Liberal Söylemi Dönüştürmek İçin Konfederalist Bir Talep: Uluslararası Azınlık Koruma Rejimlerinin Kapsamlı Bir Analizi

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 3 - 41, 30.01.2021

Hakan Kolçak

Abstract

Bu çalışma, uluslararası azınlık koruma rejimlerinin gelişimini ve mevcut sorunlarını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Disiplinlerarası bir makale olan çalışmamız, hem uluslararası insan hakları hukuku hem de anayasal siyaset biliminin araştırma yöntemlerinden faydalanmaktadır. Küresel gelişmeler, 1800’lü yıllardan beri azınlık haklarının kapsamını ciddi bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Dini ve milli değerler, Milletler Cemiyeti (MC) kurulmadan önce varlığını sürdüren yerel azınlık koruma
sistemlerinin temellerini oluşturmuştur. MC, azınlık haklarının korunması üzerine ilk uluslararası mekanizmayı inşa etmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler’in kurulması ile birlikte şekillendirilen liberal ferdiyetçi azınlık koruma sistemi, MC’nin toplulukçu mekanizmasını ortadan kaldırmıştır. Pek çok devlet, liberal azınlık hakları söylevini 1950’li yıllardan itibaren ulusal mevzuatlarına dahil etmiştir. Bu çalışmaya göre; liberal söylev, yakın gelecekte kapsamını genişletmek zorunda kalabilir. Katalanlar ve İskoçlar gibi bazı ulusal azınlıklar, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve benzeri ulus-üstü konfederalist kurumların mevcudiyetinde ulusal sınırların varlığını reddetmektedir. Mevzu bahis azınlıklar, bulundukları ülkelerde özerklik haklarını kullanmaktan ziyade mevcut özerk bölgelerini AB benzeri konfederalist yapılara bağlı egemen devletlere dönüştürmeyi arzulamaktadır. Çalışmamız, söz konusu dönüşüm süreci ile ilgili bir çözüm bulunması hususunu, liberal azınlık
hakları söylevinin yakın gelecekte irdelemesi gereken bir mesele olarak görmektedir.

Keywords

Azınlık Hakları, Ferdiyetçi Özgürlükler, Konfederalizm, Liberalizm, Toplulukçu Haklar

A Confederalist Demand to Transform the Liberal Discourse: A Comprehensive Analysis of International Minority Protection Regimes

Abstract

This study seeks to analyze the advancement and present matters of international minority protection regimes. It is an interdisciplinary article that draws on the methods of international human rights law and constitutional politics. Global developments have dramatically affected the scope of minority rights since the 1800s. Religious and national characteristics were the basis of domestic minority protection regimes until the foundation of the League of Nations (LoN). The LoN established the first international protection mechanism for minority rights. This communitarian mechanism was replaced with its liberal individualist counterpart with the establishment of the United Nations. Many states have incorporated the liberal discourse of minority rights into their constitutional, statutory and regulatory documents since the 1950s. According to this study, the liberal discourse would need to enlarge its scope in the near future. Some national minorities, including the Catalans and Scots, reject the existence of national borders in the presence of supranational confederalist institutions, e.g. the European Union (EU). They do not want to exercise self-government rights within their home states. Instead, they would like to transform their autonomous regions into the sovereign states of EU-like confederalist organizations. This study maintains that finding a resolution for this transformation process would be one of the main research questions that the liberal discourse should answer in the near future.

Keywords

Minority Rights, Individualist Freedoms, Confederalism, Liberalism, Collectivist Rights

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