Research Article
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Year 2017, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 79 - 86, 20.08.2017

Abstract

References

  • 1. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 2014;7:60–72.
  • 2. Kratzer J, Lettl C, Franke N, Gloor PA. The social network position of lead users. Journal of Productive Innovation Management 2016;3:201–16.
  • 3. Ahmed MB, Ahmed MI, Meki AR, Abdraboh N. Neurotoxic effect of lead on rats: relationship to apoptosis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2013;7:192–9.
  • 4. Thürmer K, Williams E, Reutt-Robey J. Autocatalytic oxidation of lead crystallite surfaces. Science 2002;297:2033–5.
  • 5. Nakata H, Nakayama SM, Oroszlany B, Ikenaka Y, Mizukawa H, Tanaka K, Harunari T, Tanikawa T, Darwish WS, Yohannes YB, Saengtienchai A, Ishizuka M. Monitoring lead (Pb) pollution and identifying Pb pollution sources in Japan using stable Pb isotope analysis with kidneys of wild rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:pii.E56.
  • 6. Naicker N, Mathee A, Barnes B. A follow-up cross-sectional study of environmental lead exposure in early childhood in urban South Africa. S Afr Med J 2013;103:935–8.
  • 7. Lidsky TI, Schneider JS. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 2003;126:5–19.
  • 8. Liu MC, Liu XQ, Wang W, Shen XF, Che HL, Guo YY, Zhao MG, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Involvement of microglia activation in the lead induced long-term potentiation impairment. PLoS One 2012;7: e43924.
  • 9. Goldstein GW. Lead poisoning and brain cell function. Environ Health Perspect 1990;89:91–4.
  • 10. Lasley SM, Gilbert ME. Rat hippocampal glutamate and GABA release exhibit biphasic effects as a function of chronic lead exposure level. Toxicol Sci 2002;66:139–47.
  • 11. Gilbert ME, Kelly ME, Samsam TE, Goodman JH. Chronic developmental lead exposure reduces neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus but does not impair spatial learning. Toxicol Sci 2005;86:365–74.
  • 12. Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Boschat C, Corbaz A, Honegger P. Involvement of environ-mental mercury and lead in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Environ Health 2006;21:105–17.
  • 13. Godwin HA. The biological chemistry of lead. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2001;5:223–7.
  • 14. Bazrgar M, Goudarzi I, Lashkarbolouki T, Elahdadi Salmani M. Melatonin ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal lead exposure in rat pups. Physiol Behav 2015;151:178–88.
  • 15. Morris S, van Aardt WJ, Ahern MD. The effect of lead on the metabolic and energetic status of the Yabby, Cherax destructor, during environmental hypoxia. Aquat Toxicol 2005;75:16–31.
  • 16. Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MOC, Egwurugwu JN. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Science 2007;2:112–8.
  • 17. Liu W, Tang Y, Feng J. Cross talk between activation of microglia and astrocytes in pathological conditions in the central nervous system. Life Sci 2011;89:141–6.
  • 18. Liu MC, Liu XQ, Wang W, Shen XF, Che HL, Guo YY, Zhao MG, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Involvement of microglia activation in the lead induced long-term potentiation impairment. PLoS One 2012;7: e43924.
  • 19. Verstraeten SV, Aimo L, Oteiza PI. Aluminium and lead: molecular mechanisms of brain toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2008;82:789–802.
  • 20. Kasten-Jolly J, Heo Y, Lawrence DA. Central nervous system cytokine gene expression: modulation by lead. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011;25:41–54.
  • 21. Kasten-Jolly J, Pabello N, Bolivar VJ, Lawrence DA. Developmental lead effects on behavior and brain gene expression in male and female BALB/cAnNTac mice. Neurotoxicology 2012;33:1005–20.
  • 22. Kumawat KL, Kaushik DK, Goswami P, Basu A. Acute exposure to lead acetate activates microglia and induces subsequent bystander neuronal death via caspase-3 activation. Neurotoxicology 2014;41: 143–53.
  • 23. Adhikari N, Sinha N, Narayan R, Saxena DK. Lead-induced cell death in testes of young rats. J Appl Toxicol 2001;21:275–7.
  • 24. Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. San Diego: Academic Press Elsevier; 2007. p. 340.
  • 25. Ardalan M, Rafati AH, Nyengaard JR, Wegener G. Rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine correlates with astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus. Br J Pharmacol 2017;174:483–92.
  • 26. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. EXS 2012;101:133–64.
