  • 27. Narasinga RB, Pramila PM. A study of orbital index in dry skulls of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Basic Applied Medical Sciences 2015;5:1–3.
  • 28. Ukoha U, Egwu OA, Okafor IJ, Oguagu PC, Onwudingo O, Udemezue OO. Orbital dimensions of adult male Nigerians: a direct measurement study using dry skulls. Int J Biol Med Res 2011;2:688– 90.
  • 29. Ebeye OA, Otikpo O. Orbital index in Urhobos of Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Dental and MedicalSciences 2013;8:51–3.
  • 30. Munguti J, Mandela P, Butt F. Sex differences in the cranial and orbital indices for a black Kenyan population. International Journal of Medical Sciences 2013;5:81–4.
  • 31. Dias GJ, Perumal V, Smith C, Cornwall J. The relationship between jugular foramen asymmetry and superior sagittal sinus laterality. Anthropological Science 2014;122:115–20.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Navneet Lal This is me

Jon Cornwall This is me

George J. Dias This is me

Publication Date December 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Lal, N., Cornwall, J., & Dias, G. J. (2016). Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population. Anatomy, 10(3), 205-210.
AMA Lal N, Cornwall J, Dias GJ. Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population. Anatomy. December 2016;10(3):205-210.
Chicago Lal, Navneet, Jon Cornwall, and George J. Dias. “Orbital Indices in a Modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan Population”. Anatomy 10, no. 3 (December 2016): 205-10.
EndNote Lal N, Cornwall J, Dias GJ (December 1, 2016) Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population. Anatomy 10 3 205–210.
IEEE N. Lal, J. Cornwall, and G. J. Dias, “Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population”, Anatomy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 205–210, 2016.
ISNAD Lal, Navneet et al. “Orbital Indices in a Modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan Population”. Anatomy 10/3 (December 2016), 205-210.
JAMA Lal N, Cornwall J, Dias GJ. Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population. Anatomy. 2016;10:205–210.
MLA Lal, Navneet et al. “Orbital Indices in a Modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan Population”. Anatomy, vol. 10, no. 3, 2016, pp. 205-10.
Vancouver Lal N, Cornwall J, Dias GJ. Orbital indices in a modern Sinhalese Sri Lankan population. Anatomy. 2016;10(3):205-10.

Anatomy is the official journal of Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA).