Review Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 120 - 129, 13.12.2023

Abstract

References

  • [1] Wistow GJ, Piatigorsky J. Lens crystallins: the evolution and expression of proteins for a highly specialized tissue. Annu Rev Biochem, 1988;57:479–504.
  • [2] Danysh BP, Duncan MK. The lens capsule. Exp Eye Res, 2009;88(2):151–164.
  • [3] Koretz JF, Handelman GH. How the human eye focuses. Sci Am, 1988;256:92–99.
  • [4] Alikma MS, Erkul SO, Unsal E. Lens Proteins and Physiology. Med J SDU, 2018:25(3):342-348.
  • [5] Andley UP. Crystallins in the eye: Function and pathology. Progress in retinal and eye research, 2007;26(1):78-98.
  • [6] Hockwin O, Fink H, Glasmacher M. Carbohydrate metabolism of the lens depending on age. Z Alternsforsch, 1976;31(6):521-35.
  • [7] Bron AJ, Brown NA, Harding JJ, Ganea E. The lens and cataract in diabetes. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1998 Spring;38(2):37-67.
  • [8] Preda M. The characteristics of crystalline lens metabolism. Oftalmologia, 1997;41(1):8-11.
  • [9] Green H, Bocher CA, Leopold IH. Anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism of the crystalline lens. I. Glucose and glucose-6-phosphate. Am J Ophthalmol, 1955 Feb;39(2 Pt 2):106-13.
  • [10] Augusteyn RC. On the growth and internal structure of the human lens. Exp Eye Res, 2010 Jun;90(6):643-54.
  • [11] Norton-Baker B, Mehrabi P, Kwok AO, Roskamp KW, Rocha MA, Sprague-Piercy MA, von Stetten D, Miller RJD, Martin RW. Deamidation of the human eye lens protein γS-crystallin accelerates oxidative aging. Structure, 2022 May 5;30(5):763-776.
  • [12] Michael R, Bron AJ. The ageing lens and cataract: a model of normal and pathological ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2011 Apr 27;366(1568):1278-92.
  • [13] Reddy VN, Giblin FJ. Metabolism and function of glutathione in the lens. Ciba Found Symp, 1984;106:65-87.
  • [14] Zhang K, Zhu X, Lu Y. The Proteome of Cataract Markers: Focus on Crystallins. Adv Clin Chem, 2018;86:179-210.
  • [15] Choudhary S, Srivastava S, Xiao T, Andley UP, Srivastava SK, Ansari NH. Metabolism of lipid derived aldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal in human lens epithelial cells and rat lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2003 Jun;44(6):2675-82.
  • [16] Harris JE, Gruber L. The electrolyte and water balance of the lens. Exp Eye Res, 1962 Jun;1:372-84.
  • [17] Wilson CC, Delamere NA, Paterson CA. Chlorpromazine effects upon rabbit lens water and electrolyte balance. Exp Eye Res, 1983 Apr;36(4):559-65.
  • [18] Sanders D, Peyman G, McClellan K. Dextran 40-containing incubation media: effect on lens electrolyte and water balance. Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Jan;97(1):156-8.
  • [19] Fischbarg J. Water channels and their roles in some ocular tissues. Mol Aspects Med, 2012 Oct-Dec;33(5-6):638-41.
  • [20] Lim JC, Caballero Arredondo M, Braakhuis AJ, Donaldson PJ. Vitamin C and the Lens: New Insights into Delaying the Onset of Cataract. Nutrients, 2020 Oct 14;12(10):3142.
  • [21] Hsueh YJ, Chen YN, Tsao YT, Cheng CM, Wu WC, Chen HC. The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 2022 Jan 23;23(3):1255.
  • [22] Muranov KO, Ostrovsky MA. Biochemistry of Eye Lens in the Norm and in Cataractogenesis. Biochemistry (Mosc), 2022 Feb;87(2):106-120.
  • [23] Johra FT, Bepari AK, Bristy AT, Reza HM. A Mechanistic Review of β-Carotene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin in Eye Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel), 2020 Oct 26;9(11):1046.
  • [24] Lou MF. Glutathione and Glutaredoxin in Redox Regulation and Cell Signaling of the Lens. Antioxidants (Basel), 2022 Oct 1;11(10):1973.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE HUMAN LENS

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 120 - 129, 13.12.2023

Abstract

The main function of the crystalline lens is to transmit and focus light onto the retina by accommodation, just like the lens in a camera. At the beginning of embryonic life, the lens is opaque, but it becomes transparent over time as a result of nutrition. The main reasons for its transparency are the hexagonal structure of the fibrils, which are the main structural elements of the lens, and very little intercellular space. Lens transparency is maintained at both the cellular and molecular levels. The transparency of the lens is largely due to the very regular arrangement of the macromolecular components of the lens cells and the very small refractive index differences in the light-scattering components. The loss of the transparency of the lens is known as a cataract.
Maintaining cellular homeostasis between protein and carbohydrate metabolism, cell division, cell differentiation, oxidative damage and protective mechanisms supports the maintenance of lens transparency. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance plays a critical role in maintaining normal lens water content and transparency. As a result of the regression of the tunica vasculosa lentis, which nourishes the lens during intrauterine life, the lens obtains its metabolic requirements from the aqueous humour and vitreous humour.