  • 27. Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev Environ Health 2009;24:15–45.
  • 28. Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012;5:47–58.
  • 29. Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb Neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity. Biomed Res Int 2014:840547.
  • 30. Hsiang J, Díaz E. Lead and developmental neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. Curr Neurobiol 2011;2:35–42.
  • 31. Clarke LE, Barres BA. Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013;14:311–21.
  • 32. Sofroniew MV. Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci 2009;32:638–47.
  • 33. Zhang R, Lu H, Tian S, Yin J, Chen Q, Ma L, Cui S, Niu Y. Protective effects of pre-germinated brown rice diet on low levels of Pb-induced learning and memory deficits in developing rat. Chem Biol Interact 2010;184:484–91.
  • 34. Burda JE, Sofroniew MV. Reactive gliosis and the multicellular response to CNS damage and disease. Neuron 2014;81:229–48.
  • 35. Zuchero JB, Barres BA. Glia in mammalian development and disease. Development 2015;142;3805–9.
  • 36. Olajide OJ, Akinola BO, Ajao MS, Enaibe BU. Sodium azideinduced degenerative changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rats: attenuating mechanisms of kolaviron. Eur J Anat 2016;20:47– 64.
  • 37. Eltony SA, Othman MA, Mohamed AA. Histological study on the effect of low level perinatal lead exposure on the cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rat. Egyptian Journal of Histology 2010;33:781– 97.
  • 38. Kumar P, Singh R, Nazmi A, Lakhanpal D, Kataria H, Kaur G. Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity. BioMed Res Int 2014;2014:182029.
  • 39. Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:7–35.
  • 40. Chung WS, Allen NJ, Eroglu C. Astrocytes control synapse formation, function, and elimination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015;7:a020370.
  • 41. Liddelow S, Barres B. Snapshot: astrocytes in health and disease. Cell 2015;162:1170–1170.e.1.
  • 42. Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, Bennett ML, Münch AE, Chung WS, Peterson TC, Wilton DK, Frouin A, Napier BA, Panicker N, Kumar M, Buckwalter MS, Rowitch DH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Stevens B, Barres BA. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 2017;541:481–7.
  • 43. Aguzzi A, Barres BA, Bennett ML. Microglia: scapegoat, saboteur, or something else? Science 2013;339:156–61.
  • 44. Struzyñska L, Bubko I, Walski M, RafaΠowska U. Astroglial reaction during the early phase of acute lead toxicity in the adult rat brain. Toxicol 2001;165:121–31.
  • 45. Khanam S, Devi K. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on leadinduced DNA damage. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 2005;3:31–3.
  • 46. White LD, Cory-Slechta DA, Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M, Rossi-George A, Lasley SM, Qian YC, Basha MR. New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007;225:1–27.
  • 47. Cordeiro MF, Guo L, Coxon KM, Duggan J, Nizari S, Normando EM, Sensi SL, Sillito AM, Fitzke FW, Salt TE, Moss SE. Imaging multiple phases of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to assessing cell death in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2010;1:e3.
  • 48. Lanni C, Racchi M, Memo M, Govoni S, Uberti D. p53 at the crossroads between cancer and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:1727–33.
  • 49. Lee HS, Park JH, Kim SJ, Kwon SJ, Kwon J. A cooperative activation loop among SWI/SNF, gamma-H2AX and H3 acetylation for DNA double-strand break repair. EMBO J 2010;29:1434–45.
  • 50. Dribben WH, Creeley CE, Farber N. Low-level lead exposure triggers neuronal apoptosis in the developing mouse brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011;33:473–80.
  • 51. Villeda-Hernández J, Méndez Armenta M, Barroso-Moguel R, Trejo-Solis MC, Guevara J, Rios C. Morphometric analysis of brain lesions in rat fetuses prenatally exposed to low-level lead acetate: correlation with lipid peroxidation. Histol Histopathol 2006;21:609–17.
  • 52. Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Hlynczak AJ. The effect of lead ions on the energy metabolism of human erythrocytes in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003;134:403–16.
  • 53. Maiti AK, Saha NC, Paul G. Effect of lead on oxidative stress, Na+K+ATPase activity and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity of the brain of Clarias batrachus L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010:84:672–6.

Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

Year 2017, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 79 - 86, 20.08.2017

Abstract

Objectives: Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxicant heavy metal ubiquitously present in the eco-system. The precise mechanism by which Pb confers its deleterious effects on the cellular profile of the central nervous system remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Pb on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using histological, immunohistological and morphological techniques.

Methods: Thirthy juvenile male Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly assigned into three groups. Group A served as the control group, Group B received 5 mg/kg Pb-nitrate (PbNO3) orally for 21 days, and Group C received 5 mg/kg PbNO3 and left for an additional 21 days to recover.

Results: There was a significant decrease in the number of normal neurons in the mPFC of the PbNO3-treated rats. The number of degenerating neurons significantly increased in the PbNO3-treated groups compared with the control group. A marked increase was observed in the number of astrocytic cell count in the PbNO3-treated groups compared with the control. The neuronal cells in the cytoarchitectural profile of the mPFC of the rats receiving PbNO3 showed marked neurodegenerative modification with features of distorted morphology, swollen and vacuolized cytoplasm, and features of either pyknotic or karyorrhectic nuclei. The cytoarchitecture of the mPFC of the rats in the control group preserved the normal histological outline suggestive of a normal and functional mPFC.

Conclusion: Exposure to Pb ingestion can result in significant inflammatory responses in the cytoarchitectural profile of the mPFC. Furthermore, 21 days of cessation of exposure to PbNO3 did not halt or reverse the deleterious effects of Pb on the mPFC of the rats, suggesting that Pb persists in the central nervous system of the rats.

