Kumar Kavramının Hukuki Tanımının Yapısal ve Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 76 - 94, 01.07.2015

Berna Akçalı Gür

Abstract

Bu makalede kumar kavramı yapısal ve karşılaştırmalı bir metodla incelenmiştir. Amaç AB hukukunda ve ABD hukukunda kumar kavramının tanımlarını incelemek ve karşılaştırmak suretiyle farklılıkları ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu incelemenin önemli bir bulgusu kumarın tanımının temel unsurları olan şans, riske edilen katılım payı ve ödül kavramlarının tanımlarının dahi farklılık göstermekte olduğudur. Bunlara ek olarak kanunda öngörülen istisnalar ve risk içeren belli aktivitelerin farklı sınıflandırılması sebebi ile kumara ilişkin ulusal düzenlemeler arasındaki farlılıklar artmaktadır. Böylece, kumar kavramını her ülkenin kendilerine has hukuki düzenlemelerle farklı tanımladığı ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

Kumar, İnternet Kumarı, AB Hukuku, ABD Hukuku, toplumsal ahlak

Structural Comparative Analysis of the Legal Definition of Gambling

Abstract

In this article the term gambling is defined via structural comparative analysis. The objective is to compare and contrast the legal definitions of gambling in the US and the EU and show that there are significant differences. An important finding of this analysis is that despite similarities in the primary components, which are chance, stake and prize, used in defining what gambling is, there are also differences in how these three concepts are defined. In addition, via implementation of specific exclusions and differential treatment of certain activities, the variations of definitions of gambling and the discrepancies among national legislation increase, making the concept of gambling particular to each nation.

Keywords

Gambling, online gambling, EU Law, US Legal System

References

• Abt, V., et al. (1985). The Business of Risk - Commercial Gambling in Mainstream America. Kansas, University Press of Kansas.
• Arendts, M. (2007). A View of European Gambling Regulation From the Perspective of Private Operators. The Regulation of Gambling: European and National Perspectives. C. Fijnaut and A. Littler. Leiden, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: 41-52.
• Blakey, G. R. (1984). “LEGAL REGULATION OF GAMBLING SINCE 1950.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 474(JUL): 12-22.
• Borm, P. and B. Genugten (2001). “On a relative measure of skill for games with chance elements.” Top 9(1): 91-114.
• Britz, T. B. a. M. (2000). Jokers Wild: Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-first Century, Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Cabot, A. N. and L. V. Csoka (2003-2004). “Games People Play.” Nevada Law Journal 4: 65.
• Csoka, A. C. a. L. V. (2008). What is Gambling? Internet Gambling Report XI. M. B. a. C. A. Krafcik. Missouri, Clarion Gaming: 9-19.
• Etzioni, A. (2001). Political Unification Revisited: On Building Supranational Communities, Lexington Books.
• Fiedler, I. C. and J.-P. Rock (2009). “Quantifying Skill in Games: ”Theory and Empirical Evidence for Poker.” Gaming Law Review and Economics 13(1): 50-57.
• Graham, J. S. (2002). “Limited Versus Unlimited Casino Licenses: The Benefits and Consequences of Restricting the Number of Casinos in a Jurisdiction.” Gaming Law Review 6(4): 319-324.
• Günter Schmid, et al. (2013). Social Gaming in Europe. Vienna, Lexis Nexis Verlag ARD Orac GmbH & Co KG
• Hörnle, J. and b. Zammit (2010). Cross-Border online Gambling Law and Policy. Cheltenham, Edward Edgar Publishing Inc.
• Humphrey, C. (2012). Gambling laws in the United States at the state and federal levels are examined in depth
• Kelly, J. M., et al. (2007). “Poker and the Law: Is It a Game of Skill or Chance and Legally Does It Matter?” Gaming Law Review 11(3): 190-202.
• Krafcik, C. A. (2013) Mobile Outperforming Facebook In Social Casino Games Growth. Gambling Compliance
• Roberts, M. (1996-1997). “National Gambling Debate: Two Defining Issues, The.” Whittier L. Rev.(18): 34.
• Schmid, G., et al. (2013). Social Gaming in Europe. Vienna, Lexis Nexis Verlag ARD Orac GmbH & Co KG
• Schwartz, D. G. (2005). Cutting the Wire, Gambling Prohibition and the Internet. Reno, Nevada, University of Nevada Press.
• Segal, J., et al. (2008) Gambling Addiction and Problem Gambling. 2009,
• Tjeerd, V. (2007). State Licensed Lotteries and Toto Companies in the Legal and Political Debate in the European Union. The regulation of Gambling European and National Perspectives. C. Fijnaut and A. Littler. Leiden, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: 53-67.
• Vallerius, B. P. (2011). Prospects For Online Gambling Bills in 112th US Congress, Global Betting and Gaming Consultancy.