References

  • [1] Wistow GJ, Piatigorsky J. Lens crystallins: the evolution and expression of proteins for a highly specialized tissue. Annu Rev Biochem, 1988;57:479–504.
  • [2] Danysh BP, Duncan MK. The lens capsule. Exp Eye Res, 2009;88(2):151–164.
  • [3] Koretz JF, Handelman GH. How the human eye focuses. Sci Am, 1988;256:92–99.
  • [4] Alikma MS, Erkul SO, Unsal E. Lens Proteins and Physiology. Med J SDU, 2018:25(3):342-348.
  • [5] Andley UP. Crystallins in the eye: Function and pathology. Progress in retinal and eye research, 2007;26(1):78-98.
  • [6] Hockwin O, Fink H, Glasmacher M. Carbohydrate metabolism of the lens depending on age. Z Alternsforsch, 1976;31(6):521-35.
  • [7] Bron AJ, Brown NA, Harding JJ, Ganea E. The lens and cataract in diabetes. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1998 Spring;38(2):37-67.
  • [8] Preda M. The characteristics of crystalline lens metabolism. Oftalmologia, 1997;41(1):8-11.
  • [9] Green H, Bocher CA, Leopold IH. Anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism of the crystalline lens. I. Glucose and glucose-6-phosphate. Am J Ophthalmol, 1955 Feb;39(2 Pt 2):106-13.
  • [10] Augusteyn RC. On the growth and internal structure of the human lens. Exp Eye Res, 2010 Jun;90(6):643-54.
  • [11] Norton-Baker B, Mehrabi P, Kwok AO, Roskamp KW, Rocha MA, Sprague-Piercy MA, von Stetten D, Miller RJD, Martin RW. Deamidation of the human eye lens protein γS-crystallin accelerates oxidative aging. Structure, 2022 May 5;30(5):763-776.
  • [12] Michael R, Bron AJ. The ageing lens and cataract: a model of normal and pathological ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2011 Apr 27;366(1568):1278-92.
  • [13] Reddy VN, Giblin FJ. Metabolism and function of glutathione in the lens. Ciba Found Symp, 1984;106:65-87.
  • [14] Zhang K, Zhu X, Lu Y. The Proteome of Cataract Markers: Focus on Crystallins. Adv Clin Chem, 2018;86:179-210.
  • [15] Choudhary S, Srivastava S, Xiao T, Andley UP, Srivastava SK, Ansari NH. Metabolism of lipid derived aldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal in human lens epithelial cells and rat lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2003 Jun;44(6):2675-82.
  • [16] Harris JE, Gruber L. The electrolyte and water balance of the lens. Exp Eye Res, 1962 Jun;1:372-84.
  • [17] Wilson CC, Delamere NA, Paterson CA. Chlorpromazine effects upon rabbit lens water and electrolyte balance. Exp Eye Res, 1983 Apr;36(4):559-65.
  • [18] Sanders D, Peyman G, McClellan K. Dextran 40-containing incubation media: effect on lens electrolyte and water balance. Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Jan;97(1):156-8.
  • [19] Fischbarg J. Water channels and their roles in some ocular tissues. Mol Aspects Med, 2012 Oct-Dec;33(5-6):638-41.
  • [20] Lim JC, Caballero Arredondo M, Braakhuis AJ, Donaldson PJ. Vitamin C and the Lens: New Insights into Delaying the Onset of Cataract. Nutrients, 2020 Oct 14;12(10):3142.
  • [21] Hsueh YJ, Chen YN, Tsao YT, Cheng CM, Wu WC, Chen HC. The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 2022 Jan 23;23(3):1255.
  • [22] Muranov KO, Ostrovsky MA. Biochemistry of Eye Lens in the Norm and in Cataractogenesis. Biochemistry (Mosc), 2022 Feb;87(2):106-120.
  • [23] Johra FT, Bepari AK, Bristy AT, Reza HM. A Mechanistic Review of β-Carotene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin in Eye Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel), 2020 Oct 26;9(11):1046.
  • [24] Lou MF. Glutathione and Glutaredoxin in Redox Regulation and Cell Signaling of the Lens. Antioxidants (Basel), 2022 Oct 1;11(10):1973.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Systems Biology
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Özlem Çankaya 0000-0002-7407-2352

Publication Date December 13, 2023
Submission Date November 25, 2023
Acceptance Date December 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

EndNote Çankaya Ö (December 1, 2023) BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE HUMAN LENS. Anatolian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 1 120–129.

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