References

  • 1. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 2014;7:60–72.
  • 2. Kratzer J, Lettl C, Franke N, Gloor PA. The social network position of lead users. Journal of Productive Innovation Management 2016;3:201–16.
  • 3. Ahmed MB, Ahmed MI, Meki AR, Abdraboh N. Neurotoxic effect of lead on rats: relationship to apoptosis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2013;7:192–9.
  • 4. Thürmer K, Williams E, Reutt-Robey J. Autocatalytic oxidation of lead crystallite surfaces. Science 2002;297:2033–5.
  • 5. Nakata H, Nakayama SM, Oroszlany B, Ikenaka Y, Mizukawa H, Tanaka K, Harunari T, Tanikawa T, Darwish WS, Yohannes YB, Saengtienchai A, Ishizuka M. Monitoring lead (Pb) pollution and identifying Pb pollution sources in Japan using stable Pb isotope analysis with kidneys of wild rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:pii.E56.
  • 6. Naicker N, Mathee A, Barnes B. A follow-up cross-sectional study of environmental lead exposure in early childhood in urban South Africa. S Afr Med J 2013;103:935–8.
  • 7. Lidsky TI, Schneider JS. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 2003;126:5–19.
  • 8. Liu MC, Liu XQ, Wang W, Shen XF, Che HL, Guo YY, Zhao MG, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Involvement of microglia activation in the lead induced long-term potentiation impairment. PLoS One 2012;7: e43924.
  • 9. Goldstein GW. Lead poisoning and brain cell function. Environ Health Perspect 1990;89:91–4.
  • 10. Lasley SM, Gilbert ME. Rat hippocampal glutamate and GABA release exhibit biphasic effects as a function of chronic lead exposure level. Toxicol Sci 2002;66:139–47.
  • 11. Gilbert ME, Kelly ME, Samsam TE, Goodman JH. Chronic developmental lead exposure reduces neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus but does not impair spatial learning. Toxicol Sci 2005;86:365–74.
  • 12. Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Boschat C, Corbaz A, Honegger P. Involvement of environ-mental mercury and lead in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Environ Health 2006;21:105–17.
  • 13. Godwin HA. The biological chemistry of lead. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2001;5:223–7.
  • 14. Bazrgar M, Goudarzi I, Lashkarbolouki T, Elahdadi Salmani M. Melatonin ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal lead exposure in rat pups. Physiol Behav 2015;151:178–88.
  • 15. Morris S, van Aardt WJ, Ahern MD. The effect of lead on the metabolic and energetic status of the Yabby, Cherax destructor, during environmental hypoxia. Aquat Toxicol 2005;75:16–31.
  • 16. Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MOC, Egwurugwu JN. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Science 2007;2:112–8.
  • 17. Liu W, Tang Y, Feng J. Cross talk between activation of microglia and astrocytes in pathological conditions in the central nervous system. Life Sci 2011;89:141–6.
  • 18. Liu MC, Liu XQ, Wang W, Shen XF, Che HL, Guo YY, Zhao MG, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Involvement of microglia activation in the lead induced long-term potentiation impairment. PLoS One 2012;7: e43924.
  • 19. Verstraeten SV, Aimo L, Oteiza PI. Aluminium and lead: molecular mechanisms of brain toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2008;82:789–802.
  • 20. Kasten-Jolly J, Heo Y, Lawrence DA. Central nervous system cytokine gene expression: modulation by lead. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011;25:41–54.
  • 21. Kasten-Jolly J, Pabello N, Bolivar VJ, Lawrence DA. Developmental lead effects on behavior and brain gene expression in male and female BALB/cAnNTac mice. Neurotoxicology 2012;33:1005–20.
  • 22. Kumawat KL, Kaushik DK, Goswami P, Basu A. Acute exposure to lead acetate activates microglia and induces subsequent bystander neuronal death via caspase-3 activation. Neurotoxicology 2014;41: 143–53.
  • 23. Adhikari N, Sinha N, Narayan R, Saxena DK. Lead-induced cell death in testes of young rats. J Appl Toxicol 2001;21:275–7.
  • 24. Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. San Diego: Academic Press Elsevier; 2007. p. 340.
  • 25. Ardalan M, Rafati AH, Nyengaard JR, Wegener G. Rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine correlates with astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus. Br J Pharmacol 2017;174:483–92.
  • 26. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. EXS 2012;101:133–64.
  • 27. Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev Environ Health 2009;24:15–45.
  • 28. Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012;5:47–58.
  • 29. Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb Neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity. Biomed Res Int 2014:840547.
  • 30. Hsiang J, Díaz E. Lead and developmental neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. Curr Neurobiol 2011;2:35–42.
  • 31. Clarke LE, Barres BA. Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013;14:311–21.
  • 32. Sofroniew MV. Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci 2009;32:638–47.
  • 33. Zhang R, Lu H, Tian S, Yin J, Chen Q, Ma L, Cui S, Niu Y. Protective effects of pre-germinated brown rice diet on low levels of Pb-induced learning and memory deficits in developing rat. Chem Biol Interact 2010;184:484–91.
  • 34. Burda JE, Sofroniew MV. Reactive gliosis and the multicellular response to CNS damage and disease. Neuron 2014;81:229–48.
  • 35. Zuchero JB, Barres BA. Glia in mammalian development and disease. Development 2015;142;3805–9.
  • 36. Olajide OJ, Akinola BO, Ajao MS, Enaibe BU. Sodium azideinduced degenerative changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rats: attenuating mechanisms of kolaviron. Eur J Anat 2016;20:47– 64.
  • 37. Eltony SA, Othman MA, Mohamed AA. Histological study on the effect of low level perinatal lead exposure on the cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rat. Egyptian Journal of Histology 2010;33:781– 97.
  • 38. Kumar P, Singh R, Nazmi A, Lakhanpal D, Kataria H, Kaur G. Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity. BioMed Res Int 2014;2014:182029.
  • 39. Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:7–35.
  • 40. Chung WS, Allen NJ, Eroglu C. Astrocytes control synapse formation, function, and elimination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015;7:a020370.
  • 41. Liddelow S, Barres B. Snapshot: astrocytes in health and disease. Cell 2015;162:1170–1170.e.1.
  • 42. Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, Bennett ML, Münch AE, Chung WS, Peterson TC, Wilton DK, Frouin A, Napier BA, Panicker N, Kumar M, Buckwalter MS, Rowitch DH, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Stevens B, Barres BA. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 2017;541:481–7.
  • 43. Aguzzi A, Barres BA, Bennett ML. Microglia: scapegoat, saboteur, or something else? Science 2013;339:156–61.
  • 44. Struzyñska L, Bubko I, Walski M, RafaΠowska U. Astroglial reaction during the early phase of acute lead toxicity in the adult rat brain. Toxicol 2001;165:121–31.
  • 45. Khanam S, Devi K. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on leadinduced DNA damage. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 2005;3:31–3.
  • 46. White LD, Cory-Slechta DA, Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M, Rossi-George A, Lasley SM, Qian YC, Basha MR. New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007;225:1–27.
  • 47. Cordeiro MF, Guo L, Coxon KM, Duggan J, Nizari S, Normando EM, Sensi SL, Sillito AM, Fitzke FW, Salt TE, Moss SE. Imaging multiple phases of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to assessing cell death in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2010;1:e3.
  • 48. Lanni C, Racchi M, Memo M, Govoni S, Uberti D. p53 at the crossroads between cancer and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:1727–33.
  • 49. Lee HS, Park JH, Kim SJ, Kwon SJ, Kwon J. A cooperative activation loop among SWI/SNF, gamma-H2AX and H3 acetylation for DNA double-strand break repair. EMBO J 2010;29:1434–45.
  • 50. Dribben WH, Creeley CE, Farber N. Low-level lead exposure triggers neuronal apoptosis in the developing mouse brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011;33:473–80.
  • 51. Villeda-Hernández J, Méndez Armenta M, Barroso-Moguel R, Trejo-Solis MC, Guevara J, Rios C. Morphometric analysis of brain lesions in rat fetuses prenatally exposed to low-level lead acetate: correlation with lipid peroxidation. Histol Histopathol 2006;21:609–17.
  • 52. Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Hlynczak AJ. The effect of lead ions on the energy metabolism of human erythrocytes in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003;134:403–16.
  • 53. Maiti AK, Saha NC, Paul G. Effect of lead on oxidative stress, Na+K+ATPase activity and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity of the brain of Clarias batrachus L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010:84:672–6.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Adekomi Damilare Adedayo

Adewole Olarinde Stephen This is me

Tijani Ahmad Adekilekun This is me

Adeniyi Temidayo Daniel This is me

Publication Date August 20, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Adedayo, A. D., Stephen, A. O., Adekilekun, T. A., Daniel, A. T. (2017). Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Anatomy, 11(2), 79-86.
AMA Adedayo AD, Stephen AO, Adekilekun TA, Daniel AT. Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Anatomy. August 2017;11(2):79-86.
Chicago Adedayo, Adekomi Damilare, Adewole Olarinde Stephen, Tijani Ahmad Adekilekun, and Adeniyi Temidayo Daniel. “Lead Induces Inflammation and Neurodegenerative Changes in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex”. Anatomy 11, no. 2 (August 2017): 79-86.
EndNote Adedayo AD, Stephen AO, Adekilekun TA, Daniel AT (August 1, 2017) Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Anatomy 11 2 79–86.
IEEE A. D. Adedayo, A. O. Stephen, T. A. Adekilekun, and A. T. Daniel, “Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex”, Anatomy, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 79–86, 2017.
ISNAD Adedayo, Adekomi Damilare et al. “Lead Induces Inflammation and Neurodegenerative Changes in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex”. Anatomy 11/2 (August 2017), 79-86.
JAMA Adedayo AD, Stephen AO, Adekilekun TA, Daniel AT. Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Anatomy. 2017;11:79–86.
MLA Adedayo, Adekomi Damilare et al. “Lead Induces Inflammation and Neurodegenerative Changes in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex”. Anatomy, vol. 11, no. 2, 2017, pp. 79-86.
Vancouver Adedayo AD, Stephen AO, Adekilekun TA, Daniel AT. Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Anatomy. 2017;11(2):79-86.

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